Seasons, Lunar Cycle and Tides BMS 8th Grade Science G

1
Sun, Moon, Earth

• Seasons, Lunar Cycle and Tides
• BMS 8th Grade Science
• G. Nicole Magee Instructor

2
Warm Up

• See the Handout
• Match the four positions of the Moon shown in the
  diagram to the lunar phases shown.

3
Warm Up

• 1. Draw and label a diagram that shows the
  positions of the Sun, Earth, and Moon during the
  lunar phase called a full moon.
• 2. Draw and label a diagram that shows the
  positions of the Sun, Earth, and Moon during the
  lunar phase called a new moon.

4
Warm Up

• Look at the figure Phases of the Moon on p15 of
  the Earth, Moon, Sun books. Answer these
  questions.
• Why does the moon have phases?
• What does the phase of the moon you see depend
  on?
• Is the near side always the lighted side?

5
Warm Up

• How did working with a model help you understand
  the phases of the moon?
• What are some disadvantages of using models?
• What is another way to make a model to represent
  the moons phases?

6
Warm Up

• Enrico and Leah live in opposite hemispheres.
  Enrico lives in Santiago, Chile. Leah lives in
  Boston, MA. They both gazed at the Moon on the
  same evening. Enrico noticed there was a waning
  gibbous moon when he looked up at the sky from
  his location. What do you predict Leah saw.
  Provide an explanation for your answer.

7
Answer

• The phase of the moon seen anywhere on Earth is
  the same since the positional relationship of the
  Earth to the sun and the Moon does not change
  although your location on Earth differs. The
  change in your location is not significant enough
  to change the view of the Moon to a different
  phase.

8
Warm Up

• Use specific details from the Tide Graphing
  Activity to explain spring and neap tides, high
  and low tides, and tidal ranges.

9

• Lunar Activity 1

10

• Lunar Activity 3

11
Why we have phases
Watch the moon phases change above
12
So, that means

• Half of the Moon is always lit, not just the
  portion we see
• However, sometimes we only see a profile of the
  lit portion of the Moon.
• Certain phases of the Moon result depending on
  its orbit, and the Moon's orbit is responsible
  for the phase changes we see.

13
And

• Since we only see the lit portion of the Moon
  that is facing Earth, we see a Moon phase. 
• There are eight phases that the moon goes through
  and they always occur in the same order. 
• The Sun's light seems to move from right to left
  across the surface of the Moon. 

14
Why do we see different phases of the moon?

• The moon revolves around the Earth, so the
  relative positions of the Earth, moon and sun
  cause the phases
• The changing amount of the lit portion of the
  moon visible on Earth Phases

15
New Moon

• During a New Moon we can see NO portion of the
  Moon's surface that is lit. 
• We see only the dark side of the Moon.  This
  typically marks the beginning of the Lunar Cycle
  which lasts 29 1/2 days. 
• The Moon is between the Earth and the Sun in its
  orbit. 

16
Waxing Crescent 

• During the Waxing Crescent phase, we see on the
  right side a small sliver of the lit Moon. 

17
First Quarter

• During the First Quarter phase, we see the right
  half of the lit Moon. 
• The Moon and Earth are now "side by side" in
  their orbits around the Sun. 

18
Waxing Gibbous  

• During the Waxing Gibbous phase, we see almost
  the entire right side of the lit Moon.

19
Full Moon

• During a Full Moon, we see the entire half of the
  Moon surface that is lit. 
• The Moon is positioned behind the Earth and Sun.

20
Waning Gibbous 

• During the Waning Gibbous phase, we see almost
  the entire left side of the lit Moon.

21
Third Quarter

• During the Third Quarter phase, we see the left
  half of the Moon lit. 
• The Moon and Earth are now "side by side" in
  their orbits around the Sun.

22
Waning Crescent   

• During the Waning Crescent phase, we see on the
  left side a small sliver of the lit Moon.

23
Waxing and Waning

• Waxing illuminated portion of the moon facing
  Earth is increasing

• Waning illuminated portion of the moon facing
  Earth is decreasing

24
Lunar Lollipops LAB

• Problem Modeling the phases
• of the moon with yummy
• lollipops

25
(No Transcript)
26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
Answer the following questions and turn in your
lab for grading.

• What does it mean when someone says the moon is
  waxing and waning?

• Read pgs 16-19
• Define the bold words and answer the read to
  understand questions in your notes

30
Lunar Lab Days 2 and 3

• Complete each step sequentially.
• Do not ask for help until you have attempted to
  model that step.
• Turn off the lamps when not in use.

31
Model Day and Night With Mt. Nose

• Your head is the Earth
• Mt. Nose is located on the Earths equator
• Anything straight ahead of you, in front of your
  nose, is crossing the meridian overhead.
• Extend your arms out to the side, palms forward.
  Anything in front of your face or arms is
  visible, above the horizon.
• Anything behind you is invisible beneath your
  horizon.
• Mt. Nose turns eastward (to the left) as the
  Earth rotates.
• Mr. and Mrs. Epidermis live on Mt. Nose

32
Draw the phases of the moon.
33
What is a meridian?

• A meridian is an imaginary line on the Earth's
  surface from the North Pole to the South Pole
  that connects all locations with a given
  longitude.

34
Page 7 Sunrise
Crossing the Meridian
Above the Eastern horizon
Above the western horizon
Setting in the West
Rising in the East
Invisible Beneath the Horizon
Invisible Beneath the Horizon
Invisible Beneath the Horizon
35
Page 7 Sunset
Crossing the Meridian
Above the Eastern horizon
Above the western horizon
Rising in the East
Setting in the West
Invisible Beneath the Horizon
Invisible Beneath the Horizon
Invisible Beneath the Horizon
36
(No Transcript)
37
Tides Graphing Lab
38
Spring Tides

• Look at the data for high and low tide levels on
  the table. Find the highest high tide and the
  lowest low tide and record them on the back of
  your data sheet. These are SPRING TIDES.

39
Neap Tides

• 2. Look at the data and find the dates of the
  lowest high tide and the highest low tide and
  record them. These are NEAP TIDES.

40
Tidal Range

• 3. Calculate the tidal range for each day by
  finding the difference between high tide and low
  tide levels for that day. Record it in the
  column titled Tidal Range. The value for
  January 1 is given.

41
Tidal Range Patterns

• 4. Look at the day-to-day change in the
  difference between high and low tide levels that
  you recorded for 3. DESCRIBE ANY PATTERN YOU
  DETECT.

42
Graphing Tidal Data

• 5. Graph the daily high and low tide levels.
  Use 6 sheets of graph paper. Use one color for
  high tides and a different color for low tides.
  Make tide level the y-axis and date of the month
  the x-axis. Carefully determine your intervals.
  Dont forget the negative numbers! Dont forget
  to label your axes and title the graph.

43
Completing Your Graph

• 6. Your graph should show three spring tides and
  three neap tides. Label each of the spring and
  neap tides on your graph.

44
Completing Your Graph

• 7. Add the following info on the dates of
  various lunar phases to your graph first
  quarter moon on January 2 and again on February
  1 full moon on January 9 and again on February
  8 last quarter moon on January 16 and new moon
  on January 24.

45
Completing Your Graph

• Find a relationship between the pattern of high
  and low tides and the phases of the moon.
• Predict when the following will occur and explain
  your reasoning for each
• The next spring tide
• The next neap tide
• The next new moon
• The next full moon

46
Tides

• Tides are the regular rise and fall of the sea
  level

47
Spring and Neap

• In addition to the Moon, the Suns gravity also
  pulls on Earths waters
• Sometimes the suns and moons gravity work
  together (spring tide)
• Sometimes they pull on the water at right angles
  (neap tide)
• Spring and Neap tides both happen twice a month

48
Spring Tide
http//www.huntsmanmarine.ca

• during full new moons
• highest high tides lowest low tides
• Greatest tidal range (difference between high and
  low tide)

49
Neap Tide

• Neap tide during first last quarter moons
• lowest high tides highest low tides
• Smallest tidal range

http//www.huntsmanmarine.ca
50
GT/PreAP Bonus Question

• Many planets have multiple moons. Discuss how the
  tides would be affected if Earth had two moons (A
  and B), each half the size of the current moon,
  in the following two scenarios. a) Assume the
  two moons followed the current orbit of the moon
  and were located on opposite sides of Earth (half
  an orbit apart for example, in the positions of
  the new moon and full moon). b) Assume the two
  moons followed the current orbit of the moon and
  were located one-quarter of an orbit apart (for
  example, in the positions of the new moon and the
  first quarter moon).

51
Question 32 What is a tidal range?

• A tidal range is the difference between the level
  of the ocean at high tide and at low tide

52
Question 31 Why does the moon have a greater
effect on the tides than the sun?

• The moon has a greater effect on the tides
  because it is so much closer.
• Gravitational attraction between the Sun and
  Earth also affects the tides. The effects of the
  Sun are not as great as those of the Moon because
  the Sun is much farther away. But the Sun can
  strengthen or weaken the Moons effects,
  depending on the positions of the sun, Moon, and
  Earth. As the Moon revolves around Earth, the
  Moon reaches a point where it is in a straight
  line with the Sun and Earth at new Moon or full
  moon. At this point, the Sun's gravitational
  pull is in the same direction as the Moons. The
  combined gravity of the Sun and Moon causes
  spring tides.

53
Question 30 How many high and low tides are
there in most areas each day.

• Most places on Earth have two high tides and two
  low tides within a 24hr period.

54
Question 29 During which moon phases does a
neap tide occur?

• Neap tides occur during 1st and last quarter
  moons.

55
Question 28 During which moon phases do spring
tides occur?

• Spring tides occur during new moons and full
  moons.

56
Question 27 Draw a picture to show the
positions of the sun, moon, and earth during
spring and neap tides.
57
Question 26 What is the difference between
Spring Tides and Neap Tides?

• Spring tides occur when the sun, moon, and earth
  are aligned. The tidal range is the greatest at
  this point. The combined gravitational forces of
  the moon and sun are at work.
• Neap tides occur when the moon, earth and sun
  form a right angle (1st and last quarters. The
  Suns gravitational attraction pulls water away
  from areas of high tides to areas of low tides.
  The result is high tides that are lower than
  normal and low tides that are higher than normal.

58
Question 25 Why do tides occur?

• Gravitational attraction between the Moon and
  Earth, together with Earths motion in space,
  causes tides.
• The moons gravity pulls on Earth, but it pulls
  harder on particles closer to the Moon than on
  particles farther fro the Moon. This causes a
  bulge of water to form on the side of Earth
  closest to the Moon. Another bulge forms on the
  opposite side of Earth because of forces caused
  by Earths motion in space. As Earth rotates on
  its axis, different locations on Earth pass
  through these bulges.
• The high points are high tides. The low points
  are low tides.

59
Question 24 What are tides?

• Tides are the regular rise and fall of sea level.
  When sea level reaches its highest point, it is
  high tide. Later in the day, when the sea level
  drops to its lowest point, it is low tide.

60
Question 23 When a person in the northern
hemisphere sees a waning gibbous, what does a
person in the southern hemisphere see

• The phase of the moon seen anywhere on Earth is
  the same since the positional relationship of the
  Earth to the sun and the Moon does not change
  although your location on Earth differs. The
  change in your location is not significant enough
  to change the view of the Moon to a different
  phase.

61
Question 22 What phase of the moon is seen when
the moon is between the sun and the earth?

• During a New Moon we can see NO portion of the
  Moon's surface that is lit. 
• We see only the dark side of the Moon.  This
  typically marks the beginning of the Lunar Cycle
  which lasts 29 1/2 days. 
• The Moon is between the Earth and the Sun in its
  orbit. 

62
Question 21 What sides of the moon are
illuminated during waxing and waning?

• During the Waxing Gibbous phase, we see almost
  the entire right side of the lit Moon.
• During the Waxing Crescent phase, we see on the
  right side a small sliver of the lit Moon. 
• During the Waning Crescent phase, we see on the
  left side a small sliver of the lit Moon.
• During the Waning Gibbous phase, we see almost
  the entire left side of the lit Moon.

63
Question 20 What is the difference between
waxing and waning?

• As the Moon revolves around earth and away from
  the sun, we see a bit more of its lighted side
  each night and se say the moon is waxing.
• Each day after the full moon, we see less and
  less of the moon's lighted side, and we say the
  moon is waning.

64
Question 19 What causes the change in moon
phases?

• As the moon orbits Earth, we can see different
  amounts of the Moons lighted side. Because of
  this, the Moons shape appears to change from day
  to day in a predictable way.
• For example, at the new moon phase, the moon is
  lined up between Earth and the Sun. All of the
  Moons lighted side is facing the Sun, and all of
  the Moons dark side is facing Earth. So we see
  no Moon at all.

65
Question 18 How long does it take the moon to
make one revolution.

• The lunar cycle takes 29.5 days. This is
  slightly longer than the 27.3 days the Moon takes
  to orbit Earth, because while the Moon is
  orbiting Earth, Earth is also moving forward in
  its orbit around the Sun.

66
Question 17 What causes the dark side of the
moon?

• The half of the moon that does not face the sun
  is dark.

67
Question 16 What portion of the moon is always
illuminated by the Suns rays?

• The half of the moon that faces the sun reflects
  its light and is illuminated.

68
Question 15 Why do we always see the same side
of he moon?

• The moons rotation and revolution take the same
  amount of time therefore, we always see the same
  side of the moon.

69
Question 14 In which direction does the moon
revolve around the Earth?

• The moon moves counter clockwise around the Earth.

70
Question 13 Draw a diagram to show the earths
positions during different seasons.
71
Question 12 What are vernal and autumnal
equinoxes. Draw a diagram.

• When the suns rays strike the equator directly.
• See Question 13

72
Question 11 Draw pictures to show winter and
summer solstices. Explain the terms.

• Solstices are the two times of the year when the
  Suns direct rays strike earth the farthest north
  or south of the equator.
• See Question 13

73
Question 10 Which areas of the earth get the
most concentrated light when it is winter in the
southern hemisphere?

• Tropic of Cancer

74
Question 9 Compare seasons of the hemispheres.

• They are opposite

75
Question 8 Which areas of the Earth
consistently receive direct light? How does this
affect the temperature?

• Close to the Equator
• Tropical Climate with high temperatures

76
Question 7 Which areas of the Earth
consistently receive indirect light? How does
this affect the temperature?

• Poles
• Cold climates and temperatures

77
Question 6 Why does the earth experience direct
and indirect light?

• The axial tilt

78
Question 5 Describe the difference between
direct and indirect light?

• In direct sunlight, solar energy is concentrated
  onto a smaller area.
• In indirect sunlight, the same amount of solar
  energy is spread out over a larger area.

79
Question 4 What is the difference between
rotation and revolution?

• The spinning motion of an object on its axis is
  rotation. Earth rotates in a counterclockwise
  direction. It takes 24 hours to complete one
  rotation.
• The movement of an object in an orbit around
  another object is revolution. Earths revolution
  around the sun is 365.25 days (1 year)

80
Question 3 How is Earths axial tilt related to
the seasons?

• The summer season in the northern hemisphere
  occurs when the north pole is pointed toward the
  sun. We experience warmer weather during this
  period for two reasons. First, the Suns light
  more directly strikes the hemisphere that is
  tilted toward it, causing solar energy to be
  concentrated in a smaller area. Second, the
  hemisphere that is tilted toward the Sun receives
  more hours of daylight than the hemisphere that
  is tilted away from the Sun. So in the summer,
  the Northern Hemisphere receives a greater amount
  of solar energy for a longer period of time each
  day.

81
Question 2 What is the angle of the tilt of the
earths axis?

• 23.5 degrees

82
Question 1 What causes seasons?

• Seasons are a result of Earths tilt on its axis.

83
Thats All Kids!