Landscape Design

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Landscape Design

• Competencies 17.00-21.00

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Landscaping Careers
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What is Landscaping?

• Landscaping is a profession that includes
  designing, installing, and maintaining the
  outdoor human environment.
• There are 3 branches of the landscaping industry
• Landscape Architecture
• Landscape Contractors
• Landscape Maintenance

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Landscape Architects

• Licensed professions
• Conceptualize and plan the outdoor environment or
  landscape for residential and commercial clients.
• Landscape designers usually do actual drawings
  for residential landscapes.

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Landscape Contractors

• Carry out the installation or actual construction
  of the landscape plan
• Often use subcontractors to do special work such
  as pools, electrical work, stonework, etc.

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Landscape Maintenance

• Extended care of existing landscapes
• The care and upkeep of the landscape after
  installation

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Design-build Firms

• Landscape businesses that handle everything from
  the initial contact with the client through
  design and construction as well as long-term care
  and maintenance.

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Landscape Nursery Worker

• Professional who sells and installs landscape
  plants and related materials.

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Types of Landscape Plans
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Types of Landscape Plans

• There are three types of plans used in
  landscaping
• Sequential
• Computer Assisted
• Graphics

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Landscape Plans
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Sequential Plans

• Each part of the plan is increasingly more
  specific and detailed.
• Includes
• Functional diagrams
• Preliminary designs
• Final Plans

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Sequential Plans-Functional Diagrams

• Begin the arrangement of the clients program on
  the site.
• Called bubble diagrams because they use loosely
  drawn freeform shapes to represent areas or
  spaces
• Help the designer make decisions concerning
  layout and sizes and the use of each area.

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Sequential Plans-Preliminary Designs

• Break the bubbles to show first draft vision of
  how each landscape area will be shaped.
• Landscape is given its form, type of materials to
  be used, and application of landscape design
  principles.
• Simple without real details, but the horizontal
  and vertical relationships between objects and
  areas are now included.
• A number of these may be shown before final plans
  are made.

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Sequential Plans-Final Plans

• Use suggestions and reactions of the client to
  make a master drawing that is graphically
  detailed and specific in its intent for the
  landscape.
• Include identified plants, paving patterns, and
  other specific information.
• Can also include construction drawings for the
  landscape contractor or subcontractor
• Graphics are designed to impress

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Computer Assisted

• Also called drawing board
• CAD (Computer Aided Design) systems are
  accelerated drafting systems, designed to draw
  landscape plans using a personal computer.

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Graphics

• Consists of letters and numbers
• Free-hand lettering
• Mechanical lettering
• Computer lettering

B
A
C
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Landscape Principles and Procedures
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Principles of Design

• Balance
• Focalization of Interest
• Simplicity
• Rhythm and Line
• Proportion
• Unity

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Balance

• Materials are distributed evenly on opposite
  sides of a central axis
• Three types of balance
• Symmetric
• Asymmetric
• Proximal/distal
• Macro-range-the viewer sees the landscape from
  the most distant vantage point
• Closer range-the views from other locations not
  as distant

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Symmetric Balance

• One side is a reflective mirror image of the
  opposite side
• Most formal type of balance

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Asymmetric Balance

• Each side has as much interest as the other
• Not a duplicate of the other side

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Proximal/Distal Balance

• Balances right and left as well as near and far

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Focalization of Interest

• Selects and positions visually strong items in
  the landscape composition to create focal points
• Draws the eye of the viewer to one major feature
  in each use area
• Example corner planting

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Simplicity

• Seeks to make viewers comfortable within the
  landscape
• Excludes any unnecessary changes in shape, color,
  direction, etc.

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Rhythm and Line

• Repeating something at a standard interval or
  pattern creates rhythm
• Lines establish the shape and form of the
  landscape
• Replicating strong existing lines such as the
  lines of a house or a pool
• Functions of line plantings include foundation
  plantings, block a view, frame a view, and
  provide privacy.

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Proportion

• The size relationships between all the features
  of the landscape including vertical, horizontal,
  and spatial relationships

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Proportion

• Will maintain proper proportional relationships
  in a landscape between
• Buildings and people
• Buildings and plants
• Plants and people
• Plants and plants
• Masses and soils

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Unity

• All the separate parts contribute to the creation
  of the total design
• Ties together individual parts of each area by
• Repeating prominent colors
• Repeating construction materials
• Continuing interior design themes to outdoor
  rooms
• Repeat plant species
• Raise patios, decks, and porches to door level

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Landscape Processes

• Process is a sequence of steps to reach a goal
• There are three parts to the landscape process
• Project development
• Project maintenance
• Design

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Project Development Process

• Includes determining need or objective
• Design process
• Accepting the design
• Contracting and subcontracting
• Landscaping
• Acceptance
• Billing and payment

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Project Maintenance Process

• Determining need or desire
• Selecting landscape maintenance company which
  assesses the needs and presents a proposal
• If the proposal is accepted, the company
  schedules and does the work
• Customer is billed

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Design Process

• Site analysis and program analysis

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Interior Landscaping
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Interior Landscaping

• Called interior plantscaping or interiorscaping

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Purposes of Interior Landscaping

• Add color
• Add textures
• Add softness
• Add life
• Increase employee productivity
• Decrease employee absenteeism
• Add oxygen

• Provide herbs for cooking, medicine, or fragrance
  
• Add beauty and comfort by combining all of the
  previously mentioned purposes

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Benefits of Interior Landscaping

• Adds color, texture, softness, life and oxygen to
  interior plantscape
• Increases employee productivity
• Decreases employee absences from work
• Provides herbs for cooking, fragrance, or medicine

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Disadvantages of Interior Landscaping

• Reduced light
• Reduced root system
• Dependant upon people for watering
• Build-up of soluble salts from fertilizer
• Plugging stomata from dust on leaves
• Damage from heating, air conditioning, and
  cleaning chemicals

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Disadvantages of Interior Landscaping

• Growing medium
• Only plants that will grow inside can be used
• Picking or breaking leaves by people using the
  interior building area

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Benefits of Exterior Landscaping

• Adds color, texture, and life
• Adds aesthetic value (beauty)
• Adds economic value to property
• Adds comfort (shade)
• Adds privacyborders, fences, etc.
• Helps prevent erosion
• Can use larger exterior plants
• Rain natural soil provide most of required water
• Gets natural light

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Disadvantages of Exterior Landscaping

• May get too much rain and drown
• Natural soils may have diseases, insects,
  improper pH, etc.
• Natural soils may be shallow or rocky
• Natural outdoor soils may be subject to erosion
• Weed and insect control is more difficult
• Large areas of landscaping costs more
• More labor is required to establish outdoor
  landscape

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Methods of Planting Ornamental Plants
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Planting Ornamental Plants

• Tools vary depending upon type and size of plants
  from bulb planter, trowel, spade, shovel to power
  augers and front end loaders.

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Planting Ornamental Plants

• Hole should be larger than plant roots and soil
  prepared so that new roots will grow in it.
• Methods of installation are determined by root
  form whether bare-rooted, balled-and-burlapped or
  containerized

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Balled and Burlapped Plants

• Balled and burlapped plants have a round soil
  ball of roots wrapped in burlap fabric.
• Planted in flat-bottomed, straight-sided hole
  that is deeper and wider than the ball.
• Backfill soil should fill the hole enough to
  raise the plant to the level at which it grew in
  the nursery.
• Loose burlap around top of plant.
• Mounded ring of soil around plant to catch water.

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Balled and Burlapped Plants
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Containerized Plants

• Use the same type hold, mounded ring, etc. as
  balled and burlapped.
• In addition, the plant must be removed from the
  container
• Roots should be unwound or cut at two inch
  intervals if pot-bound

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Bare-rooted Plants

• Have to have a mound or dome in the bottom of the
  hole to spread roots and direct roots to grow
  downward.

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Planting Ornamental Plants

• Tall plants, even small trees, need to be staked
  to prevent blowing over.
• Mulching should be done to help retain water,
  prevent weeds, improve appearance, and minimize
  temperature fluctuations.
• Water adequately and frequently enough for
  healthy plants.

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Handling Ornamental Plants

• Balled and burlapped plants should be handled by
  the root ball
• Container grown plants should be handled by the
  container until removed and then by the root mass