Please be prepared to take Cornell notes.

1
Please be prepared to take Cornell notes.

• Take out your notebooks and be ready to begin!

2
Vowels a, e, i, o, u Consonants the rest of
the alphabet excluding the vowels. Y exception Y
can be either a vowel or consonant depending on
its sound If y has a vowel sound (for example, e
as in fairy or I as in sky) its considered a
vowel. Y in words such as yard and year is a
consonant
3
Consonant blend is two or more consonants whose
sounds can be blended together. Consonant blends
can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of
words Example drive Consonant digraph two
consonants that combine to make one new
sound Example thick shape phone change
Consonant cluster three consonants together in
one syllable of a word Example
thrill patch splash
4
Vowel pair two vowels together that form one
long vowel sound. Usually, the first vowel in
the pair stands for the long vowel sound and the
next vowel is silent Example
goat free tie Common noun name of any person,
place, thing or idea Example girl,
park day Proper noun names a particular
person, place, thing, or idea Example Melissa
Sunday Yellowstone National Park
5
Pronoun takes the place (replaces) of a
noun Example I, She, You, Verb word that
expresses action or a state of being shows
whats being done or whats happening. Example
painted ran races Adjective gives general
information about a noun or a pronoun.
Adjectives tell how many, which one, what kind,
or whose Example Sixty people were waiting in
line (sixty tells how many) Adverb word that
describes a verb, and adjective, or another
adverb. It tells how, when, where, or how
much. Example The door opened slowly. (Slowly
tells how the door opened)
6
Conjunction word that connects a word or group
of words in a sentence. Use and to join words
Use but to contrast two things or ideas Use or
to indicate a choice Example Ice skating and
swimming are my favorite sports. (and) Example
I like baseball, but Toby likes football.
(but) Example Would you rather go swimming or
shopping? (or) Preposition word that connects a
noun or pronoun to another word in the
sentence. Example Marva waited in the house
Interjection word that shows strong feelings.
It is usually followed by an exclamation point
(!) or by a comma when the feelings not as
strong. (,) Example Wow! I got an A on my math
test
7
Sentence a group of words that expresses a
complete thought. It names someone or something
and tells what the person or thing
did. Declarative sentence makes a statement and
ends with a period. (.) Interrogative sentence
ask a question and ends with a question mark.
(?) Imperative sentence gives a command and
ends with a period. (.) Exclamatory sentence
shows surprise or strong feeling and ends with
an exclamation point (!)
8
Subject tells whom or what the sentence is
about. Predicate tells what the subject is or
does. Sentence fragment is missing either a
subject or a predicate and so does not express a
complete thought. Run-on sentence two or more
sentences not separated by correct punctuation,
capitalization, or connecting words.
9
Phrase a set of two or more words that
expresses a thought or ideas. Phrases do not
contain subject or predicates and therefore, are
not sentences. Prepositional Phrase a set of
two or more words beginning with a
preposition Appositives gives more
information about a noun, pronoun, or phrase. In
a sentence, an appositive comes after the noun,
pronoun, or phrase it describes and is set off by
commas. Example My cat, Sully, wants to go
out. (An appositive can be left out of a
sentence, and the sentence still makes sense).
10
Synonyms are words that have similar
meanings Example stop- halt Antonyms words
that have the opposite meaning Example stop-
start Compound word made up of two or more
words Example head and ache headache Context
Clues familiar words or phrases in a sentence
that help you figure out the meaning of an
unfamiliar word.
11
Homophones words that sound the same but have
different meanings and spellings. Example
here/hear be/ bee Homographs
words that are spelled the same but have
different meanings. Sometimes they have
different pronunciation Example Tim had to
wear a cast on his leg. Alexa was cast in the
lead role.
12
Prefix group of letters that is added in front
of a base word to change its meaning. COMMON
PREFIXES AND THEIR MEANINGS Prefix Meaning Examp
le im- not impossible ir-
not irregular in- not inactive dis-
opposite of disappear mis- incorrectly misbeh
ave pre- before preview re- again
back redo un- not opposite
of unhappy non- not lack
of nonsense
semi-
half partly semiconductor co-
jointly coauthor mini- very
small minibus sur- beyond surcharge
13
PREFIXES THAT TELL THE NUMBER Prefix Meaning Ex
ample Uni- one unicycle Bi- two bicycle T
ri three tricycle Deci- ten decimeter Cent
i- hundred centimeter Mega- million megabyte G
iga- billion gigabyte
14
Suffix letter or group of letters added to the
end of a word that changes the meaning or part of
speech of the base word. Suffixes can change
base words from verbs or nouns into adjectives or
from verbs or adjectives into nouns.
ADJECTIVE-FORMING SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning Exam
ple -y having like lucky -ful full
of careful -less without hopeless -able abl
e to be doable -ish like somewhat impish -ou
s full prosperous -ways in a certain
direction sideways -ward in the direction
of homeward
15
NOUN-FORMING SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning Example -
ment process of state of achievement -ness q
uality of being wholeness -ship condition or
state of friendship -er one who leader -or
one who actor -ite native of suburbanite -i
sm process or act of criticism
16
Parts of speech
There are 8 parts of speech
Noun Verb Pronoun Adjective Preposition Interject
ion Conjunction Adverb
17
When looking for parts of speech in a sentence
always do the following
1st - Look for the doing verb first, followed by
the helping verbs (ask the question what is
happening/whats being done) 2nd Look for the
subject (ask who or what is the doing
something) 3rd- Look for the adjective (ask
which one, what kind, how many, or whose) 4th-
Look for the adverb (ask how, when, where, how
much)
Use your grammar cheat sheet and plug in
wordsThe word that works best is the answer.