Exploring Our Wonderful World

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Physical Geology
Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden Associate
Professor [phone] Jhayden_at_UTnet.UToledo.edu

• Exploring Our Wonderful World
• Learning the materials that comprise our planet
  (and others)
• Investigating the processes that transform these
  earth materials and the environments of change
• Discovering how to read the earth and the history
  stored in the rocks

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A. Dr. Jamie Martin-Hayden
Introduction

• www.EEEScience.UToledo.edu/Faculty/Hayden/Def
  ault.htm
• Hydrogeologist studying groundwater resources and
  contamination (Environmental Geology)
• Special interest in the geology and hydrogeology
  of the Oak Openings Region

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Introduction

• Text Essentials of Geology by Wicander and
  Monroe, 4th edition, Thompson Brooks/Cole, 2006.
• Course Website
• Syllabus
• Homework Posting
• Other Web Links

www.EEEScience.UToledo.edu /Faculty/Hayden/Courses
/PhysGeol/ PhysicalGeologyHomeJMH.htm
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World of Geology Geology is all around us.

• 1. Geological Resources
• 2. The Environment
• 3. Geological Hazards
• 4. Planetary Geology
• 5. Engineering
• 6. Landforms and Surface Processes
• 7. Artistic Inspiration

Environmental Geology
Geology forms the basis of our great civilizations
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The Cradle of Civilization Sprung from
geology of the region

• Tigris River, Iraq

http//encarta.msn.com/
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World of Geology
Geological Resources

• The Cradle of Civilization (Fertile Crescent)
• Development limited by availability, e.g., soil,
  water, energy
• Conflicts based on resources, e.g., water,
  minerals, oil, energy

http//encarta.msn.com/
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Geologic Resources

• Mineral Resources metals, fertilizers, minerals,
  petroleum, construction

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Geologic Resources

• Mineral Resources metals, fertilizers, minerals,
  petroleum, construction
• Water resources Lakes, Rivers, Springs,
  Groundwater

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Geologic Resources

• Mineral Resources e.g., Metals, fertilizers,
  minerals, petroleum, construction
• Water resources e.g., Lakes, Rivers, Springs,
  Groundwater
• Energy
• e.g., Oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear,
  silicon, hydroelectric (dams), hydrothermal
  (Earths heat)

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Geologic Resources

• The Geologists Job
• Locating and Characterizing quantity and quality
  of geologic resources
• Extracting geologic resources efficiently
• Assessing environmental effects of extraction and
  use

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E.g., Misuse of Resources
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Misuse of ResourcesDesiccation of the Aral Sea,
Kazakhstan
See Page 6
Aral Sea Over Time
1980
2000
2005
1957 1977 1982 1984 1993 2000
www.grida.no/aral/aralsea/english/arsea/arsea.htm
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Overuse of Geologic Resources
(Geology in the News)

• 1.7 billion are joining the consumer class and
  the environment cant sustain this standard of
  living. (Worldwatch Institute, 2004)
• Emissions of Greenhouse gasses are accelerating
  global warming. (IGPCC, 2007)
• Climate change is accelerating melting of
  glaciers and driving mass extinctions (The
  Centre of Biodiversity and Conservation, Leeds
  University, UK)

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Environmental Geology

• Environmental Sciences How we influence the
  earth
• Geologic Hazards How geology influences us

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Geology in the News
http//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003
San Andreas Fault
Geologic Hazards

• Two die in 6.5 magnitude Earthquake near San Lois
  Obispo California
• Earthquake triggers mudslides

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Assessing Risk
Major Quake Likely to Strike San Francisco Bay
Region Between 2003 and 2032
Geologic Hazards

• Assessing Risks
• Avoiding Risks
• Preventing Damage
• Predicting Impact

(http//quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/seismology/wg02
/
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Earthquake Bam, Iran
Photos from AP

• A Magnitude 6.5 Earthquake hits a stone- and
  mud-house city of 100,000 in Iran 12-26-03
• 30,000 Dead
• 30,000 Refugees
• US sends aid and releases sanctions
• Relations improved

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Geological Hazards
Volcanoes (pg. 108)
Floods (see pgs., 284)
Landslides (see pg. 250)
Earthquakes (pg. 202)
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Geology in Engineering
Slope Failure Risk Assessment and Control
To prevent slope failure engineers must
understand the geology that forms and controls
the slope
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Geology in Engineering
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Geology in Engineering
The Leaning Tower Straightens Up
In Pisa the tilted one is back in business after an 11-year effort to keep it from collapsing

Committee member John Burland, an engineer,
promoted soil extraction as the best way to save
the tower.
Engineers use knowledge of geology to design,
protect and correct structures
www.smithsonianmag.si.edu
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Planetary Geology
http//marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/
Geologists lead the mission
Robot geologist explores Mars



Steve Squyres says that, even though the MER's
work will have just begun, he'll feel like
celebrating the moment he's got "six wheels in
the dirt."
Guided by MER specialists back on Earth, each
rover will travel dozens of yards a day while
investigating sites of interest.
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Geologists Study Mars

PBS

• Canyons indicate a geologically active planet
• Rock layers, Gullies, and Sand Dunes all
  geological landforms
• The largest chasm and volcano in the solar system

5 miles deep
1,860 mi
Valles Marineris

Olympus Mons

15 miles high
340 mi
http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mars/
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Landforms and Surface Processes
H.C. Berann (1915-1999) Yosemite National Park,
1987

• Glaciers (ch 14)
• Mass Wasting (ch 11)
• Streams (ch 12)
• Shorelines (ch 16)
• Deserts (ch 15)
• Ground water (ch13)

http//www.berann.com
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Historical Geology

• (Chapter 18)
• Deciphering Earth History and
• Charting the evolution of life

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Landforms and Surface Processes
Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902) Merced River,
Yosemite Valley 1866, Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Hudson River School
Anonymous 19th Century Japanese
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Geology in Art
Paul Cezanne (1839-1906) Mont Sainte Victoire,
1900 Hermitage
ALBERT BIERSTADT (1830-1902)The Oregon Trail,
1869
Buttler Institute of American Art, Youngstown,
Ohio
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Objectives of Chapter 1

• Introduce the broad field of Geology
• Importance of understanding our planet
• Specialties in geology (pg. 8)
• How effects us (pg. 9-11)
• Origin and Structure of the Earth
• Formation of the solar system (pg. 13)
• Differentiation of the proto earth
• Zones of the Earth (Fig 1.11)

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Objectives of Chapter 1

• Introduce Earth Systems and Plate Tectonics
• Convection driving plate motion (pg. 15)
• Plates and plate boundaries (pg. 16-17)
• Geologic phenomena and landforms at plate
  boundaries
• Plate tectonics and the scientific method (pg.
  15-16)
• Introduction to the Geologic Time Scale
• Eons, Eras and Periods (pg. 21)

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