Welcome to First Aid Skills

1
Welcome to First Aid Skills
Discovery Ranger Workbook Pages 195-209 Leaders
Red Merit Reference Pages 169 - 199
Lesson Two
Lesson Three
Lesson Four
Lesson Five
2
Lesson One
3
Lesson One Objectives Fundamentals of First Aid

• Define the meaning of First Aid.
• Explain how to use the 911 system.
• Explain the first concern when giving first aid.
• Explain when to move and when not to move an
  injured person.
• List the four steps of victim assessment.

4
Fundamentals of First Aid
1. What is the purpose of first aid DR Workbook
Pg 199, Question 1

• First Aid is care given to an injured person to
  stabilize and keep him / her safe until he / she
  can receive professional medical attention.

5
MWS 2 RAP ABCH Page 200
6
Fundamentals of First Aid
Scenario A man has been hit by a car and thrown
into the street. He is wearing shorts, and blood
is flowing, but not spurting, from his leg. What
looks like a bone is sticking out of his leg.
What are the two major concerns when giving first
aid to this victim?
7
Fundamentals of First Aid
Answer
First, safety of the rescuer from traffic and the
safety of the of the victim. Second, unless the
victim is in a life-threatening situation, he
should not be moved.
8
Fundamentals of First Aid
2. List the Two Major Concerns When Giving First
Aid Pg. 199

• The first rule of first aid and the primary
  concern is
• The second concern is, unless the victim is in a
  life-threatening situation, he or she should

Safety
Not Be Moved
9
MWS 2 RAP ABCH Page 200
10
Giving First Aid
RAP ABCH
R is for Responsiveness Is the victim
conscious? Touch their shoulder, ask if they are
alright. Ask if they need help. If they say no,
then proceed no further If yes, or no response,
then proceed to A
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Giving First Aid
RAP ABCH
A is for Activate EMS or 911
12
How to Use the 911 System
4. What are the four things you need to remember
when making a 911 call? Pg. 199

• Your name
• The emergency
• The location of the emergency
• Condition of the victim

Stay on the line with the operator until help
arrives.
13
How To Use the 911 System
When should EMS / 911 be called? Page 195,
Question 2b

• Check the victim for responsiveness. If they do
  not respond or if they tell you that they need
  help, then contact EMS.

14
When To Move An Injured Person
MWS 2, page 200
P is for Position
Only re-position the victim if the victim is in
further danger in their present location. And /
or there does not seem to be spinal injury and
additional care requires moving them.
15
Explain when an injured person should and should
not be moved?
Requirement 4, Pg. 195

• If there are suspected spinal injuries, do not
  move the victim (except when the victim is in a
  life threatening situation).

Seek immediate medical attention. Follow the
flowchart and care for the victim in any form
that does not require moving the victim.
16
Four Steps of Victim Assessment
Use the mnemonic ABCH MWS 2, Page 200

• A is for airway

-check to see if the airway is blocked.
Use your finger to sweep the mouth to remove any
seen object. If this fails, then perform the
Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrusts. We will
learn these techniques in later lessons.
17
Four Steps of Victim Assessment

• B is for breathing

Look, listen and feel by watching the chest and
placing your cheek a few inches above the mouth
of the victim to sense any movement of air. If
the victim is not breathing, they may need their
head repositioned. If they are still not
breathing they need rescue breathing, do not give
unless you are trained, instead, find an adult.
18
Four Steps of Victim Assessment

• C is for circulation

If there is not a pulse, then this person needs
CPR. The best place to check for a pulse is the
carotid artery along the side of the neck along
the windpipe. If you are not trained in CPR, then
find someone who is.
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Four Steps of Victim Assessment

• H is for Hemorrhaging

If the victim is bleeding, then provide the
necessary care. If not, then begin a secondary
assessment.
Complete filling in MWS 2 RAP ABCH Flowchart
20
Lesson One Review
First aid is a first-response activity, nothing
more. Its sole goal is to maintain the injured
person until they get professional help. First
priority Safety for all! Blood from a cut or
torn vein will flow, a cut artery will
spurt. Fill out the True-False Questions on Page
199.
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Lesson One True-False Questions MWS 1, Pg. 199
T F 5. Checking the victim, calling for help,
and giving care are three steps in treating
someone who has been seriously hurt or ill. T F
6. It is ok to move someone who is seriously hurt
to make them feel better. T F 7. Knowing first
aid could save a life, and applying first aid
should be accompanied with prayer.
22
Lesson One True-False Questions MWS 1, Pg. 199
T F 8. The groove to the side of the neck
(carotid artery) is a good place to check the
pulse. T F 9. Calling for help may be the most
important thing that you do to help the victim. T
F 10. First aid is the temporary care that you
give until professional help arrives.
Complete requirements 1, 2, 3 and 4 if you have
not done so already - (Page 195)
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Lesson Two
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Lesson Two Objectives Choking, Shock and
Weather- Related Ailments

• Review Victim Assessment from lesson 1
• Explain and Demonstrate how to treat for shock.
• Explain and Demonstrate the Heimlich maneuver and
  abdominal thrusts.
• Explain the treatment for hot- and
  cold-weather-related injuries or ailments.

25
RAP ABCH Review
DR Workbook MWS 3, Pg. 201

• Safety is the primary concern.
• R Responsiveness (Is the victim conscious?)
• A Activate EMS or 911
• P Position (no spinal injury, position
  according to injury)
• A Airway (is it blocked? Check head position)

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RAP ABCH Review
DR Workbook MWS 3, Pg. 201

• B Breathing (is the victim breathing? Check!)
• C Circulation (Is there a pulse? Check!)
• H Hemorrhaging (Is the victim bleeding?)
• Perform secondary survey. Examine the victim for
  other injuries and wait for medical attention to
  arrive.

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Heimlich Maneuver

• Used only when the victim is conscious and is
  unable to breath or cough.
• Victim coughing, encourage to continue.
• If the victim goes unconscious, use Abdominal
  Thrusts

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Heimlich Maneuver
DR Workbook Requirement 7a, Page 196

• Stand behind victim.
• Wrap arms around victims waist and not around
  the ribs.
• Make a fist and place the thumb side of your fist
  just slightly above the navel.
• Grab your fist with your other hand.

29
Heimlich Maneuver
DR Workbook Requirement 7a, Page 196

• Press into the victims stomach with five quick
  upward thrusts. Each thrust should have a pause
  in between.
• After every five thrusts, recheck the victim.
  Repeat until the object has been dislodged of
  until the victim loses consciousness.

Time To Practice!
30
Abdominal Thrusts
DR Workbook Requirement 7b, Page 196

• Place victim on his or her back.
• Straddle the victim by sitting on their thighs.
• Place the heel of one hand just slightly above
  their navel. Your fingers should be angled
  slightly upward, pointed toward the victims head.

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Abdominal Thrusts
DR Workbook Requirement 7b, Page 196

• Grasp your hand by placing your other hand on top
  and lacing your fingers into the first hand.
• Press inward and upward with five quick thrusts.
  Each thrust should have a pause in between.

32
Abdominal Thrusts
DR Workbook Requirement 7b, Page 196

• After every five thrusts, recheck the victim.
  Repeat until the object has been dislodged or
  until you are relieved by another person or an
  EMT.
• Perform finger sweep after each set of five
  thrusts.

Time To Practice!
33
Preserve Body Heat
Head and Shoulders
Page 202
Eight to Twelve
Left
Small Water
Fluids Conscious Burned
34
Shock - Treatment
DR Workbook, Question 5a, Page 195 Question 11,
Page 201

• Preserve body heat by placing a blanket or cover
  over the victim. Provide insulation, or move the
  victim, if possible, to a warmer environment.

35
Shock - Treatment
36
Shock - Treatment
DR Workbook, Requirement 5b, Page 196
Allergic Reaction
First Question Is shock the result of an
allergic reaction? If the shock is the result of
an allergic reaction, then follow victim's
instructions for treating allergy and monitor the
"ABCHs" until medical attention arrives.
37
Shock - Treatment
DR Workbook, Requirement 5b, Page 196

• Spinal injury do not move the victim.
• If result of a head injury or if victim has
  difficulty breathing, elevate head and shoulders
  by placing a pillow or blanket under head.
• If the victim is unconscious or vomiting, then
  turn the victim on their left side so the stomach
  is on the left side of the body.

38
Shock - Treatment
DR Workbook, Question 5b, Page 196

• If no, elevate legs eight to twelve inches off
  the ground.
• If less then two hours from medical care, then do
  not give fluids (except to those who are
  conscious and are severely burned).
• If no, give small and periodic amounts of water
  (only if conscious).
• Wait for medical attention to arrive.

39
Weather Related Emergencies

• Weather related emergencies include
• Hyperthermia Heat related, body unable to cool
  itself
• Heat Exhaustion Skin cold clammy, person alert
• Heatstroke Skin hot, altered state of awareness
• Hypothermia Cold related, body unable to warm
  itself
• Frostbite Freezing of the extremities (fingers
  toes)
• Frostnip First stage of freezing outer layers of
  skin

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Weather Related Emergencies
Treatment for Hyperthermia
Question 13. Pg. 201 The body is unable to
itself.
COOL
List below on page 196, Requirement 6a.

• Move person into a cool place remove any excess
  clothing cool victim with either water, fanning,
  or cool packs under the armpits or groin wait
  for medical attention, in the case of heatstroke.

41
Weather Related Emergencies
Treatment for Hypothermia
DR Workbook Question 14, pg. 201
The core body temperature drops below
degrees.
Ninety-five
42
Weather Related Emergencies
Treatment for Hypothermia
DR Workbook Question 6b, Pg. 196

• Move the victim out of the cold handle the
  victim carefully replace wet clothes with dry
  clothes.
• You may need to be forceful verbally to get the
  individual to comply
• Insulate from the cold with layered clothing
  and/or an insulated sleeping bag.

43
Lesson 2 Review Questions
True-False Questions MWS 3, Pg. 201
T F 15. Hyperthermia occurs when the body loses
the ability to cool itself and overheats. T F
16. When you have frostbite, rub the hands
together slowly to warm them up. T F 17.
Hypothermia occurs when the body loses its
ability to keep itself warm. T F 18. Shock may
occur with any injury, illness, or trauma.
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Lesson 2 Review Questions
True-False Questions MWS 3, Pg. 201
T F 19. Itching eyes is a sign of
hypothermia. T F 20. Clammy skin is a sign of
heat exhaustion. 21. Describe the treatment
needed for the following scenario You have come
to an accident scene, and the victim is sitting
on the curb. He of she seems a little upset, is
shivering, and there is some discoloration of the
skin. How do you treat this person?
Check RAP ABCH. Cover with blanket. Ask if it
is an allergic reaction. Seek medical attention.
45
Lesson Three
46
Lesson Three Objectives

• Explain and demonstrate first aid for a cut.
• Explain how to treat a blister.
• Explain and demonstrate first aid for a puncture
  wound.
• Explain and demonstrate first aid for arterial
  bleeding of an arm or leg.
• Explain and demonstrate how to stop bleeding.

47
Blister Treatment
DR Workbook, Requirement 8b, page 196

• Remove the object or clothing that is causing the
  blister.
• Wash with warm water and soap.
• Use a sterile needle to pop the blister at its
  base and drain.
• Place a donut-shaped piece of mole foam around it
  to keep it from further irritation.

48
Blister Treatment
DR Workbook, Page 203 Bleeding and Wounds

• Treating a Blister
• Remove footwear then
• The best place to pop the blister is
• tear off the roof of the blister.
• The best way to prevent blisters is to wear
  fitted footwear.

wash the blister with warm water and soap.
at the base.
Do not
properly
49
Puncture Wound Treatment
Dr Workbook, Requirement 8c, page 197

• Larger wounds - never remove barriers (may cause
  wound to bleed again).
• Wash gently with outward strokes to move dirt and
  bacteria away from wound.
• Use a stream of water to flush it out. Dry
  carefully, apply antibacterial ointment (for
  small wounds) and sterile bandage.

50
Puncture Wound Treatment
DR Workbook, Page 203 Question 2

• Treating punctures
• If the object has already been removed, treat the
  wound based on the type of that
  has occurred.
• The object acts as a and should not be
• The most important thing is to keep the object
  from

bleeding
plug
removed.
moving.
51
Minor Cut Treatment
DR Workbook, Requirement 8a, page 196

• Wash hands with soap and water.
• Apply direct pressure to the cut until it stops
  bleeding.
• Gently wash with soap and water and rinse it for
  a few minutes.
• Pat dry and add a bandage with small dab of
  ointment on it.

52
Arterial Bleeding
DR Workbook Requirement 8d, page 197

• Check RAP ABCH first.
• Try to stop the bleeding using direct pressure.
• If the bleeding stops, treat for shock.
• If not, then Elevate that part of the body above
  the victim's heart and continue with direct
  pressure.

53
Arterial Bleeding
DR Workbook Requirement 8d, page 197

• If the bleeding stops, treat for shock. If not,
  then Locate a pressure point and continue to
  apply direct pressure.
• The pressure points are located in the upper arm
  and where the leg joins the hip.

54
Arterial Bleeding
DR Workbook Requirement 8d, page 197

• If the bleeding stops, treat for shock. If not,
  then Seek immediate medical assistance.
• Never use a tourniquet. This is no longer a
  recommended treatment.

55
Preventing Infection
DR Workbook, Page 203 Question 3

• How to prevent infection and treat bleeding.
• The best way to prevent infection is to
  the wound.
• Fill out the flow chart (next slide).
• use a tourniquet.

wash
Never
56
Clean
Direct Pressure
Do Not
Victims Heart
Page 204
Pressure Point
Shock
Danger
57
Lesson 3 Review Questions
True or False, MWS 5, Page 203
T F 4. A foot blister occurs because of the
constant rubbing of clothing of equipment against
the skin. T F 5. Most wounds can be card for
by applying direct pressure, cleaning, applying
medicine, and applying a bandage. T F 6. A
tourniquet is a good and safe way to control
bleeding at a camp-out. T F 7. Arterial
bleeding is considered a simple wound.
58
Lesson 3 Review Questions
True or False, MWS 5, Page 203
T F 8. A deep puncture wound is not serious
and does not need to be treated by a doctor. T F
9. Applying ointment is not a method to control
bleeding from a large wound.
Lets Practice
59
Lesson Four
60
Lesson Four Objectives

• Explain and demonstrate how to respond to
  poisonings.
• Explain and demonstrate first aid for insect
  bites.
• Explain how to remove a splinter from a finger.
• Explain how to treat poisonings.

61
Poisons
Use MWS 8 Poisons and Bites Flowchart, Pg. 206

• Poisons can enter the body one of four ways
• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Injection
• Absorption

62
Page 195
63
Poisoning Treatment
DR Workbook Question 9c, Page 197

• Absorbed, like Poison ivy,
• Immediately wash the area with soap and water.
• Then take a cool bath and apply calamine lotion.
• If it spreads and painful, then seek medical
  attention.

64
Poisoning Treatment
DR Workbook Question 9c, Page 197

• Poisonous injections i.e. Snakebites,
• Identify the snake, if possible.
• Then clean the bite with soap and water and keep
  bite below heart level.
• Seek medical attention.

65
Poisoning Treatment
DR Workbook Question 9c, Page 197

• If the poison is inhaled or swallowed
• Check "ABCH" and treat for shock.
• Seek medical attention and call the Poison
  Control Center
• 1-800-222-1222

66
Insect Bite or Sting Treatment
DR Workbook Question 9a, Pg. 197

• If possible, try to catch the spider or insect
  without risk to you.
• Check to see if the stinger is in the skin.
• If not, Clean the area, apply ice to reduce
  swelling.

67
Insect Bite or Sting Treatment
DR Workbook Question 9a, Pg. 197

• If stinger is found, gently scrape the stinger
  out of the wound using a plastic card or
  fingernail, pulling away from the wound to
  minimize amount of toxin released into the body.
• Do not squeeze stinger. Treat wound as a minor
  cut.

68
Insect Bite or Sting Treatment
DR Workbook Question 9a, Pg. 197

• Next, check to see if the victim is allergic to
  the bite.
• Look for signs of shock and swelling.
• If no, then seek medical attention or an adult
  for assistance.
• If yes, check ABCH, treat for shock, and
  immediately seek medical attention.

69
Splinters and Ticks - Treatment
DR Workbook Question 9b, Pg. 197

• Use tweezers to carefully remove.
• If splinter breaks, use sterilized tweezers.
• Remove remainder of splinter, and treat wound as
  a minor cut.

70
Splinters and Ticks - Treatment
DR Workbook MWS 7, Question 1, Pg. 205

• Treating a splinter.
• Remove as much of the splinter as
• If the splinter breaks off, sterilize the
• cut into the skin.

possible.
tweezers.
Do not
71
Splinters and Ticks - Treatment
DR Workbook MWS 7, Question 2, Pg. 205

• Treating a tick.
• Do not yank the tick out, but pull
  it out.
• After removing the tick, the area
  and watch for
• Contact medical attention if swelling,
  or persists.

slowly
clean
infection.
redness,
itching
72
ABCH
Wash
Clean
Page 195
Calamine
Remove
Identify
Shock
73
Lesson 4 Review Questions
True or False, MWS 7, Page 205
T F 3. To remove a tick, just yank it off of
your body. T F 4. Call the Poison Control
Center if poison is swallowed or inhaled. T F
5. For a snakebite, slice the wound, suck out the
venom, and spit it out. T F 6. To remove the
oils that rub onto the body from poison ivy,
poison oak, or poison sumac, you should change
your clothes and wash thoroughly.
74
Lesson 4 Review Questions
True or False, MWS 7, Page 205
T F 7. Tweezers are needed to remove a
splinter. T F 8. A plastic card could be used
to remove a stinger from an insect bite.
Lets Play the Progressive Skills Game
75
Lesson Five
76
Lesson Five Objectives

• Demonstrate and explain first aid for simple
  burns.
• Assemble a personal first aid kit.
• Learn where a first aid kit should be stored.

77
Degree of Burn
First Degree Burn
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis
Second Degree Burn
Third Degree Burn
78
Burns Degrees of Burns
DR Workbook MWS 9 Question 1, Pg. 207

• First-degree burn
• Only the top layer of skin is
• The skin is only mildly
• There is only a little
• These burns usually within a week.

burned.
discolored.
swelling.
heal
79
First-Degree Burn
Redness (Erythema)
First Degree Burn Damage to the outer layer of
skin (epidermis), causing pain, redness, and
swelling.
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis
80
Burns Degrees of Burns
DR Workbook MWS 9 Question 2, Pg. 207

• Second-degree burn
• layers of skin are burned.
• The skin has a
  appearance.
• There is greater swelling, and there are
• These burns take up to three weeks to heal and
  should be attended by a

Several
spotty or blotchy
blisters.
physician.
81
Second-Degree Burn
Second Degree Burn Damage to both outer skin and
underlying tissue layers (epidermis and dermis),
causing pain, redness, swelling, and blistering.
Blisters (Bulla)
82
Burns Degrees of Burns
DR Workbook MWS 9 Question 3, Pg. 207

• Third-degree burn
• layers of skin are burned.
• There is discoloration.
• Some skin may be
• These burns can be

Many
severe
charred.
life threatening.
83
Third-Degree Burn
Full thickness burn with tissue damage
Third Degree Burn Damage extends deeper into
tissues (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis)
causing extensive tissue destruction. The skin
may feel numb.
84
Heat Burn Treatment
DR Workbook Question 10a, Pg. 197

• Go through RAP ABCH first, then ask if burn was
  caused by heat.
• Determine degree and amount of burn.
• If it is a third-degree burn or large
  second-degree burn, use the ABCH, then treat
  for shock.
• Do not attempt to pull off the clothing because
  skin may come with it.

85
Heat Burn Treatment
DR Workbook Question 10a, Pg. 197

• Cut it off if attached to the skin.
• Apply a sterile dressing and elevate.
• Seek immediate medical attention.
• Burn is first-degree or small second-degree,
  apply cold water/compress until pain stops.
• If you must use ice, provide a barrier.
• Do not apply an ointment.

86
Chemical Burn Treatment
DR Workbook Question 10b, Pg. 198

• Determine if burn was caused by a dry chemical.
• If so, brush it off, remove clothing, wash area
  fifteen to twenty minutes.
• If not caused by dry chemical, remove clothing
  and jewelry, wash area for fifteen to twenty
  minutes.
• Seek medical attention in both cases.

87
Electrical Burn Treatment
DR Workbook Question 10c, Pg. 198

• If burn is not chemical, then its an electrical
  burn.
• Is victim in contact with electrical source, are
  you at risk.
• If yes, ask adult to turn off power.
• May entail calling 911 to have then call
  appropriate person.
• Treatment same as heat burn.

88
Electrical Burn Treatment
DR Workbook Question 10c, Pg. 198

• In all cases, monitor wound for signs of
  infection.
• Large wounds seek medical attention to reduce
  risk of infection.
• Serious burn, monitor for signs of shock.

89
Safety
Shock
Wash
Pg. 209
Cold
Before
Wash
Power
90
First Aid Kit
DR Workbook MWS 9, Pg. 207

• Container To keep all first aid items in one
  common container.
• Gauze Pads -To cover wounds and prevent
  infection.
• Roll Bandage -To stabilize strains and sprains
  and cover wounds.
• Triangular Bandage -To cover wounds and prevent
  infection .

91
First Aid Kit
DR Workbook MWS 9, Pg. 207

• Bandages -To stop minor bleeding and prevent
  infection.
• Adhesive Tape -To secure bandages to wounds.
• Antibacterial Ointment -To prevent infection on
  small cuts.

92
First Aid Kit
DR Workbook MWS 9, Pg. 207

• Calamine Lotion -To prevent itching.
• Soap -To clean minor wounds and cuts and to
  prevent infection.
• Latex Gloves -To protect the rescuer from
  infection and blood pathogens.

93
First Aid Kit
DR Workbook MWS 9, Pg. 207

• Bandage Scissors -To cut gauze and bandages.
• Tweezers -To pull splinters.
• Moleskin -To protect blisters and prevent
  infection.

Now transfer to page 198, Question 11a
94
First Aid Kit
DR Workbook Question 11b, Pg. 198
Where should a first aid kit be placed?

• It should be placed in a visible location near
  the center of the activities. Everyone should be
  aware of its location.

95
Lesson 5 Review Questions
True or False, MWS 9, Page 208
T F 17. A first-degree burn should be cooled
using ice, not water. T F 18. When helping a
victim with a chemical burn, quickly rinse the
burn for a few seconds. T F 19. You should
remove clothing from a burn, even if it is
sticking, so you can treat it more effectively. T
F 20. When approaching a victim or electrical
burns, you should make sure the power is off.
96
Lesson 5 Review Questions
True or False, MWS 9, Page 208
T F 21. Duck tape is an important item in a
first aid kit. T F 22. Large second-degree
burns are just as dangerous as third-degree burns.
Lets Play Scenarios
97
Summary
Make sure all work is completed in your
Workbook. Have your commander sign off on each
completed advancement. God Bless You and lets
pray!