Anatomy and Physiology by Rod R Seeley 6th edition chapter 4 power-point

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Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State University Trent D.
StephensIdaho State University Philip
TatePhoenix College
Chapter 04 Lecture Outline
See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and
tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Chapter 4

• Histology The Study of Tissues

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Tissues and Histology

• Tissue Level of Organization
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous
• Histology Microscopic Study of Tissues

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Embryonic Tissue

• Germ layers
• Endoderm
• Inner layer
• Forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives
• Mesoderm
• Middle layer
• Forms tissues as muscle, bone, blood vessels
• Ectoderm
• Outer layer
• Forms skin and neuroectoderm

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Epithelium Characteristics

• Consists almost entirely of cells
• Covers body surfaces and forms glands
• Has free and basal surface
• Specialized cell contacts
• Avascular
• Undergoes mitosis

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Functions of Epithelia

• Protecting underlying structures
• Acting as barriers
• Permitting the passage of substances
• Secreting substances
• Absorbing substances

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Classification of Epithelium

• Simple
• Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
• Stratified
• Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
• Pseudostratified
• columnar
• Transitional
• Cuboidal to columnar when not stretched and
  squamouslike when stretched

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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Functional Characteristics

• Cell layers and shapes
• Diffusion, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption,
  Protection
• Cell surfaces
• Microvilli Increase surface area absorption or
  secretion
• Cilia Move materials across cell surface
• Cell connections
• Desmosomes, tight, gap
• Glands
• Exocrine Have ducts
• Endocrine Have no ducts

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Cell Connections

• Functions
• Bind cells together
• Form permeability layer
• Intercellular communication
• Types
• Desmosomes
• Tight
• Gap

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Exocrine Glands

• Unicellular
• Goblet cells

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Multicellular Exocrine Glands
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Exocrine Glands and Secretion Types

• Merocrine
• Sweat glands
• Apocrine
• Mammary glands
• Holocrine
• Sebaceous glands

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Connective Tissue

• Abundant
• Consists of cell separated by extracellular
  matrix
• Diverse
• Performs variety of important functions

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Functions of Connective Tissue

• Enclosing and separating as capsules around
  organs
• Connecting tissues to one another as tendons and
  ligaments
• Supporting and moving as bones
• Storing as fat
• Cushioning and insulating as fat
• Transporting as blood
• Protecting as cells of the immune system

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Connective Tissue Cells

• Specialized cells produce the extracellular
  matrix
• Suffixes
• -blasts create the matrix
• -cytes maintain the matrix
• -clasts break the matrix down for remodeling
• Adipose or fat cells
• Mast cells that contain heparin and histamine
• White blood cells that respond to injury or
  infection
• Macrophages that phagocytize or provide
  protection
• Stem cells

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Extracellular Matrix

• Components
• Protein fibers
• Collagen which is most common protein in body
• Reticular fill spaces between tissues and organs
• Elastic returns to its original shape after
  distension or compression
• Ground substance
• Shapeless background
• Fluid

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Connective Tissue Categories

• Embryonic or mesenchyme
• Adult
• Loose
• Dense
• Connective tissue with special properties
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood

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Loose Connective Tissue

• Also known as areolar tissue
• Loose packing material of most organs and tissues
• Attaches skin to underlying tissues
• Contains collagen, reticular, elastic fibers and
  variety of cells

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Dense Connective Tissue

• Dense regular
• Has abundant collagen fibers
• Tendons Connect muscles to bones
• Ligaments Connect bones to bones
• Dense regular elastic
• Ligaments in vocal folds
• Dense irregular
• Scars
• Dense irregular collagenous
• Forms most of skin dermis
• Dense irregular elastic
• In walls of elastic arteries

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue with Special Properties

• Adipose tissue
• Consists of adipocytes
• Types
• Yellow (white)
• most abundant, white at birth and yellows with
  age
• Brown
• found only in specific areas of body as axillae,
  neck and near kidneys
• Reticular tissue
• Forms framework of lymphatic tissue
• Characterized by network of fibers and cells

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Adipose Tissue
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Reticular Tissue
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Cartilage

• Composed of chondrocytes located in spaces called
  lacunae
• Next to bone firmest structure in body
• Types of cartilage
• Hyaline
• Fibrocartilage
• Elastic

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Hyaline Cartilage

• Found in areas for strong support and some
  flexibility
• Rib cage and cartilage in trachea and bronchi
• Forms most of skeleton before replaced by bone in
  embryo
• Involved in growth that increases bone length

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Fibrocartilage

• Slightly compressible and very tough
• Found in areas of body where a great deal of
  pressure is applied to joints
• Knee, jaw, between vertebrae

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Elastic Cartilage

• Rigid but elastic properties
• External ears, epiglottis

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Bone

• Hard connective tissue that consists of living
  cells and mineralized matrix
• Organic and inorganic
• Types
• Cancellous or spongy bone
• Compact bone

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Bone
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Blood

• Matrix between the cells is liquid
• Hemopoietic tissue
• Forms blood cells
• Found in bone marrow
• Yellow
• Red

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Bone Marrow
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Muscle Tissue

• Characteristics
• Contracts or shortens with force
• Moves entire body and pumps blood
• Types
• Skeletal
• Striated and voluntary
• Cardiac
• Striated and involuntary
• Smooth
• Nonstriated and involuntary

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Skeletal Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle
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Smooth Muscle
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Nervous Tissue

• Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves
• Ability to produce action potentials
• Cells
• Nerve cells or neurons
• Consist of dendrites, cell body, axons
• Consist of multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
• Neuroglia or support cells

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Neurons
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Neuroglia
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Membranes

• Mucous
• Line cavities that open to the outside of body
• Secrete mucus
• Serous
• Line cavities not open to exterior
• Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal
• Synovial
• Line freely movable joints
• Produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid

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Inflammation

• Response when tissues damaged or with an immune
  response
• Manifestations
• Redness, heat, swelling, pain, disturbance of
  function
• Mediators
• Include histamine, kinins, prostaglandins,
  leukotrienes
• Stimulate pain receptor and increase blood vessel
  permeability

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Tissue Repair

• Substitution of viable cells for dead cells
• Skin repair
• Primary union Edges of wound close together
• Wound fills with blood
• Clot forms
• Scab
• Pus
• Granulation tissue
• Scar
• Secondary union Edges of wound not close
• Clot may not close gap
• Inflammatory response greater
• Wound contraction occurs leading to greater
  scarring

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Tissue Repair
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Tissues and Aging

• Cells divide more slowly in older than younger
  people
• Tendons and ligaments become less flexible and
  more fragile
• Arterial walls become less elastic
• Rate of blood cell synthesis declines in elderly
• Injuries are harder to heal in elderly