Cyclone and Fire

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Cyclone and Fire

• Dr. Shweta Goyal
• Assistant Professor
• Thapar University

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What are Cyclones? 

• "Cyclone" is an intense whirl in the atmosphere
  with very strong winds circulating around it in
  anti-clockwise direction in the Northern
  Hemisphere and in clockwise direction in the
  Southern Hemisphere.
• Word "Cyclone" is derived from the Greek, word
  "Cyclos" meaning the coils of a snake.
• To Henri Peddington, the tropical storms in the
  Bay of Bengal and in the Arabian Sea appeared
  like the coiled serpents of the sea and he named
  these storms as "Cyclones".
• known as Hurricane in the Atlantic and Eastem
  Pacific, Typhoon in Western Pacific,
  Willy-Willies in Australian sea, Baguis in the
  Philippines.

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• Cyclones are intense low pressure areas - from
  the centre of which pressure increases outwards-
  The amount of the pressure drop in the centre and
  the rate at which it increases outwards gives the
  intensity of the cyclones and the strength of
  winds. 

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Criteria followed to classify cyclones

• As adopted by Meteorological Department of India

1 knot - 1.85 km per hour
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Mechanism of cyclones
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Mechanism of cyclones

• A full-grown cyclone is a violent whirl in the
  atmosphere 150 to 1000 km across, 10 to 15 km
  high.
• The central calm region of the storm is called
  the "Eye". The diameter of the eye varies between
  30 and 50 km and is a region free of clouds and
  has light winds.
• Around this calm and clear eye, there is the
  "Wall Cloud Region" of the storm about 5O km in
  extent, where the gale winds, thick clouds with
  torrential rain, thunder and lightning prevail.
• Away from the "Wall Cloud Region", the wind speed
  gradually decreases.
• The gales give rise to a confused sea with waves
  as high as 20 metres, swells that travel a
  thousand miles. Torrential rains, occasional
  thunder and lightning flashes - join these
• Through these churned chaotic sea and atmosphere,
  the cyclone moves 300 to 500 km, in a day to hit
  or skirt along a coast, bringing with it strome
  surges

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Mechanism of cyclones

• Once the cyclones reach higher latitudes they
  often change their direction and move north and
  then north-east (south and south east
  hemisphere). The process is known as
  recurreature.
• Before it recurves, the speed decreases and the
  system remains stationary for a day or so.
• When two cyclones exist near to each other, they
  inter-act and move anti-clockwise with respect to
  each other.
• In the Atlantic, tracks often execute a parabola.
  
• In India, when cyclones recur they get broken up
  over the Himalayas and their further eastward
  movement ceases.

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Naming of cyclone

• Cyclones derive their names through a systematic
  procedure laid down by the World Meteorological
  Organisation (WMO) and the United Nations
  Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
  Pacific (ESCAP).
• naming of cyclones began in September 2004
• Eight north Indian Ocean countries - Bangladesh,
  India, the Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Sri
  Lanka and Thailand - have prepared a list of 64
  names.
• Since 2004, the eight countries have faced 20
  cyclones.
• The countries take turns in naming the cyclones.
  The last six were Nargis (Pakistan), Rashmi (Sri
  Lanka), Khai-Muk (Thailand), Nisha (Bangladesh),
  Bijli (India) and Aila (Maldives).

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Cyclone Map of India
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The principal dangers of a cyclone

• Gales and strong winds
• damage installations, dwellings, communication
  systems, trees., etc. resulting in loss of life
  and property.
• Torrential rain
• may cause river floods
• Storm surges or high tidal waves
• A storm surge is an abnormal rise of sea level
  near the coast caused by a severe tropical
  cyclone
• as a result, sea water inundates low lying areas
  of coastal regions drowning human beings and
  live- stock, eroding beaches and embankments,
  destroying vegetation and reducing soil
  fertility.

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What is Storm Surge?
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How high will the Storm Surge be?

• Every cyclone that affects the coast produces a
  storm surge. But not all storm surges rise to
  dangerous levels. The height of the surge depends
  on
• The intensity of the cyclone - as the winds
  increase, the sea water is piled higher and the
  waves on top of the surge are taller.
• The forward speed of the cyclone - the faster the
  cyclone crosses the coast, the more quickly the
  surge builds up and the more powerfully it
  strikes.
• The angle at which the cyclone crosses the coast
  - local zones of enhanced surge in areas such as
  narrow inlets and bays.
• The shape of the sea floor - the surge builds up
  more strongly if the slope of the sea bed at the
  coast is shallow.
• Past history indicates that loss of life is
  significant when surge magnitude is 3 metres or
  more and catastrophic when 5 metres and above

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Surge prone coasts of India

• Vulnerability to storm surges is not uniform
  along Indian coasts.
• east coast of India are most vulnerable to high
  surges
• i) North Orissa, and West Bengal coasts.
• ii) Andhra Pradesh coast between Ongole and
  Machilipatnam.
• iii) Tamil Nadu coast, south of Nagapatnam.
• The West coast of India is less vulnerable to
  storm surges
• i) Maharashtra coast, north of Harnai and
  adjoining south Gujarat coast and the coastal
  belt around the Gulf   of  Bombay.
• ii) The coastal belt around the Gulf of Kutch.

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Cyclone Accounts

• The oldest and the worst cyclone on record is
  that of October 1737 hit Calcutta and took a
  toll of 3,00,000 lives in the deltaic region. It
  was accompanied by a 12 metre high surge.
• Midnapore Cyclone of October 1942 was accompanied
  by gale wind speed of 225 kmph
• Rameswaram Cyclone of 17th to 24th December 1964
  wiped out Dhanuskodi in Rameswaran Island from
  the map. A passenger train which left Rameswaram
  Road station near about the midnight of 22nd was
  washed off by the storm surges sometimes later,
  nearly all passengers traveling in the train
  meeting water graves.

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Cyclone Accounts

• Bangla Desh Cyclone of 8-13 November 1970 which
  crossed Bangla Desh coast in the night of 12th
  was one of the worst in recent times, with storm
  surges of 4 to 5 metres height at the time of
  high tides, and with 25 cm of rain in the areas,
  the inundation took toll of about 3,00,000
  people.
• Andhra Cyclone of 14-20 November 1977 that
  crossed coast near Nizampatnam in the evening of
  19th, took a toll of about 10,000 lives.

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How to avoid the catastrophe?

• Effective Cyclone Disaster Prevention and
  Mitigation Plan requires
• A Cyclone Forecast - and Warning Service.
• Rapid dissemination of warnings to the Government
  Agencies, Marine interests like the Ports,
  Fisheries and Shipping and to General Public.
• Organisations to construct Cyclone Shelters in
  the cyclone-prone areas and ready machinery for
  evacuation of people to safer areas.
• Community preparedness at all levels to meet the
  exigencies.

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Cyclone warning

• "Two Stage Warning Scheme
• The first stage warning known as the "Cyclone
  Alert" is issued 48 hours in advance of the
  expected commencement of the adverse weather over
  the coastal areas.
• The second stage warning known as the "Cyclone
  Warning" is issued 24 hours in advance.
• Both cyclone "Alert" and "Warning" messages are
  passed to the AIR stations for repeated broadcast.

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Vulnerable Communities

• vulnerability of a human settlement to a cyclone
  is determined by its siting, the probability that
  a cyclone will occur, and the degree to which its
  structures can be damaged by it.
• most vulnerable to cyclones are
• Light weight structures with wood frames,
  especially older buildings where wood has
  deteriorated and weakened the walls
• Houses made of unreinforced or poorly-constructed
  concrete block
• Buildings in low- lying coastal areas or river
  floodplains
• Furthermore, the degree of exposure of land and
  buildings will affect the velocity of the cyclone
  wind at ground level,
• Certain settlement patterns may create a "funnel
  effect" that increases the wind speed between
  buildings, leading to even greater damage.

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How High Winds Damage Buildings

• Contrary to popular belief, few houses are blown
  over. Instead, they are pulled apart by winds
  moving swiftly around and over the building. This
  lowers the pressure on the outside and creates
  suction on the walls and roof, effectively
  causing the equivalent of an explosion.
• Whether or not a building will be able to resist
  the effects of wind is dependent not so much upon
  the materials that are used but the manner in
  which they are used.
• common belief that heavier buildings, such as
  those made of concrete block, are safer.
• Truth well-built and properly-engineered masonry
  house offers a better margin of safety than other
  types of buildings

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Catastrophic Failures

• Foundations
• The uplift forces from cyclone winds can
  sometimes pull buildings completely out of the
  ground.
• In contrast to designing for gravity loads, the
  lighter the building the larger (or heavier) the
  foundation needs to be in cyclone resistant
  design.

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Catastrophic Failures

• Steel Frames
• A common misconception the loss of cladding
  relieves the loads from building frameworks.
• Truth the wind loads on the structural frame
  increases substantially with the loss of cladding
• Usual weakness in steel frames is in the
  connections. Thus economising on minor items
  (bolts) has led to the overall failure of the
  major items (columns, beams and rafters)

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Catastrophic Failures

• Masonry Houses
• usually regarded as being safe in cyclones.
• There are countless examples where the loss of
  roofs has triggered the total destruction of
  un-reinforced masonry walls.

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Catastrophic Failures

• Timber Houses
• The key to safe construction of timber houses is
  the connection details.
• The inherent vulnerability of light-weight timber
  houses coupled with poor connections is a
  dangerous combination which has often led to
  disaster.

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Catastrophic Failures

• Reinforced Concrete Frames
• The design of reinforced concrete frames is
  usually controlled by the seismic hazard.
• If seismic design is not done, wind analysis must
  be performed
• ignoring this, can lead to disaster.

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Component Failures

• Roof Sheeting
• This is perhaps the commonest area of failure in
  cyclones.
• The causes are usually inadequate fastening
  devices, inadequate sheet thickness and
  insufficient frequencies of fasteners in the
  known areas of greater wind suction.

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Catastrophic Failures

• Roof Tiles
• These were thought to have low vulnerability in
  storms but past cyclones have exposed the problem
  of unsatisfactory installation practices.

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Catastrophic Failures

• Rafters
• Of particular interest in recent cyclones was the
  longitudinal splitting of rafters with the top
  halves disappearing and leaving the bottom halves
  in place.
• The splitting would propagate from holes drilled
  horizontally through the rafters to receive
  holding-down straps.

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Catastrophic Failures

• Windows and Doors
• After roof sheeting, these are the components
  most frequently damaged in cyclones.
• Of course, glass would always be vulnerable to
  flying objects.
• The other area of vulnerability for windows and
  doors is the hardware latches, bolts and hinges.
• Walls
• Cantilevered parapets are most at risk.
• But so far walls braced by ring beams and columns
  have remained safe.

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Damaging Effects of Cyclone on Houses

• Due to the high wind pressure and improper
  connection of the house to the footings it can be
  blown away.

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Damaging Effects of Cyclone on Houses

• Roofing materials not anchored can be blown away

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Damaging Effects of Cyclone on Houses

• Light weight verandah roofs are more susceptible
  to damage due to high wind speed.

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Damaging Effects of Cyclone on Houses

• When cyclones are accompanied with heavy rain for
  a long duration, the buildings can be damaged due
  to flooding also.

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Design Wind Speed and Pressures

• The basic wind speed is reduced or enchanced for
  design of buildings and structures due to
  following factors
• The risk level of the structure measured in terms
  of adopted return period and life of structures.
• Terrain roughness determined by the surrounding
  buildings or trees and, height and size of the
  structure.
• Local topography like hills, valleys, cliffs, or
  ridges, etc.

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On which elements the wind pressure effect must
be considered?

• It is considered on various elements depends on
• Aerodynamics of flow around buildings.
• The windward vertical faces being subjected to
  pressure.
• The leeward and lateral faces getting suction
  effects and
• The sloping roofs getting pressures or suction
  effects depending on the slope.

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typical effects of openings in the walls

• Wind generating opening on the windward side
  during a cyclone will increase the pressure on
  the internal surfaces
• may be sufficient to cause the roof to blow off
  and the walls to explode.

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typical effects of openings in the walls

• Windward face of the building collapses under
  pressure of wind force

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typical effects of openings in the walls

• During a cyclone an opening may suddenly occur on
  the windward side of the house.
• The internal pressure which builds up as a result
  may be relieved by providing a corresponding
  opening on the leeward side.

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• If the building is not securely tied to its
• foundations, and the walls cannot resist
  push/pull forces, the house tends to collapse
  starting from the roof with the building leaning
  in the direction of the wind.

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• Failure of the Wall Wind forces on the walls of
  the house may produce failure. Wind striking a
  building produces pressure which pushes against
  the building, on the windward side, and suction
  which pulls the building on the leeward side and
  the roof.

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• Overturning is another problem for light
  structures.
• This occurs when the weight of the house is
  insufficient to resist the tendency the house to
  be blown over.

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When choosing a site for your house, consider the
following

• Though cyclonic storms always approach from the
  direction of the sea towards the coast, the wind
  velocity and direction relative to a building
  remain random due to the rotating motion of the
  high velocity winds.
• In non-cyclonic region where the predominant
  strong wind direction is well established, the
  area behind a mound or a hillock should be
  preferred
• Similarly a row of trees planted upwind will act
  as a shield.
• The influence of such a shield will be over a
  limited distance, only for 8 10 times the
  height of the trees.
• A tree broken close to the house may damage the
  house also hence distance of tree from the house
  may be kept 1.5 times the height of the tree.

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When choosing a site for your house, consider the
following
No shielding from high wind due to absence of
barriers
Shielding from high wind by permeable barriers
such as strong trees
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When choosing a site for your house, consider the
following

• In hilly regions,
• construction along ridges should be avoided since
  they experience an increase of wind velocity
• whereas valley experiences lower speeds in general

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When choosing a site for your house, consider the
following

• In cyclonic regions close to the coast, a site
  above the likely inundation level should be
  chosen. In case of non availability of high level
  natural ground, construction should be done on
  stilts with no masonry or cross bracings up to
  maximum surge level, or on raised earthen mounds
  to avoid flooding/inundation but knee bracing may
  be used.

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Shape of the House

• Shape is the most important single factor in
  determining the performance of buildings in
  cyclones.
• Simple, compact, symmetrical shapes are best.
• The square plan is better than the rectangle
  since it allows high winds to go around them.
• The rectangle is better than the L-shaped plan.
• This is not to say that all buildings must be
  square. But it is to say that one must be aware
  of the implications of design decisions and take
  appropriate action to counter negative features.
• The best shape to resist high winds is a square.

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Shape of the House
If other shapes are desired, efforts should be
made to strengthen the corners. If longer shapes
are used, they must be designed to withstand the
forces of the wind. Most houses are rectangular
and the best layout is when the length is not
more than three (3) times the width.
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• In case of construction of group of buildings, a
  cluster arrangement can be followed in preference
  to row type.

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Roofs

• Lightweight flat roofs are easily blown off in
  high winds.
• In order to lessen the effect of the uplifting
  forces on the roof, the roof Pitch should not be
  less than 22º.
• Hip roofs are best

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Roofs

• General Design Considerations
• Avoid a low pitched roof, use a hip roof or a
  high pitched gable roof.
• Avoid overhanging roofs. If overhangs or canopies
  are desired, they should be braced by ties held
  to the main structures.
• Avoid openings which cannot be securely closed
  during a cyclone

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Overhangs, verandahs

• Avoid large overhangs as high wind force build up
  under them.
• Overhangs should not be more than 18 inches at
  verges or eaves.
• Build verandah and patio roofs as separate
  structures rather than extensions of the main
  building.

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Securing the Ridge
If the rafters are not secure, the ridge can fall
apart when strong wind passes over the roof.
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Securing the Ridge

• The ridge can be secured by using-
• COLLAR TIES - Timbers connecting the rafters.
  Nail them to the side of the rafters

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Securing the Ridge

• GUSSETS - Usually made of steel/plywood. This is
  used at the ridge.

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Securing the Ridge

• METAL STRAPS over the top of the rafters

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Securing the corrugated galvanized sheets

• The sheets are gauged by numbers. The Higher the
  number the thinner the material. Example 24 gauge
  galvanized sheet is superior to 28 gauge.
• Failure in roofs
• If the sheeting is too thin or there are too few
  fittings, the nails or screws may tear through
  the sheet.
• If galvanized sheets are used, 24 gauge is
  recommended.

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Securing the corrugated galvanized sheets

• How to secure sheeting to the roof structure, use
• Fixings every two (2) corrugation at ridges,
  eaves and overhangs.
• Fixings every three (3) corrugation. Maximum
  spacing at all other locations

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Fixings for sheetings

• Screws
• Use proper drive crews for corrugated galvanized
  roof sheets.
• Be sure that the screws go into the purlins at
  least fifty (50) mm.
• use large washers under the screw heads to
  prevent the roof sheets from tearing
• Nails
• Nails do not hold as well as screws.
• Use nails with wide heads and long enough to bend
  over below the lath.
• Galvanized coated nails are better than ordinary
  wire nails.

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Roof cladding

• As the corners and the roof edges are zones of
  higher local wind suctions and the connections of
  cladding/sheeting to the truss need to be
  designed for the increased forces.
• following precautions are recommended-
• Sheeted roofs- A reduced spacing of bolts, ¾ of
  that admissible as per IS800, recommended.
• For normal connections, J bolts may be used but
  for cyclone resistant connections U bolts are
  recommended.

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• Alternatively, strap may be used at least along
  edges to fix cladding with the purlins to avoid
  punching through the sheet.

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• Clay tile roofs- Because of lower dead weight,
  these may be unable to resist the uplifting force
  and thus experience heavy damage, particularly
  during cyclones.
• Anchoring of roof tiles in R.C. strap beams is
  recommended for improved cyclone resistance.
• As alternative to the bands, a cement mortar
  screed, reinforced with galvanized chicken mesh,
  may be laid over the high suction areas of the
  tiled roof.

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Foundations

• The foundation is the part of the house which
  transfers the weight of the building to the
  ground. It is essential to construct a suitable
  foundation for a house as the stability of a
  building depends primarily on its foundation.
• It is desirable that information about soil type
  be obtained and estimates of safe bearing
  capacity

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Parameters need to be properly accounted in the
design of foundation

• Effect of surge or flooding-
• Invariably a cyclonic storm is accompanied by
  torrential rain and tidal surge (in coastal
  areas) resulting into flooding of the low lying
  areas.
• Flooding causes saturation of soil and thus
  significantly affects the safe bearing capacity
  of the soil.
• In flood prone areas, the safe bearing capacity
  should be taken as half of that for the dry
  ground.
• Also the likelihood of any scour due to receding
  tidal surge needs to be taken into account while
  deciding on the depth of foundation
• Buildings on stilts-
• Where a building is constructed on stilts it is
  necessary that stilts are properly braced in both
  the principal directions.
• Knee bracings will be preferable to full diagonal
  bracing so as not to obstruct the passage of
  floating debris during storm surge.

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main types of foundation

• Slab or Raft Foundation
• Used on soft soils.
• Spread the weight over a wider area

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main types of foundation

• Strip Foundation
• Used for areas where the soil varies.
• Most common.
• Supports a wall.

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main types of foundation

• Stepped Foundation
• Used on sloping ground.
• Is a form of strip foundation.

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main types of foundation

• Pile Foundation
• deep foundations for small or large buildings.
• Under reamed piles often used in expansive clay
  or alluvial soils.

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Masonry walls
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Masonry walls

• Strengthening of walls against high
  wind/cyclones.
• Reinforce the walls by means of reinforced
  concrete bands and vertical reinforcing bars as
  for earthquake resistance.

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Wall Openings

• general areas of weakness and stress
  concentration, but needed essentially for light
  and ventilation.
• The following are recommended in respect of
  openings.
• Openings in load bearing walls should not be
  within a distance of h/6 from inner corner for
  the purpose of providing lateral support to cross
  walls, where h is the storey height upto eave
  level.
• Openings just below roof level be avoided
• Since the failure of any door or window on the
  wind-ward side may lead to adverse uplift
  pressures under roof, the openings should have
  strong holdfasts as well as closing/locking
  arrangement.

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Wall Openings
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Glass Panes

• Glass windows and doors are, of course, very
  vulnerable to flying objects
• Use thicker glass panes.
• reduce the panel size to smaller dimensions.
• Also glass panes can be strengthened by pasting
  thin film or paper strips

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CYCLONES - Do's Dont's  

• Before the Cyclone season
• Check the house secure loose tiles, carry out
  repair works for doors and windows
• Remove dead woods or dying trees close to the
  house anchor removable objects like lumber
  piles, loose tin sheds, loose bricks, garbage
  cans, sign-boards etc. which can fly in strong
  winds
• Keep some wooden boards ready so that glass
  windows can be boarded if needed
• Demolish condemned buildings
• Keep some dry non-perishable food always ready
  for emergency use

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CYCLONES - Do's Dont's  

• When the Cyclone starts
• Listen to the radio about weather warnings
• Pass on the information to others. Believe in the
  official information
• Remember that a cyclone alert means that the
  danger is within 24 hours. Stay alert.
• If your house is securely built on high ground
  take shelter in the safer part of the house.
  However, if asked to evacuate do not hesitate to
  leave the place.
• Provide strong suitable support for outside
  doors.
• Keep torches handy
• Be sure that a window and door can be opened only
  on the side opposite to the one facing the wind.
• If the centre of the cyclone is passing directly
  over your house there will be a lull in the wind
  and rain lasting for half and hour or so. During
  this time do not go out because immediately
  after that very strong winds will blow from the
  opposite direction.
• Switch off electrical mains in your house.
• Remain calm

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CYCLONES - Do's Dont's  

• When Evacuation is instructed
• Pack essentials for yourself and your family to
  last you a few days, including medicines, special
  foods for babies and children or elders.
• Head for the proper shelter or evacuation points
  indicated for your area.
• Do not worry about your property
• At the shelter follow instructions of the person
  in charge.
• Remain in the shelter until you have been
  informed to leave

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CYCLONES - Do's Dont's  

• Post-cyclone measures
• You should remain in the shelter until informed
  that you can return to your home.
• Strictly avoid any loose and dangling wires from
  the lamp posts.
• Clear debris from your premises immediately.
• Report the correct loss to appropriate authorities

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Fire
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Elements of fire protection

• Include
• use of non-combustible building materials,
• use of fire-resistive building assemblies,
• installation of automatic detection devices and
  sprinklers,
• development of improved fire fighting techniques

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Fire-resistive construction

• A building construction in which the structural
  members (including walls, partitions, columns,
  floors, and roof) are of noncombustible materials
  having fire-endurance ratings at least equal to
  those specified by the appropriate authorities

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fire-resistive ratings

• "fire resistance rating" is a legal term utilized
  by model codes to regulate building construction.
• The fire-resistive ratings of various materials
  and constructions are established by laboratory
  tests
• Specified in terms of hours a material or
  assembly can be expected to withstand exposure to
  fire.
• For exterior walls, floors, and roof of masonry
  or fire-resistive material with a fire-resistance
  rating of at least 2 hours.

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Fire-Resistive Assemblies

• An assembly is a combination of materials put
  together in a specific way that achieves the fire
  resistance rating required in the building code.
• For example, gypsum wallboard applied to a steel
  stud.
• Fire-resistance ratings apply only to assemblies
  in their entirety.

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Fireproofing of Construction Materials

• In construction, heavy wood timbers have a
  relatively high fire resistance, because fire
  tends to burn very slowly inward from the
  surface, leaving enough sound timber in the
  center to prevent collapse.
• Wood framing can also be impregnated with
  ammonium phosphate solution or covered with
  special mastics.
• To be classed as fire resistive, buildings must
  be made of reinforced concrete or protected steel
  that will stand considerable fire with minor
  damage
• While steel retains its strength up to a very
  high temperature, it fails rapidly at
  temperatures over 1,000F (540C).

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Fireproofing of Construction Materials

• Structural steel may be protected in a number of
  ways. It can be faced with brick, concrete, or
  tile however, construction with these materials
  usually adds too much weight to a building.
• A protective layer of concrete over all surfaces
  of a beam or over the steel bars in reinforced
  concrete has to be at least 2.5 in. (6.4 cm)
  thick to be effective
• hollow clay tile used to cover beams and girders
  has to be at least 4 in. (10 cm) thick.
• most buildings use lightweight fireproofing such
  as gypsum, perlite, and vermiculite mixed in
  plaster one inch (2.5 cm) of such materials will
  absorb an equivalent amount of heat as 2.5 in.
  (6.4 cm) of concrete.
• Some recent buildings circulate water inside each
  column, protecting the structure against
  meltdown.
• In urban areas, buildings must also provide
  protection against fire in neighboring buildings
  through fireproof exterior walls-preferably
  windowless, since windows are fire openings.

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How to Build a Fire Resistant House

• Frame your home with metal studs. Metal studs
  cannot combust in the same way that wood studs
  can.
• Install GFI (ground fault circuit interrupters)
  outlets and circuit breakers.. It can, in just
  1/30 of a second, trip the internal circuit,
  effectively cutting off the flow of electricity
  in the event of a possible short.
• Use as much concrete as possible in the structure
  of your home.
• Use hard materials for flooring, doors and
  roofing. Carpet is highly combustible.
• Install safety features. Fire alarms

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Thank You