Information Technology For Management 5th Edition

1
Chapter 12
Using Information Technology for Strategic
AdvantagePart II

• Information Technology For Management 5th Edition
• Turban, McLean, Wetherbe
• Lecture Slides by A. Lekacos,
• Stony Brook University
• John Wiley Sons, Inc.

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12.3) Strategic resources and capabilities

• IT ???????????????????????????????????? ???
• 1) ?????? ???? ????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????
• 2) ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? self service
• ?????????????????? IT ????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????
  resource-based view (RBV) ????????????????????????
  ??????? ???????????????????? 12.2
• ???????????????????????? 12.2 ???? IS
  ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  12.3 ?????????????? Technology resources, IT
  skills ??? Managerial IT resources

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Strategic Resources And Capabilities
4
Strategic Resources And Capabilities
5
12.4) IT Planning A Critical Issue for
Organizations

• IT planning ??? ??????????????? IT (IT
  infrastructure)????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ? (applications
  portfolios)?????? ? ????????????????? ?
• ??????????????????????????? IT (IT planning)
  ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ???????????????????????????????????? IT
  ????????? (corporate IT planning)
• Corporate IT planning ????????? IT infrastructure
  ?????????????????????????????? ??????? end user
  ???????????? ?????????????? goals
  ????????????????????????? IT ????????? (Goal
  alignment) ???????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????

6

• ??????????????? IT ??????????????? ??????
• ???????????????????? (Business-led approach)
  ??????????????? IT ???????????????????????????????
  ???????????????
• ??????????????????????????? (Method-driven
  approach) ?????????????? IS ??????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? ?
• ????????????????????? (Technological approach)
  ????????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ????????????????????? IT
• ???????????????? (Administrative approach) ??????
  IT ??????????????? steering committee.
• ??????????????? (Organizational approach)
  ?????????????? IT ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? (all stakeholders) ????????

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IT Planning A Critical Issue for Organizations
Continued

• ??????????????????? IT 4 ????????????????? 4
  ??????????????
• ??????????????????? IT (Strategic IT planning)
  ??????????????????????????????????????? IT
• ??????????????????????????????? (Information
  requirements analysis) ???????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????? strategic
  information architecture ?????????? specific
  application development ?????????
• ?????????????????????? (Resource allocation)
  ?????????? IT application development resources
  ??? operational resources.
• ???????????????? (Project planning)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? specific IS projects.

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IT Planning A Critical Issue for Organizations
Continued
Applications portfolio ??? ????????????????
computer applications ???? information system
department ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????
??????????????????????
The applications portfolio categorizes existing,
planned, and potential information systems based
on their business contributions.
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12.5) Strategic Information Technology Planning -
Stage 1

• ????????????? IT planning model ?????????????
  applications portfolio ???????????????????????????
  ???????? ???????????????????????????????????
  strategic information systems (SIS)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????
• ??????? IT ??????????????????? ?????????? IT
  planning ????????? information systems
  applications ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????? (industry, supply
  chain, competition) ???????????????????
  (competencies, value chain, organizational
  structure) ?????????????????????????????????
  (alignment).
• Alignment ??? ?????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????

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Strategic Information Technology Planning
Methodologies
Several methodologies exist to facilitate IT
planning.

• The business systems planning (BSP) model
  ????????????????? IBM ?????????????? two main
  building blocks ??????????????????????
  information architecture ???
• ?????????????????? (Business processes)
• ???????????????? (Data classes)
• Stages Of It Growth Model, ?????????????? 6
  ?????????????????????? IT ??????
• Initiation. ????????????????????????????
• Expansion (Contagion). ????????????? applications
  ???????
• Control. ???????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? ? ????????????????????
• Integration. ?????????????????????? ?
  ????????????????????
• Data administration. ?????????????????????????????
  ????
• Maturity. ?????????????? IT ??????????????????????
  ?????????????????

11
Strategic Information Technology Planning
Methodologies Continued
12
Strategic Information Technology Planning
Methodologies Continued

• Critical success factors (CSFs)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????? CSF
  ???????????????????????????????????????????
  (manufacturing, service, ???? government)
  ????????? ? ??????????????? CSF ???
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????
  critical factors?
• ?????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
• Scenario planning ??? ????????????????????????????
  ???????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????
  scenario.

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Strategic Information Technology Planning
Methodologies Continued
Critical success factors (CSFs)
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Strategic Information Technology Planning Stage
2 Information Requirements Analysis

• ????????????? ??? ????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  Goal ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????? (Information
  requirements analysis) ???????????? 2
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ?????????????????? infrastructures ????
  ????????????????? (???? ?? data warehouse ????
  data center), ??????????? intranet, extranet, ???
  corporate partners ???????????????
• ?????????????? (Identifies high payoffs) ???????
  IT ???????????????????????????????????
• ????? architecture ??????????? ???????????????????
  ? ??????????????????????????????????????????????

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Strategic Information Technology Planning Stage
3 Resource Allocation

• ?????????????????????? (Resource allocation)
  ????????????????????????????????? hardware,
  software, data networks ??? communications,
  facilities, personnel, ??? financial plans
  ??????????????????????????? master development
  plan ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  (requirements analysis phase)
• ????????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ??????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?
• ???????????????????????????????? infrastructures
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????
  ???????????? outsourcing strategy.

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Strategic Information Technology Planning Stage
4 Project Planning
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
(project planning) ????????????????????????????
???????????? specific applications ???????????
????? ???? ????????? ??????????????????????
vendor management and control ??????????????????
outsources ???????????????????
We have to understand what we are going to do We
need to know the start and end dates We need to
know the resources We need to know the tasks

• Various tools exist for planning and control
• PERT CPM
• Gantt Charts

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12.7) IT Planning Information Technology
Architectures

• Information technology architecture ???????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?

• ?????????????????????????? applications
  ??????????????????????????
• operational control
• management planning and control
• strategic planning
• Applications oriented to various
  functional-operational activities
• Marketing RD
• Production Distribution
• It also includes infrastructure
• Databases
• Supporting software
• Networks

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IT Planning Information Technology
Architectures Continued

• ??????????????????????????????? IT infrastructure
  ?????????? ???????????????????????????????
  infrastructure levels ??? information intensity
  (the extent to which products or processes
  incorporate information) ??? strategic focus (the
  level of emphasis on strategy and planning)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? IT infrastructure services ???????
• ??????????????????? ?????????????????????? IT
  infrastructure services ??????????????????????????
  ??????
• ????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? IT infrastructure services ???????
• ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????? (????
  cross-selling) ???????? IT infrastructure
  services ???????

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• ??????????????????? ?????????????????????? IT ???
  ??????????????? ???????????? ????
  ?????????????????????? strategic goals ?????? IT
  infrastructure services ???????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? IT
  architecture ?????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ??????????????????????
• Centralized computing ???????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????
• Distributed computing ???????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
• Blended computing ??????????????????????????

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IT Planning Information Technology
Architectures Continued

• End-user configurations (workstations)
• ??????????????????????? PC ????????????? dumb
  terminals ???? not smart
• ??? single-user PC ???????????????????????????? ?
  
• ??? single-user PC ?????????? PC ???? ???????? ?
  ?????????????????????
• ??? Workgroup PC ??????????????????????l P2P
  network ????????? ?
• ?????????????????????????? PC ???????????????????
  LAN ?????????????????????? Wi-FI.

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IT Planning Planning Challenges

• ????????? IT ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????
• Planning for Interorganizational Systems (IOS)
  ?????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????? ????????????
  ???????????????????
• IT Planning for Multinational Corporations
  ???????????????????????? legal, political, ???
  social environment, ??????????? ?
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ?????????????? local systems.
• Other Problems for IT Planning
• Cost, ROI justification
• Time-consuming process
• Obsolete methodologies
• Lack of qualified personnel
• Poor communication flow
• Minimal top management support

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Global Competition

• ???? ? ???????????????????? global environment.
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? ?????? ???? ?????????????????????? ??????????
  ????????????????????????????? ??????
  ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ????????????????????????????????????????
• Global dimensions ??????????????????? globalize
  ??????
• Product
• Markets Placement
• Promotion
• Where value is added to the product
• Competitive strategy
• Use of non-home-country personnel - labor
• Multidomestic Strategy Zero standardization
  along the global dimensions.
• Global Strategy Complete standardization along
  the seven global dimensions.

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IT Planning Web-based Systems

• ?????????????????????? Web-based systems
  ????????????????????????? IT strategic planning.
  ?????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????
  IT planning ???????? E-planning ?????????????????
  EC infrastructure ????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????
• E-planning ??????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????
• ?? e-planning ??????????????
• applications portfolio
• risk analysis, the degree of risk in Web-based
  systems can be high
• strategic planning issues such as the use of
  metrics (industry standards)
• strategic planning must integrate, e-business and
  knowledge management
• The Web environment is very turbulent

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IT Planning Web-based Systems
Continued
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Managerial Issues

• Sustaining competitive advantage.
• ??????????????? ? ?????????? ??????????????
  ???????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ???????????????????????
• Importance.
• ???????? IT ??????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????? IS management
  ?????????????????????????? IT ???????????????? 1)
  strategic planning 2) information requirements
  analysis 3) resource allocation ??? 4) project
  planning ?????????

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Managerial Issues

• Organizing for planning.
• ???? ? ??????????????????????????????? ????
• ??????????????? IS Department?
• How should IT be organized? Staffed? Funded? How
  should human resources issues, such as training,
  benefits, and career paths for IS personnel, be
  handled?
• ????????????????????????????????
• The competition? The economy? Governmental
  regulations? Emerging technologies?
• ??????? strategic direction ??? host
  organization?
• What are its key objectives?
• Are they agreed upon and clearly stated?

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Managerial Issues

• Finally, with these strategies and objectives and
  the larger environment what strategies and
  objectives should IS pursue?
• What policies should it establish?
• What type of information architecture should the
  organization have centralized or not
  centralized?
• How should investments in IT be justified?
• The answer to each of these questions must be
  tailored to the particular circumstances of the
  ISD and the larger organization of which it is a
  part.

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Managerial Issues

• Fitting the IT architecture to the organization.
• ???????????????????????????? IT architecture
  ???????????????????????????? ?????????????
  ???????????? ???????????? IT ?????????????????????
  ????????????????
• IT architecture planning.
• ??????????????? IT ?????????????????????????????
  IT ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????? IT
  ????????????? (???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????) ???
  ???????????????????????????? (????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ? ?????????????????)
  ?????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????? IT
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????? ???
  secondary infrastructure issues

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Managerial Issues

• IT policy
• IT architectures ??????????????????? corporate
  guidelines ???? ???????????????? ?
  ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
  ???????????????? IT ????????? ????????????????????
  ?????? ?????????????????? cost-benefit ??? IT
  architectural goals
• ?????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????
  IT

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Managerial Issues

• Ethical and legal issues.
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????? ???????????????????????????? IT ????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ????? Supply chain ?????
  ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????

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Managerial Issues

• IT strategy.
• ??????????? IT ??????????????????????????????????
  
• (1) ?????????????????? ????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ?????????????????
  ??????????????????? ????????????????????????
• (2) ?????????? ????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????
• (3) ???????????? ??????????????? ?
  ??????????????????????????? ???????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????