The Age of Imperialism

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The Age of Imperialism

• Chapter 11
• 1850-1914

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What is imperialism?

• The seizure (takeover) of a country or territory
  by a stronger country

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What is Imperialism?

• Why do Europeans do this?
• Industrialization sparks the need for
• Land perfect for establishing trading and
  military posts
• Natural resources and raw materials
• New markets for products

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What is Imperialism?

• Europeans want to control all aspects of their
  colonies
• Politics
• Society
• Economy
• Culture and customs

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Types of Imperialism

• Methods of Management
• Direct Control
• Paternalism Europeans provide for local people
  but grant no rights
• Assimilation adaptation of local people to
  ruling culture
• Indirect Control
• Limited self-rule for local governments
• Legislative body includes colonial local
  officials

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Types of Imperialism

• Forms of Control
• Colony
• Governed by a foreign power
• Protectorate
• Governs itself, but under outside control
• Sphere of Influence
• Outside power controls investments trading
• Economic Imperialism
• Private business interests assert control

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I. The Scramble for Africa

• Africa Before European Dominion
• Divided into hundreds of ethnic groups
• Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or
  Christianity
• Nations ranged from large empires to independent
  villages
• Africans controlled their own trade networks
• Europeans only had contact on African coasts

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The Scramble for Africa (cont)

• Nations compete for overseas empires
• Europeans wanted more land
• Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and
  rubber
• Africa was a mystery to many
• Europeans who penetrated Africa were
• Explorers seeking wealth and notoriety
• Missionaries trying to convert Africans to
  Christianity
• Humanitarians westernize the savages

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The Scramble for Africa (cont)

• Forces Driving Imperialism
• Belief in European superiority
• Racism
• Social Darwinism
• Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa
• European technological superiority
• Europeans had means to control
• New medicines prevent diseases

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The Division of Africa

• The Berlin Conference (1884)
• Europeans leaders divide Africa
• No African ruler invited
• Little or no thought about the complex
  differences in ethnic groups
• By 1914 Only independent nations
• Liberia
• Ethiopia

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According to this cartoon, which European
countries were fighting for a position in Africa?
How did the Berlin Conference lead to the
situation shown in the cartoon?
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South Africa

• Three Groups Clash for Power
• Africans
• Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British
• Zulu nation lost to British in 1887
• Boers
• Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa
  since the mid 1600s
• Also known as Afrikaners
• British
• Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin
  Conference

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Boer War

• Fought between the Boers and the British
• Many Africans fought with the Boers
• First example of total war
• British win in 1910
• Established the Union of South Africa (British
  Rule)

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Effects of European Imperialism in Africa
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II. Case Study Nigeria

• Britains control of Nigeria
• Britain takes control by diplomacy force
• All of Nigeria claimed as a colony in 1914
• Nigeria very culturally diverse
• 250 ethnic groups
• British utilize indirect rule
• Local chiefs resent limits on their rule

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African Resistance

• Africans Confront Imperialism
• Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior
  weapons
• Unsuccessful Movements
• Algeria fights the French for 50 years
• German East Africa resistance results in 75,000
  deaths
• Successful Movements
• Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II
• Plays Europeans against each other
• Stockpiles modern weapons
• Defeats Italy and remains independent

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Legacy of Imperialism

• Negative Effects
• Africans lose land and independence
• Many lives are lost
• Traditional cultures breakdown
• Division of Africa creates problems that continue
  today
• Positive Effects
• Reduces local fighting
• Sanitation improves
• Hospitals and schools created
• Technology brings economic growth

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III. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

• The Ottoman Empire Loses Power
• Empire begins to decline in 1566
• Death of Suleyman I
• Modernization movements are unsuccessful
• Greece and Serbia gain independence
• European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands

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Downfall of the Ottoman Empire
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Crimean War (1853)

• Crimean War Russia vs. Ottoman Empire
• Russia seeks Ottoman land
• Access to a warm-water port
• Russia loses war
• Ottomans are shown to be weak
• Russia still is able to take land

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Europeans Grab Territory

• England gains control of
• India natural resources
• Suez Canal international trade
• Persia oil and tobacco
• Russia gains control of
• Persia oil, tobacco, access to Indian Ocean
• Afghanistan oil

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The Suez Canal
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IV. British Imperialism in India

• British Expand Control over India
• East India Company
• Controls India thru economic imperialism
• Company uses an army including Indian soldiers
  known as sepoys
• India was seen as the most important colony
• Due to its production of raw materials
• Known as the Jewel in the Crown

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Effects of British Rule

• Impact of Colonialism
• Railroads move cash crops and goods faster
• British control political and economic power
• Cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency
  and caused famine
• Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and
  missionaries
• Britain sought to modernize India

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The Sepoy Rebellion

• Indians Rebel
• Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to religious
  reasons
• They had to bite them open greased with pork
  fat
• Considered unclean by Muslims
• Many sepoys were jailed, others rebelled
• British put down the rebellion
• Results
• Britain takes direct control of India
• Increased distrust between Indians and British

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Nationalism in India

• Call for reforms
• India adopts modernization movements
• Many Indians adopt western ways
• Religious Issues Remain
• Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885)
• Called for independence from Britain
• Formation of the Muslim League (1906)
• Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India

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Imperialism in Southeast Asia

• European Powers Invade the Pacific Rim
• Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific
  Ocean
• Britain Malaysia, Burmia, and Singapore
• Netherlands Indonesia
• France Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
• Why?
• Land perfect for establishing trading and
  military posts
• Excellent for plantation agriculture

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Imperialism in Southeast Asia

• Results
• Modernization helps the European businesses
• Education, health, and sanitation improves
• Millions migrate to find work
• Racial and religious clashes increase

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Englands Empire Grows
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V. Imperialism in China and Japan

• China vs. The West
• China was self-sufficient no need for trade
• China kept a favorable balance of trade
• Europeans were able to shift the balance
• Sale of Opium addictive drug from poppy plant
• Opium War (1839-1842) China vs. Britain
• China loses signs Treaty of Nanjing
• Extraterritoriality foreigners were not subject
  to Chinese laws
• Chinese power over the West ends

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China vs. The West

• Foreign Influence Grows
• Growing Spheres of Influence
• A Surge in Chinese Nationalism
• Boxer Rebellion
• Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign
  priviledge
• Beginnings of Reform
• China tried to become more western
• Further added to internal problems

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Imperialism in China
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Imperialism in Japan

• Japan remained isolated from western world for
  centuries only traded mainly with China
• Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) ends Japans
  isolation
• Meiji Reform Japan begins to modernize
  beginning in 1867
• Japan was competitive with the west in many
  modern industries

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Imperialism in Japan

• Russo-Japanese War (1904)
• Treaty of Portsmouth
• Japan gained Russian territory
• Russia forced out of Korea
• Japan Controls Korea
• Takes control of the peninsula in 1910
• Begins a period of extreme oppression

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THE END