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Post-Gricean Developments Post-Gricean Developments refers to the studies after H.P. grice`s theory of conversational implicature. It mainly refers to three ideas. . – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Evaluation Questions


1
Evaluation Questions
  • Blanks Filling
  • Multiple-choice Questions
  • Example Test Paper
  • Key to Test Paper

2
Fill in the blanks of the following statements
with a proper word or phrase.
  • 1 Linguistics is the scientific study of ___.
  • 2 To many people, a linguist is the same as a ___
    , one who can speak several Languages fluently.
  • 3 In professional usage, the ___ is a scholar who
    studies Language objectively, observing it
    scientifically, recording the facts of Language,
    and generalizing from them.
  • 4 ___ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal
    organs of producing the sounds of speech ___
    phonetics studies the way the sounds of speech
    are perceived by the human ear.
  • 5 ___ deals with how Language is acquired,
    understood and produced.
  • 6 ___ studies the neurological basis of Language
    development and use in human beings.

3
  • 7 ___ is concerned with the diversity of Language
    as it relates to various sociological factors.
  • 8 ___ is concerned with variation and use in
    relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of
    man.
  • 9 The ancient theories of the origin of Language
    were of ____origin.
  • 10 The Egyptians considered themselves to have
    the oldest civilization and asserted that the
    original human Language was ___.

4
  • 3 The theory that primitive man made involuntary
    vocal noises while performing heavy work has been
    called the ___ theory.
  • 4 The theory that primitive man instinctively
    gave vocal expression to every external
    impression has been called the ___ theory.
  • 5 A commonly held view among the classic Greeks
    was that at some ancient time there was a ___
    who gave the correct, natural name to everything.
  • 6 The theory that Language arose from instinctive
    emotional cries, expressive of pain or joy has
    been called the ___ theory.
  • 7 The theory that primitive Language was an
    imitation of natural sound, such as animal cries,
    has been called the theory.

5
  • 8 The theory that Language arose from human
    beings instinctive need for contact with his
    companion has been called the ___ theory.
  • 9 Writing is a secondary Language form based upon
    ___, and Morse code is tertiary, based upon ___.
  • 10 The reason why Languages other than our own
    sound like gibberish is because we have not
    mastered the complexity of their ___.
  • 11 The symbols are said to be arbitrary because
    they do not ___ what they represent.
  • 12 Language is called upon not only for
    communication, but also for ___ and cultural
    ____.

6
  • 4 Language is an ___ system of articulated sounds
    made use of by a group of humans as a means of
    carrying on the affairs of their society.
  • 3 Language is a purely human and ___ method of
    communicating ideas, emotions and desires by
    means of a ___ of voluntarily produced symbols.
  • 5 Language is a system of arbitrary ___ symbols
    which permit all the people in a given culture,
    or other people who have learned the ___ of that
    culture, to communicate or interact.
  • 6 The earliest grammar of any Language was ___
    grammar by the Hindu scholar Panini.
  • 7 Plato proceeded first to divide the sentence
    into two parts ___ and ___.

7
  • 8 The Greek approach to Language was taken over
    by the ___ and applied with little change to
    their Language ___.
  • 9 The first major new development in linguistics
    until the 13th century was ___ grammar.
  • 10 The 15th and 16th centuries were marked by the
    ___ of views of Language and an increased
    awareness of the ___ among Languages.
  • 11 In the 17th century the Port royal Grammarians
    stressed the ___ of thought.
  • 12 The beginning of modern linguistics was from
    the late 18th and early 19th century when the ___
    method was developed and established.

8
  • 3 Chomskys theory of generative grammar
    revolutionized work in linguistics in 1957, with
    the publication of his book ___.
  • 4 Saussures exposition of ___ analysis led to
    the school of ___ linguistics which developed
    around the work of Leonard Bloomfield in America.
  • 5 A Language is responsive to the ___ forces that
    shape history.
  • 6 The Language of Britain was ___ when the Romans
    invaded the land in 55 and 54 BC.
  • 7 The Celtic Language was influenced by ___
    during the roman occupation after AD 44.
  • 8 The three Teutonic groups established in
    England by the successive invasions after AD 450
    were ___, ___ and __.

9
  • 9 As a result of the Norman Conquest of 1066,
    vast quantities of ___ words were added to the
    English vocabulary.
  • 10 The most memorable writing in the Middle
    English period was ___ by Geoffrey Chaucer.
  • 11 As Samuel Johnsons A Dictionary of the
    English Language established a uniform standard
    for ___ and word use, so Bishop Lowths and other
    grammarians works standardized English ___.
  • 12 Speech takes place when the organs of speech
    move to produce a pattern of ___. These movements
    have an effect on the ___ coming from the lungs.
  • 13 When sounds are produced, the air-stream sent
    out from the lungs passes through the ___
    contained in the larynx.

10
  • 14 If the glottis is wide open, the air passes
    freely through the cords, but if it is narrowed,
    the presence of the air causes the cords to
    vibrate, producing ___ sounds.
  • 15 A sound which is made with the glottis wide
    open is called a ___ sound.
  • 16 Consonant sounds can be either ___ or ___,
    while all vowel sounds are ___.
  • The shape of the ___ and ___ cavities can be
    changed, and each change produces a different
    sound.

11
  • 3 The differences between the vowel in the word
    tea and the vowel in the word two is that the
    first is made with the lips ___ and the front of
    the tongue humped, and the second is made with
    the lips ___ and the back of the tongue humped.
  • 4 In the case of vowel sounds, the pharynx and
    the mouth cavities are changed by the shape and
    position of the ___ and the ___.
  • 5 The sounds t, d, p, and b are made when the ___
    in the mouth is suddenly opened and the air
    allowed to escape in a little puff or explosion.
  • 6 Consonant sounds can also be made when two
    organs of speech in the mouth are brought close
    together so that the air is pushed out between
    them, causing___.

12
  • 7 The sounds f and v are the result of air
    escaping under friction between the lower ___ and
    upper ___.
  • 8 All English sounds except me, n, and ny are
    made with the soft palate ___.
  • 9 When the ___ is raised, the air cannot escape
    through the nose and the sounds ma, n, and ng
    cannot be made.
  • 10 ___ sounds are produced by a radical
    constriction at some point in the vocal tract.
  • 11 ___ sounds are produced by lowering the velum.
  • 12 ___ sounds are produced by vibrating the vocal
    cords.
  • 13 ___ sounds are produced by increasing the
    muscular effort in the lower jaw.
  • 14 ___ sounds are produced b y maintaining the
    airflow in the vocal cavity (but not in the nasal
    cavity).

13
  • 3 The qualities of vowels depend upon the
    position of the ___ and the lips.
  • 4 ___ sounds are produced by retracting the body
    of the tongue from the neutral position.
  • 5 Vowels can be described by referring to the
    part of the tongue which is at the highest point
    in the mouth. If the front of the tongue is at
    the highest point near the hard palate, a ___
    vowel is produced. If the back of the tongue is
    at the highest point near the soft palate, a ___
    vowel is produced.
  • 6 Vowels produced between the positions for a
    front vowel and a back vowel are called ___ vowel.

14
  • 7 One element in the description of vowels is the
    part of the tongue which is at the highest point
    in the mouth. A second element is the ___ to
    which that part of the tongue is raised.
  • 8 If the tongue is raised as high as possible in
    the mouth, without causing friction, the vowel
    which results is a ___ vowel.
  • 9 If the tongue is placed as low as possible in
    the mouth, the vowel which results is an ___
    vowel.
  • 10 The position of the lips also has an effect on
    vowel quality. If the lips are drawn together so
    that the opening between them is round, we have a
    ___ vowel. If the lips are not drawn together,
    the vowel is ___.
  • 11 If, in making a vowel sound, the organs of
    speech remain in one position without moving to
    another, the result is a ___ vowel. If the organs
    of speech start in the position for one vowel and
    then immed8iately glide to the position of
    another, the result is a ___.

15
  • 12 A single impulse of breath from the lungs
    accompanied by voicing is known as a ___.
  • 13 Diphthongs are represented by two symbols in
    phonetic transcription, the first shows the
    position of the organs of speech at the ___ of
    the glide, and the second shows their approximate
    position at the ___ of the glide.

16
  • 3 If the tongue produces a diphthong by moving
    from a more open position to a more closed
    position in the mouth, the diphthong is known as
    ___ diphthong.
  • 4 If the movement of the tongue in making a
    closing diphthong is small, the diphthong which
    results is called a ___ diphthong.
  • 5 In the case of closing diphthongs the ___
    letter indicates the point towards which the
    glide is made. The point towards which the glide
    is made is ___ necessarily reached. Such
    diphthongs sound quite ___ if the organs of
    speech perform only part of the maximum
    permissible movement.
  • 6 The diphthongs made with a movement of the
    tongue towards the center are known as ___
    diphthongs.

17
  • 7 Consonants are characterized in pronunciation
    by ___ of the air-stream in the vocal tract.
  • 8 Labial refers to the use of the ___ in the
    process of articulating a sound.
  • 9 Alveolar refers to the ___ behind the top
    teeth.
  • 10 Palatals are sounds articulated by the ___ of
    the tongue against the ___ palate.
  • 11 Velars are sounds articulated by the ___ of
    the tongue against the ___ palate.
  • 12 78. A nasal is produced by the release of air
    through the ___.
  • 13 A stop with a fricative release is called ___.
  • 14 A ___ is formed by an obstacle placed in the
    middle of the mouth, the air being free to escape
    at one or both sides.

18
  • 4 Language may be defined as systematized
    sequences of vocal ___ that carry meaning to all
    members of a given cultural group.
  • 5 Those who are interested in all possible
    variantions of sound are called___.
  • 3 A sound produced in the larynx by closing off
    the air-stream in the glottis is called ___.
  • 6 Those who are interested primarily in
    distinctive sounds are called___.
  • 7 A phoneme is a group of similar sounds
    called___.
  • 8 The sounds k and g are in distinctive
    opposition in English and they are themselves
    distinctive sounds or ___.

19
  • 9 An aspirated p, an unaspirated p, and an
    unreleased p are ___ of the p ___.
  • 10 The contrast between k and g enables us to
    distinguish between words which would otherwise
    by ___.
  • 11 Conventionally a phoneme is put in ___ while
    an allophone is put in ___ brackets.
  • 12 The sounds and the meaning of a word are ___.
  • 13 Morphology is the study of word ___ and the
    internal ___ of words.
  • 14 The most elemental grammatical units in a
    Language are ___.
  • 15 Morphemes may b e classified as ___ or free.

20
  • 16 Some morphemes are ___ in that they must be
    joined to other morphemes, and are always parts
    of word and never words by themselves. Other
    morphemes are ___ in that they need not be
    attached to other morphemes.
  • 17 Bound morphemes may be subdivided into ___ and
    ___ morphemes.

21
  • 3 A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and
    pronouns belongs to ___ class, while the
    largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and
    adverbs belongs to ___ class.
  • 4 Scholars in the Middle Ages applied the
    Greco-Latin model to their own Languages with
    little difficulty because of the close ___
    between their own Languages and Greek Latin as
    well as their similarities in ___.
  • 5 Certain basic ___ originated from traditional
    grammar are an inescapable part of any approach
    to Language analysis.
  • 6 ___ analysis is a basic technique in
    traditional grammar and is still in use in all
    modern approaches to linguistics.

22
  • 7 Traditional grammarians adopted the practice of
    presenting a ___ of a typical verb from each
    conjugation and letting it serve as a model for
    other verbs in the ___.
  • 8 Traditional grammar has remained strongly ___
    in its approach.
  • 9 Traditional grammarians used the method of ___
    to describe sentences structure.
  • 10 Customarily, traditional grammarians begin
    with ___ definition of the sentence and its
    components.
  • 11 Structural grammar placed great emphasis on
    analyzing the ___ system of Language.
  • 12 Saussure held that a Language may be viewed as
    a self-contained systemthat is, a set of ___
    structures.

23
  • 13 Sussure described ___ study as slicing through
    the trunk of a tree to study the arrangement of
    rings. ___ study was then seen as tracing the
    development of the rings by comparing two
    synchronic slices.
  • 14 Saussure saw synchronic studies as logically
    ___ to diachronic studies.
  • 15 Having discovered great variety among North
    American Languages, Boas was quickly convinced
    that each Language had to be described in terms
    of its own ___ system.

24
  • 3 Bloomfield (1933) and Fries (1940), two of the
    best-known structural linguists, believed in the
    need for scientific ___ in linguistic
    description.
  • 4 The structuralisms focused their attention on
    describing the ___ of the spoken Language because
    they felt that ___ in Language was too messy to
    deal with in an objective manner.
  • 5 The structural grammar recognizes the
    fundamental difference between ___ words and ___
    words.
  • 6 In structural grammar, distributional analysis
    is used to define ___, which are taken as the
    basic building blocks of Language.
  • 7 ___ Grammar is a finite set of rules and
    principles for capturing the regularities in the
    Language.

25
  • 8 K-terminal string is the ___ string of the
    derivation.
  • 9 Referring to distinguishing between ___ and
    ___, the point is that we must distinguish
    between what it can do (under ideal
    circumstances) and what it is actually doing (in
    the given circumstances of the moment).
  • 10 According TG grammarians, perhaps the most
    important fact about the sentences of human
    Languages is that all sentences have both a ___
    structure and a ___ structure.
  • 11 The phrases-structure rules, in conjunction
    with lexical insertion rules, generate a ___
    structure. Next, the transformational rules apply
    to change the basic structure into a structure
    representation.
  • 12 Transformational rules do not change the basic
    __ of sentences.

26
  • 13 In order to prevent unacceptable sentences
    from being generated, it is necessary to impose
    certain ___ on the power of transformations.
  • 14 120 In TG Grammar, the syntactic component
    provides the ___ for a sentence, whereas the
    phonological component provides the ___ of the
    sentence and the semantic component provides its
    ___.

27
  • 3 The study of the linguistic meaning of words,
    phrases, and sentences is called ___.
  • 4 When different words are pronounced the same
    but have different forms, they are called ___.
  • 5 Not only do Languages contain different words
    that sound the same but have different meanings,
    they also contain words that sound different but
    have the same or nearly the same meanings. Such
    words are called ___.
  • 6 ___ are written identically but sound
    differently.
  • 7 Two words that are opposite in meaning are __
    .
  • 8 Some sentences are ambiguou8s because they have
    both a literal meaning and a non-literal meaning.
    The non-literal meaning is also called ___
    meaning.

28
  • 9 The conjoining of contradictory terms is
    called___.
  • 10 ___ is a form of comparison in which an exact
    name for something is replaced by a term closely
    associated with it.
  • 11 ___ attributes human qualities to objects or
    ideas.
  • 12 The study of ___ holding between individual
    lexical items in the elaboration of a theory of
    structural semantics by ___ is a great
    contribution to semantics.
  • 13 ___ refers to a relation between two words, in
    which the meaning of one of the words includes
    the meaning of the other word.
  • 14 Under antonymy, a distinction is sometimes
    made between pairs like male and female, and
    Paris like big and small, according to whether or
    not the words are ___.

29
  • 15 A person who is not male must be female, but
    something that is not big is not necessarily
    small, it may be somewhere between the two sizes.
    Male and female are called ___ big and small are
    called ___ antonyms.
  • 16 Presupposition refers to the ___ that must by
    met in order for the intended meaning of a
    sentence to be regarded as acceptable.
  • 17 Entailment means that the meaning of one
    sentence is ___ in that of another.
  • 18 Contradiction means if one sentence is true,
    the other must be ___.
  • 19 Sentences that violate possible semantic
    relations are said to be ___.

30
  • 3 The __ act is the actual uttering of a sentence
    with a particular meaning the ___ act is the
    intent that the speaker has in uttering the
    sentence and the ___ act is the result achieved
    in uttering the sentence.
  • 4 The study of Language use and its relation to
    Language structure and social context is termed
    ___.
  • 5 ___ is a theory of communication in which the
    sender sequentially encodes the information to be
    communicated into a signal that travels to a
    receiver, who then sequentially decodes it to
    recover the original message.
  • 6 Communication is also a social affair, usually
    taking place within the __ of a fairly well
    defined social situation.

31
  • 7 Likewise, Message Model portrays Language as a
    bridge between speaker and hearer whereby
    private ideas re communicated by public
    sounds, which thereby function as the ___ for
    communicating the relevant massage.
  • 8 The process of converting a message into a
    signal by means of which it can be communicated
    to other individuals is called ___.
  • 9 The process of converting a signal in some
    communication system back into the original
    message is termed ___.
  • 10 We sometimes speak ___ that is, we sometimes
    intend to perform one communicative act by means
    of performing another communicative act.

32
  • 11 We often speak ___ that is, we do not mean
    what our words mean.
  • 12 ___ is the quickest and the most efficient of
    the three human comm7unication systems.
  • 13 ___ has often been viewed as reflection of
    speech.
  • 14 The first form of communication was probably
    ___.
  • 15 Chinese writing utilizes a system of
    characters, each of which represents the
    meaning of a ___.
  • 16 ___ is the only major Language that uses a
    syllabic writing system.
  • 17 The term sound-writing is sometimes used in
    place of __ writing.
  • 18 A gesture is a ___ manipulation that is
    neither verbal nor ___ but is communicative.

33
  • 19 The study of the positioning and movement of
    the body and its parts during conversation is
    called ___.
  • 20 The modulation of the voice in communication
    is called ___.
  • 21 The study of the space maintained between two
    speakers in conversation is called ___.
  • 22 Language is the sum total of the structures
    available to the speaker, while style concerns
    the characteristic ___ in a given context.
  • 23 ___ choice is usually regarded as a matter of
    form or expression. But this view is misleading,
    for writers obviously choose __too.
  • 24 The difference between My twenty-three-year-old
    brother is a bachelor and My twenty-three-year-ol
    d brother is unmarried is ___ , not ___.

34
  • 25 To speak of style as choice, one must
    recognize not only that there is ___ of choice,
    but also that there are ___ on choice.
  • 26 Style is sometimes regarded as a ___ with
    respect to a norm.

35
  • 3 The ___ is away of writing, a manner of
    expressing ones thoughts and feelings in words.
    It is like the ___ of grain in a piece of wood.
  • 4 A mans way of writing will be an expression of
    his personality and his way of looking at ___.
    The ___ reveals the man.
  • 5 ___ is often used to mean good, clear English.
    Bad writing is caused not so much mistakes in
    grammar as by weakness in ___.

36
For each blank there are four
choices marked a, B, C and D. Choose ONE that
correctly completes the sentence.)
  • 1 ___ studies the total stock of morphemes of a
    Language, particularly those
  • items which have clear semantic references.
  • A. Phonology B. Lexicography C. Lexicology D.
    Morphology
  • 2 ___ deals with the way in which a Language
    varies through geographical space.
  • A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology
  • C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics
  • 3 ___ deals with how Language is acquired,
    understood and produced.
  • A. Sociolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics
  • C. Neurolinguistics D. Anthropological
    linguistics

37
  • 4 ____ deals with Language application to other
    fields, particularly educatrion.
  • A. Linguistic geography B. Sociolinguistics
  • C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative
    linguistics
  • 5 ___ is concerned with the diversity of Language
    as it relates to various sociological factors.
  • A. Psycholinguistics B. Nerolinguistics
  • C. Anthropological linguistics D.
    Sociolinguistics
  • 6 One who can speak several Languages fluently is
    called ___.
  • A. a polyglot B. a linguist C. a grammarian D.
    arhetorician

38
  • 7. One who is primarily interested in effective
    written or spoken communication is called ___.
  • A. a rhetorician B. a polyglot C. a literary
    critic D. a linguist
  • 8. Language at first consisted of __ ejaculations
    of pain, fear, surprise, pleasure, anger and so
    on.
  • A. rhythmical B. imitative C. expressive D.
    emotional
  • 9 Language is ___.
  • A. instinctive B. non-instinctive
  • C. static D. genetically transmitted

39
  • 10 ____ is one who makes value judgments about
    the worth and effectiveness, the literary merit
    of the works of a writers creative imagination.
  • A. A rhetorician B. A grammarian C. A literary
    critic D. A linguist

40
  • 11 The theory that Language was a kind of song
    without words has been known as the ___ theory.
  • A. pooh-pooh B. sing-song C. bow-wow D. yo-he-ho
  • 12 The sing-song theory was put forward by the
    great Danish linguist ___.
  • A. Otto Jespersen B. Ferdinand de Saussure
  • C. John Lyons D. Daniel Jones
  • 13 The theory that Language arose from the noise
    made by a group of people engaged in joint labor
    has been known as the ___ theory.
  • A. ding-dong B. sing-song C. ye-he-ho D.
    pooh-pooh

41
  • 14 The theory that primitive Language was an
    imitation of natural sound, such as animal cries,
    has been called the __ theory.
  • A. yo-he-ho B. pooh-pooh C. ding-dong D. bow-wow
  • 15 The theory that Language arose from human
    beings instinctive need for contact with his
    companion has been called the ___ theory.
  • A. contact B. sing-song C. pooh-pooh D.
    ding-dong

42
  • The ta-ta theory is sometimes called the ___
    theory.
  • A. musical B. pooh-pooh C. contact D. gesture
  • 17. The ___ theory states that Language developed
    from meaningful gestures.
  • A. bow-wow B. ta-ta C. ding-dong D.sing-song
  • 18 Writing is a secondary Language form based
    upon ___.
  • A. speech B. gesture C. emotion D. sounds
  • 19 ____ is defined as any regionally or socially
    definable human group identified by shared
    linguistic system.
  • A. A speech community B. A race C. A society D.
    A country

43
  • 20. ____ means the lack of a logical connection
    between the form of something and its expression
    in sounds.
  • A. Ambiguity B. Abstractness C. Arbitrariness D.
    Fuzziness
  • 21 The symbols are said to be arbitrary because
    they do not ___ what they represent.
  • A. resemble B. mean C. differ from D. change
  • 22 By ___ it is meant that something represents
    something else.
  • A. sound B. utterance C. symbol D. speech

44
  • 23 The fact that ability to speak a Language is
    transmitted from generation to generation by a
    process of learning, and not genetically is
    usually referred to as ___.
  • A. performance B. Language acquisition
  • C. cultural transmission D. competence

45
  • 24. ___ wrote the oldest know grammar of Techne
    Grammatika.
  • A. Donatus B. Thrax C. Varro D. Priscian
  • 25 The author of Ars Minor is ___.
  • A. Thrax B. Priscian C. Saussrue D. Donatus
  • 26 The earliest significant work in comparing
    Languages was done by an Englishman ___
  • A. Bopp B. Jones C. Rask D. Lowth
  • 27 The author of Cours de Linguistique Generale
    is ___.
  • A. Donatus B. Saussure C. Bloomfield D. Chomsky
  • 28 The author of Grammatical Cate4gories is ___.
  • A. Priscian B. Varro C. Donatus D. Thrax

46
  • 29 Modern synchronic linguistics traditionally
    dates from the of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de
    Saussure.
  • A. Syntactic Structure B. Ars Minor
  • C. Cours de Linguistique Generale
  • 30 Of the following lingustis, ___ should be
    grouped into American School.
  • A. Sapir B. Firth C. Jakobson D. Hjelmslev
  • 31 Of the following linguists, ___ should be
    grouped into London School.
  • A. Firth B. Bloomfield C. Boas D. Trubetzkoy
  • 32 Of the following linguists, ___ should be
    grouped into Prague School.
  • A. Bloomfield B. Jakobson C. Firth D. Sapir

47
  • 33 The Language of Britain was ___ when the
    Romans invaded the land in 55 BC.
  • A. Norman French B. English C. Celtic D. Latin
  • 34 ___ is the Language of Angles, Saxons and
    Jutes who invaded Britain after AD 450.
  • A. Old Norse B. Celtic C. Middle English D. Old
    English
  • 35 ___ invasions established three major groups
    in England Saxons, Angles and Jutes.
  • A. Germanic B. French C. Norman D. Roman
  • 36 Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer was the
    most memorable writing in the ___ period.

48
  • A. Late Modern B. Old English C. Early Modern D.
    Middle English
  • 37 The London speech that was illustrated by
    Shakespeares writing was generally termed ___.
  • A. Old English B. Late Modern English
  • C. Middle English D. Early Modern English
  • 38 ___ dictionary established a uniform standard
    for English spelling and word use.
  • A. Johnsons B. Lowths C. Johns D. Firths
  • 39 ___ century is considered to be the beginning
    of Modern English.
  • A. 17th B. 19th C. Johns D. Firths

49
  • 40 The great uniformity of Early Modern English
    was the result of several major factors. Which of
    the following should NOT be included?
  • A. Introduction of printing press. B. Great
    Vowel Shift.
  • C. The spread of London dialect. D. The growing
    literacy.
  • 41 The first major new development in linguistics
    until the 13 th century was ___ grammar.
  • A. structural B. speculative C. generative D.
    traditional

50
  • 42 In the ___ century, the idea that beneath the
    differences all Languages are essentially the
    same in nature surfaced again.
  • A. 13th B. 15th C. 18th D. 19th
  • 43 The most recognizable differences between
    American English and British English are in ___
    and vocabulary.
  • A. structure B. grammar C. usage D.
    pronunciation
  • 44 Pitch variation is known as ___ when its
    patterns are imposed on sentences.
  • A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice
  • 45. The phrarynx refers to the space of cavity
    between the larynx and the end of the ___.
  • A. tongue B. hard plate C. soft palate D. vocal
    cords

51
  • 46 A sound pronounced with the vocal cords
    vibrating is said to be a ___ sound.
  • A. resonant B. voiceless C. voiced D. consonant
  • 7 Conventionally a ___ is put in slashes.
  • A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme
  • 48 Sounds are produced by the vibrations of
    moving bodies. When the vibrations of one body
    cause vibrations in another, we get the
    phenomenon known as ___.
  • A. resonance B. consonant C. glottal stop D.
    glide
  • 49 An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an
    unreleased p are ___ of the p phoneme.
  • A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D.
    allophones

52
  • 50 The opening between the vocal cords is
    sometimes referred to as ___.
  • A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula
  • 51 ___ is formed by a narrowing of the air
    passage at some point so that the air in escaping
    makes a kind of hissing sound.
  • A. A plosive B. A fricative C. An affricate D.
    Laetrile

53
  • 52 The sounds t and d are made with a closure of
    the tongue with the upper gums or ___.
  • A. soft palate B. hard palate C. upper teeth D.
    alveolar ridge
  • 53 ___ are sounds articulated by the back of the
    tongue against the soft palate.
  • A. Velars B. Labials C. Palatals C. Alveolars
  • 54 The sounds s and z are the result of air
    escaping under friction between the tongue and
    ___ before passing through the teeth.
  • A. hard palate B. uvula C. alveolar ridge soft
    palate
  • 55 Conventionally a ___ is put in slashes.
  • A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme

54
  • 56 ___ sounds are produced by a radical
    constriction at some point in the vocal tract.
  • A. Consonantal B. Vowel C. Continuant D.
    Voiceless
  • 57 ___ sounds are produced by retracting the body
    of the tongue from the neutral position.
  • A. Front B. Back C. Tense D. Lax
  • 58 ___ sounds are produced by increasing the
    muscular effort in the lower jaw.
  • A. Nasal B. Lax C. Continuant D. tense
  • 59 Saussure drew a distinction between ___ and
    descriptive studies.
  • A. historical B. structural C. synchronic d.
    prescriptive

55
  • 60 ___ sounds are produced by maintaining the
    airflow in the vocal cavity (but not in the nasal
    cavity).
  • A. Consonantal B. Back C. Continuant D. tense
  • 61 A ___ consists of a vowel sound, either on its
    own or in the company of one or more consonant
    sounds.
  • A. syllable B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme
  • 62 ___ is a combination of a plosive and a
    fricative.
  • A. A stop B. A palatal C. A rolled D. an
    affricate
  • 63 A group of two or more consonants together in
    a syllable is called a(n) ___.
  • A. arresting cluster B. releasing cluster
  • C. consonant cluster D. syllable

56
  • 64 In the case of vowel sounds, the ___ and the
    mouth cavities are changed by the shape and
    position of the tongue and lips.
  • A. nose B. larynx C. pharynx D. uvula
  • 65 The vowel u in fud (food) is ____ vowel.
  • A. back B. front C. unrounded D. central
  • 66 Vowels that are produced between the positions
    for a from and back vowel are called ___ vowels.
  • A. open B. front C. central D. close
  • 67 The vowel I in fid and u in fud
    are both ___ vowels.
  • A. close B. open C. rounded D. unrounded

57
  • 68 The vowel u in fu is a ___ vowel.
  • A. open front rounded B. open back rounded
  • C. close back unrounded D. close back round
  • 69 The vowel I in fi is a ___ vowel.
  • A. close front unrounded B. close back unrounded
  • C. open front rounded D. close front rounded
  • 70 If the tongue produces a diphthong by moving
    from a more open position to a more closed
    position in the mouth, the diphthong is known as
    a ___ diphthong.
  • A. narrow B. wide C. closing D. centering

58
  • 71 If, in making a vowel sound, the organs of
    speech remain in one position without moving to
    another, the result is a ___.
  • A. pure vowel B. close vowel C. diphthong D.
    closing diphthong
  • 72 The diphthongs that are made with a movement
    of the tongue towards the center are known as ___
    diphthongs.
  • A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering
  • 73 /ei/ and /ou/ are both ___ diphthongs.
  • A. centering B. wide C. narrow D. closing

59
  • 74 the consonant sound /p/ is described as ___.
  • A. voiceless bilabial stop B. voiceless alveolar
    stop
  • C. voiced bilabial stop D. voiced alveolar stop
  • 75 The consonant sound /v/ is described as ___.
  • A. voiceless labiodental fricative B. voiced
    interdental fricative
  • C. voiced labiodental fricative D. voiced
    affricate
  • 76 Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound ___.
  • A . /n/ B. /h/ C. /w/ D./j/
  • 77 The phoneme is an abstract ___ unit.
  • A. phonological B. phonetic C. phonic D.
    grammatical
  • 78 The sounds k and g are separate ___.
  • A. allophones B. phonemes C. morphemes D.
    allomorphs

60
  • 79 those who are interested primarily in
    distinctive sounds are called ___.
  • A. polyglots B. polemicists C. phoneticians D.
    grammarians
  • 80 A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called
    ___.
  • A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D.
    allophones
  • 81 ___ is the study of word formation and the
    internal structure of words.
  • A. Semantics B. Syntax C. Morphology D.
    Phonology
  • 82 The most elemental grammatical units in a
    Language are ___.
  • A. phones B. words C. morphemes D. phrases
  • 83 The English word modernizers is composed of
    ___ morphemes.
  • A. four B. three C. two D. five

61
  • 84 Morphemes that represent tense, number,
    gender, case and so forth are called ___
    morphemes.
  • A. inflectional B. bound C. free D. derivational
  • 85 Morphemes that can occur unattached are
    called ___ morphemes.
  • A. inflectional B. bound C. free D. derivational
  • 86 Traditional grammarians began with ___
    definition of the sentence and its components.
  • A. notional B. structural C. prescriptive D.
    descriptive
  • 87 ___ is a basic unit which combines function
    and form.
  • A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Grammar D. Tagmeme

62
  • 88 Many modern linguists have criticized
    traditional grammarians for adopting a ___
    approach to Language study.
  • A. analytical B. descriptive C. prescriptive D.
    pedagogical
  • 89 The structural grammar recognizes the
    fundamental difference between ___ and function
    words.
  • A. class form words B. class words C. form words
    D. form class words

63
  • 90 In structural grammar, distributional analysis
    is used to define ___, which are taken as the
    basic building blocks.
  • A. phonemes B. morphemes C. words D. syllables
  • 91 The syntactic component provides the ___ for a
    sentence.
  • A. lexicon B. structure C. meaning D. sound

64
  • 92 ___ are the basic elementary sentences of the
    Language, the stuff from which all else s made.
  • A. Simple sentences B. Transforms
  • C. Kernel sentences D. Complex sentences
  • 93 Application of the transformational rules
    yields ___ structure.
  • A. phrase B. deep C. prelexical D. surface

65
  • 94 Transformational rules do not change the basic
    ___ of sentences.
  • A. meaning B. structure C. form D. sound pattern
  • 95 The study of the linguistic meaning of words,
    phrases, and sentences is called___.
  • A. phonology B. morphology C. syntax D.
    semantics

66
  • 96 ___ are written identically but sound
    differently.
  • A. Homographs B. Homophones C. Homonyms D.
    Synonyms
  • 97 Cold and hot are called ___ antonyms.
  • A. gradable B. complementary C. reversal D.
    converse ness
  • 98 Two words that are opposite in meaning are
    called ___.
  • A. synonyms B. homonyms C. antonyms D.
    homophones

67
  • 99 ___ covers the study of Language use in
    relation to context, and in particular the study
    of linguistic communication.
  • A. Semantics B. pragmatics C. Sociolinguistics
    D. Stylistics
  • 100 Japanese is the only major Language that uses
    ___ writing system.
  • A. a syllabic B. a word-writing C. an alphabetic
    D. a logograph

68
Evaluation Questions
  • Part I Knowledge in Linguistics
  • Section A Match
  • Directions Match each of the following linguists
    in Column A with one of his linguistic views in
    Column B. Write the corresponding letter on your
    answer sheet. (15)
  • Column A
    Column B
  • .C.K. Ogden I. A. Richards A. Relevance
    Communication
  • and Cognition (1986)
  • .M. A. K. Halliday B. Syntactic Structures(1957)

69
  • .Malinowski C. The Language of the Chinese
  • Secrets History of the Mongols (1955)
  • .Firth D. How to Do Things With Words(1962)
  • .Boas E. A Course in Modern Linguistics(1958)
  • .Sapir F. Pragmatics and the Grammar of
  • Anaphor A Practical pragmatic
  • Reduction of Binding and Control
  • Phenomena
  • .L. Bloomfield G. Handbook of American India
  • Languages

70
  • .Harris H. Coral Gardens and Their Magic(1935)
  • .Hockett I. Toward a New Taxonomy for
  • Pragmatic Inference Q-based and R-
  • based Implicature(1984)
  • 10. A. N. Chomsky J. Logic and Conversation
  • 11. John. Langshaw Austin K. Language(1933)
  • 12. Herbert Paul Grice L. Methods in Structural
    Linguistics(1951)
  • 13. Dan Sperber Deirdre Wilson M. Papers in
    Linguistics(1957)
  • 14. Laurence Horn N. The Meaning of Meaning(1923)
  • 15. Stephen Levinson O. Language An Introduction
    to the
  • Study of Speech

71
Section B Gap Filling
  • Directions Fill in each of the following 20
    blanks with linguistic theories you acquire,
    write your answer on the answer sheet. (20)
  • .The seven types of word meaning recognized by G.
    Leech so far are conceptual meaning, connotative
    meaning, social meaning, affective meaning,
    reflected meaning, collocative meaning and _____.
  • .The desire features of Language are
    arbitrariness, duality, creativity, and _____.
  • .The functions of Language includes informative,
    interpersonal, performative, emotive, phatic,
    recreational and _____.

72
  • .The main branches of linguistics should include
    phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, _____
    and pragmatics.
  • .The branches of macrolinguistics have
    psycholinguistic, sociolinguistics, _____, and
    computational linguistics.
  • .Phonetics is the study of sounds and it can be
    divided into three main areas, which are _____,
    acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.

73
  • .The present system of the IPA (International
    phonetic Association) was
  • developed in the 1920s by the British
    phonetician _____,who put forward cardinal
    vowels , which are a set of vowel qualities
    arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging.

74
  • .The most common model accent of TEFL (Teaching
    of English as a Foreign Language) is referred to
    as _____.
  • .Eugene Nida (1964) claims that the five types of
    sub-cultural communication is ecological culture,
    linguistic culture, religious culture, material
    cultural and _____.
  • ._____ is the common factor underlying a set of
    forms, a unit of vocabulary, a lexical item, or a
    lexeme.

75
  • ._____ studies the internal structure of words,
    and the rules by which words are formed.
  • .Apart from compound and derivation, new words
    and expressions are created by invention,
    blending, abbreviation, acronym, back-formation,
    anological creation and _____.

76
  • .The formation of new pronunciation includes
    factors as loss, addition, metathesis and _____.
  • .Concerning vocabulary semantic change, there are
    broadening, narrowing, meaning shift, class
    shift, _____ and orthographic change.
  • .The study of the rules governing the way words
    are combined to form sentences in a Language or
    the study of the formation of sentences is called
    _____.

77
  • .The representative approaches to syntax are the
    traditional approach, the structural approach,
    the generative approach and _____.
  • .In Saussure's view, Language is a system of
    signs, each of which consists of signified
    (concept) and _____.

78
  • .The theory of meaning that relates the meaning
    of a word to the thing it refers to or stands
    for, is known as _____.
  • .For componential analysis or sematic components,
    the meaning of the word WOMAN may be analyzed
    into Human, Adult and _____.
  • .For Halliday, learning Language is learning to
    _____.

79
  • Part II Linguistic Theories
  • Section A Multiple Choice
  • Directions There are 20 incomplete statements
    concerning linguistic theories, each with four
    choices marked with A, B, C, and D. Choose the
    one you think appropriate. Write your choice on
    the answer sheet. (20)
  • The author of Semantics (1974) is______.
  • A. R. Firth
  • B. G. Leech
  • C. Bloomfield
  • D. N. Chomsky

80
  • .Of the following linguists, _____ should be
    grouped into American Structuralism.
  • A. E. Sapire
  • B. R. Firth
  • C. M. A. K. Halliday
  • D. K. Pike
  • .Communicative Dynamism (CD) is of _____ theory.
  • A. E. Sapire
  • B. R. Boas
  • C. B. Malinowski
  • D. J. Firbas

81
  • .Modern linguistics began from the Swiss linguist
    _____, who is often described as father of
    modern linguistics.
  • .L. Bloomfield
  • .N. Chomsky
  • .J. Lyons
  • .F. D. Saussure

82
  • .V. Mathesius (1882-1946) launched_____.
  • A. The Prague school (Circle of linguistics of
    Prague)
  • B. The London School
  • C. The American Structuralism
  • D. The Systemic Grammar

83
  • The Prague school is best known for its
    contribution to phonology and the distinction
    between _____.
  • .phonetics and phonology
  • .performance and competence
  • .descriptive and prescriptive
  • .synchronic and diachronic

84
  • .The principle that the role of each utterance
    part evaluated for its sematic
  • contribution is known as _____.
  • A. Trireme and Rheme
  • B. GSP, SSP. CSP
  • C. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)
  • D. Communicative Dynamism

85
  • 43. The scholarship of the London school was
    developed by _____.
  • .Malinowski-Firth-Halliday
  • .Firth-Malinowski-Halliday
  • .Malinowski-Halliday-Firth
  • .Firth-Halliday-Malinowski
  • 44. The principal representative of American
    descriptive linguistics is _____.
  • .L. Bloomfield
  • .E. Sapir
  • .L. Whorf
  • .R. Boas

86
  • 45. Influenced by Bloomfield's Language, Z.
    Harris, C. Hockett, G. Trager,
  • H.L. Smith, A. Hill. and R. Hall further
    developed structuralism, known as
  • _____.
  • .Empiricism
  • .Post-Grecian developments
  • .American Structuralism
  • .Post-Bloomfieldian Linguistics

87
  • 46. The publication of _____ marked the beginning
    of Chomskyan Revolution.
  • .Syntactic structures (1957)
  • .Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965)
  • .The Minimalist Program (1955)
  • .Minimalist Inquiries The Framework (1988)

88
  • 47. Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is
    Chomskyan belief on Language as
  • _____.
  • .Generative grammar
  • .The innateness hypothesis
  • .The classical theory
  • .Hypothesis-deduction

89
  • 48. Government and Binding mark the new period of
    TG Grammar, and it
  • consists of X-bar Theory, ø-Theory, Bounding
    Theory and _____.
  • A. Government Theory, Case Theory
  • B. Government Theory, Case Theory, Control
    Theory
  • C. Government Theory, Case Theory, Control
    Theory and Binding Theory
  • D. Relevance Theory
  • 49. Developed in 1960s, The leading Figures of
    Generative Semantics are J. R.

90
  • Ross and _____.
  • .G. Lakoff, J. D. McCawley, P. Postal
  • .G. Lakoff, J. D. McCawley
  • .J. D. McCawley, P. Postal
  • .G. Lakoff, P. Postal
  • 50. Cooperative Principle (CD) has categories of
    Maxims as _____.
  • .Quality, Relation
  • .Quality, Quantity, Relation
  • .Quantity, Quality, Relation, Manner
  • .Manner, Relation.

91
  • 51. Types of syllabus include _____.
  • A. structural syllabus, situational syllabus
  • B. notional-functional syllabus, communicative
    syllabus
  • C. fully communicative syllabus
  • D. all of A, B, and C
  • 52. According to i 1 principle by Krashen,
    input should be _____.

92
  • A. far beyond learners reach that they
    overwhelmed
  • B. so close to learners current stage that they
    are not challenged
  • C. just far enough beyond their current
    competence they can understand
  • most of it, be challenged to more progress.
  • D. correct and reasonable.

93
  • 53. InterLanguage is _____.
  • A. a Language system between target Language and
    native Language
  • B. a Language system more or less like target
    Language
  • C. a Language system more or less like mother
    tongue
  • D. a newly created Language system
  • 54. _____ regard errors as evidence of the
    learning process.
  • .The structuralist View
  • .The post-structuralist view
  • .TG grammar
  • .InterLanguage

94
  • 55. ____ assesses how much a learner has mastered
    the contents of a particular course.
  • .An Achievement Test.
  • .Diagnostic Test
  • .Proficiency Test
  • .Aptitudes Test.

95
  • Section B Close
  • Directions Choose the right word from the
    following list to fill in each of the blanks in
    the passage. Write the corresponding letter on
    your answer sheet. (10)
  • WORD LIST
  • A. utterances B. native C. writings D.
    reinforcement
  • E. description F. method G. experienced H.
    process
  • I. linguistics J. Behaviorism K. unique L.
    innate
  • M. universal N. infants O. Knowledge P. argues
  • Q. study R. nature S. Acquisition T.
    potentialities
  • 1.
  • N. Chomsky believes that Language is somewhat
    _____56, and

96
  • that children are born with what he calls a
    Language _____57 Device (LAD), which is a _____58
    kind of knowledge that fits them for Language
    learning. He _____59 child comes into the world
    with specific innate endowment, not only with
    general tendencies or _____60, but also with
    knowledge of the _____61 of Language. According
    to this view, children are born with _____62 of
    the basic grammatical relations and categories,
    and this knowledge is _____63. The categories and
    the relations exist in all human Language and all
    human _____64 are born with knowledge of them.
    According to him, the _____65 of Language, or the
    structure of Language, can throw some light on
    the nature of the human mind.

97
  • 2.
  • For L. Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of
    psychology, and specifically of the positivistic
    brand of psychology known as _____66.
    Behaviorism is a principle of scientific _____67,
    based on the belief that human beings cannot know
    anything they have not _____68. Behaviorism in
    _____69 holds that children learn Language
    through a chain of stimulus-response _____70,
    and the adults use of Language is also a _____71
    of stimulus-response. When the behaviorist
    methodology entered linguistics via Bloomfields
    _____72, the popular practice in linguistic
    studies was to accept what a _____73 speaker says
    in his Language and to discard what he says about
    it. This is because of the belief that a
    linguistic _____74 was reliable when based on
    observation of unstudied _____75 by speakers.

98
  • Part III Term Translation
  • Directions Translate the following linguistic
    terms into Chinese and English respectively. (8)
  • 76. narrow transcription
  • 77. Firthian phonology
  • 78. inferential communication
  • 79. loss of sound
  • 80. metalinguistics
  • 81. minimal attachment theory

99
  • 82. mirror maxim
  • 83. tu/vous distinction
  • 84. ????
  • 85. ????
  • 86. ????
  • 87. ??(??)
  • 88. ????
  • 89. ????
  • 90. ??
  • 91????

100
  • Part IV Short-answer Questions
  • Directions Explain each of the following
    linguistic views in no more than 80 word. Write
    your answers on the answer sheet. (15)
  • 92. Sapire-Whorf Hypothesis
  • 93. TGs stages of development and the main
    features
  • 94. Post-Gricean Development

101
  • Part V Essay Question
  • Directions Develop ONE of the following topics
    into a 200-300-word essay.(15 )
  • 95-1
  • The theory of communicative competence and its
    significance in Language learning and teaching.
  • 95-2
  • Transformational-generative linguistics and its
    significance in Language learning and teaching.

102
  • 95-3
  • Functional linguistics and its significance in
    Language learning and teaching.
  • 95-4
  • Input and Language learning

103
Key to the Questions
  • Part I
  • 35X135
  • 1___N__2__C___3__H___4__M___5_G____6_O___7_K__8_L_
    __9__E___10_B 11__D___12_J__13__A___14___I__15__F_
    _
  • 16 thematic meaning 17 displacement 18
    metalingual 19 semantics
  • 20 anthropological linguistics 21 articulatory
    phonetics 22 Daniel Jones
  • 23 Received Pronunciation (RP) 24 social culture
    25 word

104
  • 26 Morphology 27 borrowing 28 assimilation 29
    folk etymology 30the referential theory
  • 31 the functional approach 32 signifier (sound
    image)
  • 33referential theory 34 female 35mean

105
  • Part II
  • A 20X120
  • 36__A__37___A__38__D__ 39__D__ 40__A__
    41___A___42__C____43__A____44__A___45__D_
  • 46__A__47_B__ 48__C___49__A___50__C___51___D__
    52___C__ 53__A___ 54__B__ 55___A_
  • B 20X0.510
  • 56__L__57__S__58__K___ 59__P___ 60__T___61__R__
    62__O____63__M___64__N__ _65__Q_
  • 66_J___67__J___68__G___ 69__I___ 70__D___71___H__
    72__C__ _73__B___ 74__E___ 75__A__

106
  • Part III
  • 16X0.58
  • 76 ???? 77?????? 78???? 79 ???? 80????
  • 81?????? 82 ???? 83 ?/???
  • 84 women register 85 pidgin 86 prepositional
    calculus 87inflection 88 speech perception 89
    phonological variant
  • 90solodarity 91 semantic triangle
  • Part IV
  • 3X515

107
  • 92 Sapire-Whorf Hypothesis
  • Sapire-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that our
    Language will mould our view of the world. It has
    been developed into strong version and weak
    version. The strong version of the theory refers
    to the claim the original hypothesis suggests,
    emphasizing the decisive role of Language as the
    shaper of our thinking patterns. The weak version
    suggests that there is a correlation between
    Language, culture and society.

108
  • 93. TGs stages of development and the main
    features
  • From its birth to the present day, TG has seen
    five stages of development. The Classical Theory
    aims to make linguistics a science. The Standard
    Theory deals with how semantics should be studied
    in a linguistic theory. The extended Standard
    Theory focuses discussion on Language universals
    and universal grammar. The revised Extended
    Standard Theory (GB) focuses discussion on
    government and biding. The lastest is the
    Minimalist Program, a further revision of the
    previous theory.
  • Main features of TG Grammar
  • Chomskys TG Grammar differs from the structural
    grammar in a number of ways
  • )Rationalism

109
  • )innateness
  • )deductive methodology
  • )emphasis on interpretation
  • )formalization
  • )emphasis on linguistic competence
  • )strong generative powers
  • )emphasis on linguistic universals
  • 94. Post-Gricean Developments
  • Post-Gricean Developments refers to the studies
    after H.P. grices theory of conversational
    implicature. It mainly refers to three ideas.

110
  • .The relevance theory, proposed by Dan Sperber
    and Deirdre Wilson. (They believe that all
    Gricean maxims, including the CP should be
    reduced to a single principle of relevance, which
    is Every aspect of ostensive communication
    communicates the presumption of its own optimal
    relevance.)
  • .The Q-and R-principles developed by Laurence
    Horn.
  • .The Q-, I- and M-principles, suggested by
    Stephen Levision.

111
  • Part V
  • 15
  • 95 The theory of communicative co
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