Early Cold War

1
Early Cold War

• Truman
• Ike
• From Isolation to World Superpower
• Most Americans want to come home and enjoy the
  post war boom

2
Post War America

• 15 million soldiers, sailors, marines ? civilian
  life
• 1945-6 problem finding jobs and homes
• Fears depression could return
• No because war increased per capita income
• Most in savings
• Pent up consumer demand
• Cars, homes, gov road building projects
• Fears end
• By 1950s US standard of living higher than any
  in history

3
GI Bill 4 Vets

• Servicemans Readjustment Act 1944
• Helps pay for college
• Low interest gov backed loans for homes, farms,
  new businesses
• Better educated work force stimulates post war
  economic expansion

4
Suburban Growth

• Construction boom
• Led by Wm Levitt
• Building promoting Levittown
• Planned community of 17,000 mass produced low
  priced family homes
• Long Island
• Low interest rates on mortgages
• Gov insured tax deductions
• Huge move to suburbia
• Effect on older inner cities
• Increasingly poor, racially divided
• Baby boom increased marriages, births
• 20 million born 1945-60
• Home making ? work force by 1960 (1/3)
• Sun Belt South SW grew- due to climate, lower
  taxes and economic opportunity

5
Truman New Deal Democrat

• Favors Civil Rights, got opposition from
  conservative Democrats
• Employment Act 1946 Bill for Gov to commit to
  continued Full employment- created council of
  Econ. Advisors, to help promote National Econ
  welfare
• Also got increase in min wage national
  insurance plan

6
Inflation, Strikes

• Truman wants price controls?
• S. Dems, Reps relax controls? results in 25
  inflation
• 1st yr ½ of peace
• 4.5 million workers go on strike 1946
• Wages must rise, too
• RR mine strikes threaten safety
• Truman seized mines, kept open w/ soldiers until
  United Mine Workers end strike

7
Civil Rights

• Established Committee on Civil Rights 1946
• Strengthened C.R. division of Justice Dept
• To end segregation
• 1948 ordered end of racial discrimination in
  depts of Fed Gov and ALL branches of armed forces
• Urged creation of Fair Employment Practices
  Commission to prevent discrim in hiring
• blocked

8
80th Congress

• Unhappy with inflation and strikes, people
  elected Repub majority to Congress 1946
• Tried to pass two tax cuts for wealthy
• Truman vetoed
• Rolled back part of New Deal w/ 22nd amend
• 2 term limit on presidency
• Taft-Hartley Act 1947 passed over Ts veto
  (Slave Labor Bill) purpose stop growing power of
  unions
• Outlawed closed shops
• Workers have to join union b4 being hired
• Let states pass right to work laws- outlawing
  union shops
• Outlaws secondary boycotts
• Several unions supporting by joining a boycott
• Gave Pres. Power to invoke 80 day cool off period
  b4 strike endangers National Safety could be
  called
• Unions fight for repeal of TH act thru 50s.
• No success

9
Election 1948

• Dem party splintered
• Conserv Dems form party Dixiecrats
• Reaction to Civil Rights issue
• Nominated Strom Thurmond
• Lib Dems form new Progressive Party Nominated
  Henry Wallace (X vp)
• Reps nominated Thomas E Dewey, gov NY
• Truman (man w/o a chance) toured US giving Give
  Em Hell speeches
• Attacking 80th Do Nothing Congress
• Shocked pollsters w/ decisive victory
• 2 million majority in pop election electoral
  votes

10
Fair Deal

• Reform program
• national health car insurance
• Federal aid to education
• Civil Rights legislation
• Funds for public housing
• New farm program
• Most blocked
• Exc min wage went up from 40 cents to 75 cents
  hour
• more people were included under Social Security

11
Origins of Cold War

• 1946-91
• Did Truman over react to Russias historic need
  to secure its borders?
• Was T soft on Communism?
• Bolshevik Reb 1917 threat to all capitalist
  nations
• Launched Red Scare 1919
• Non-Aggression pact 1939 (G USSR) proves they
  cant be trusted
• WWII alliance- of convenience/ NOT mutual trust
• Stalin complains that allies waited until 1944 to
  open second front in France
• After Potsdam, Truman quickly becomes suspicious
  of Soviet intentions

12
Post War Cooperation

• UN fall 1945- hopeful sign
• Gen Assembly to provide representation to all
• Security Council- 15 members, responsible for
  maintaining international security and
  authorizing peace keeping missions
• 5 allies WWII permanent members on Sec. Council
• China, US, Br, Fr, Soviets Veto Power

13
Post War Coop 2

• Soviets agree to US proposal
• Atomic Energy Commission
• But reject Bernard Baruch Plan to regulate
  Nuclear energy and eliminate Atomic Weapons
• Bretton Woods Conf 1944 created World Bank to
  fund post war re-building
• Soviets wont participate instrument of
  Capitalism
• Nuremberg Trials of 22 top Nazi leaders for war
  crimes 1945-6 Soviets participate

14
Satellite States

• Soviets occupied countries of Central E Eur
• Held elections of communist candidates
• Communists dictators installed in Hungary,
  Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria,
  Albania 46-48
• Buffer states?
• Expansion?

15
Occupation Zones in Germany

• Temporary divisions
• Br, Fr, Soviet, American zones
• Fr, Br pull out and US merges western zone
• East zone becomes new communist state G Dem Repub
• Soviet want a weak G for security reasons
• GB US want a revitalized G for security of Eur

16
Iron Curtain

• Canadian Spy Ring stole secrets for Soviets
• Soviets continue to occupy N.Ira n
• Washington gets tough
• Mar 46, Fulton, MO former PM Churchill speech
• An iron curtain has descended across the
  continent of Eur
• New policy Halt expansion of soviet power

17
Containment in Eur

• Policy of Sec of State, former Gen George
  Marshall undersec. Dean Acheson George F.
  Kennan
• Containing soviet expansion would cause Soviets
  to stop trying for world domination
• Walter Lippmann (journalist who coined term Cold
  War) argued not all areas are vital to US
  Security

18
Truman Doctrine

• Communist led uprising in Greece
• Soviets demand partial control over Dardanelles
  (Turkey)
• Truman asks Congress for 400 Mill in econ
  military aid to assist free people of Greece
  Turkey against Totalitarian Regimes

19
Marshall Plan

• 1945-7 Eur in ruins- food, fuel shortages /
  discontent rises
• Communist party rises, esp in Fr, Italy
• Recovery program 12 Bill in aid over 4 yrs
• Rebuild, assure trading partners
• Soviets E Repubs offered aid refused
• Effects
• w/ Euro recovery, communist threat ends
• US exports rise

20
Berlin Airlift

• June 48 Soviets cut off access to W Berlin thru E
  G
• Supplies flown in 60 bombers sent to England in
  case of war
• No war
• May 49 blockade lifted
• Long Term Effect Creation of 2 Germanies

21
NATO

• 1949 Military Defense Pact to protect W Eur, US,
  10 Euro nations Canada
• Gen Eisenhower commander
• Stationed troops in W Euro
• in case
• Head quarters Belgium

22
Warsaw Pact 1955

• Alliance to defend Communist nations from Nato-
• Eastern Bloc

23
National Security Act 1947

• Created Department of Defense (DOD)
• Coordinated Army, Navy, Airforce
• Creates National Security Council
• NSC
• To make cold war policy
• Creates CIA to spy on foreign govs
• 1948 First perm. Peacetime draft

24
Arms Race

• Competition to develop more , better weapons
• 1949 Soviets test first A bomb
• Truman approves new H Bomb 1,000 times stronger
• Ready in 1952
• NSC 68 Report
• Recommends dramatic increase in Defense spending
• Ally w/ non communist countries around the world
• Convince American people costly buildup is vital

25
Japan

• Under US control
• MacArthur in charge of rebuilding
• 7 Generals, Premier Tojo tried, executed for war
  crimes
• Set up Parliamentary Democ
• Emperor gave up claims of divinity and allows LTD
  military capability

26
Philippines Pacific

• July 4, 1946 Philippines becomes independent
• Kept air and naval bases through CW
• UN Trustee Islands taken from Japan

27
China

• Chiang Kai-shek in power s. 1920s
• used nationalists (Koumintang) to control
• During WWII US gave increased aid to help Chiang
  fight off Japanese control
• At wars end Civil War resumes
• Chiangs nationalists v Mao Zedongs Communists
• Chiang- corruption inflation lost support of
  People
• 1947 Chiang in retreat.
• US decides not to mount huge invasion to save
  Chiang
• End of 1949 2 Chinas mainland Communist
• Taiwan (Formosa) Chiangs
• US refused to recognize Beijing- Peoples
  Republic of China until 1979
• 1950 Mao Stalin sign Sino-Soviet Pact
• Proof of world wide Conspiracy

28
Korean War

• Divided at 38th Parallel
• Soviets N of line Amers S of line
• 1949 both armies w/drew
• N. in hands of Communist leader Kim Il Sung
• S. in hands of Nationalists Syngman Rhee
• Invasion June 25, 1950 N.K. army invades SK
• Truman calls spec. session of UN Sec Council
• Sov Boycott UN votes to defend S. K.
• Gen D MacArthur UN forces ? Korea Police
  Action

29
Counter Attack Korea

• NKs pushed SKs all the way to tip of peninsula
  (Pusan)
• MacArthurs daring attack behind enemy lines at
  Inchon Bay turned tide
• Paushed NKs ? China Border
• China crossed into Korea
• Drove UN forces out
• Fighting stops at 38th parallel

30
Truman v Mac Arthur

• Mac Arthur calls for expanding war into China and
  bombing and invading main land China
• Trumans peace talks in danger from this
• Apr 1951- Truman re-called Gen MacArthur fired
  him
• MacArthur Theres no substitute for victory
• Heros welcome

31
2nd Red Scare

• 1947- under pressure, Truman set up Loyalty
  Review Board
• Investigates 3 mill Fed employees
• 4 yr probe
• Thousands fired

32
2nd Red Scare 2

• McCarran Internal Security Act- 1950
• Unlawful to support any totalitarian Gov
• Restricted employment and travel of Communists
• Authorized creation of detention camps for
  subversives

33
Red Scare 3

• HUAC House of Reps- Un-Am Activities committee-
  39
• To find Nazis
• Now looking for Communists
• Government
• Boy Scouts
• Hollywood Industry, etc
• Called people to testify
• Ruined careers w/ accusations

34
Espionage

• Hiss Case
• Whittaker Chambers confessed Comm
• Testified that Alger Hiss gave him docs 4 Soviets
• FDR assistant at Yalta Conf
• Denies charges
• 2nd trial convicted of perjury jailed

35
Rosenberg Case

• Klaus Fuchs, Br Sci,
• Gave Russia A Bomb secrets from Los Alamos
• Traced to spy ring in US
• Julius Ethyl Rosenberg
• Convicted executed 1953
• Mostly due to hysteria

36
Joseph McCarthy

• Repub Senator, WI
• 1950 re-election bid
• Waved papers
• Claimed to be list of 205 avowed Communists in
  State Dept
• Steady stream of unsupported accusations to keep
  media attention
• To discredit Truman Admin
• Turned shrill.. . Popular while attacking Dems
• After 1952, attacks George Marshall
• Ike afraid to stand up for his friend
• Army McCarthy Hearings
• Charged army w/ Comm infiltration
• Hearings televised McCarthy exposed as bully,
  thug
• Discredited
• Censured by Senate Dec 1954
• Dies 57

37
Eisenhower years

• Ike former General/Commander of allied forces in
  Europe, WWII
• I Like Ike Rep slogan
• Promise to go to Korea and end the conflict
• Richard Nixon- conserv Rep, CA balanced ticket
• Tough on Communists
• Adlai Stevenson- Dem, pop Gov IL
• Witty, courageous, eloquent, liberal

38
Campaign 52

• Rep for integrity tarnished by allegations of
  Nixons slush fund
• Campaign funds used for personal matters
• Nixon used TV Checkers Speech
• Landslide victory

39
Domestic policies

• Ike delegates authority
• Cabinet successful corporate execs
• Charles Wilson- head of G.M.
• Went golfing, fishing
• Modern Republicanism
• Bland leading the bland
• Priority 1 balance budget
• Accepted most ND programs
• Extended social security to 10 mill more people
• Raised min wage
• Built more public housing
• Created Health Edu Welfare Dept
• Oveta Culp Hobby- 1st woman in Rep cabinet
• Opposed to aid education or Fed Health Care
  Insurance

40
Interstate Highway System

• 1956- Highway Act
• Authorized construction of 42,000 miles of
  Highway
• Wide area every 5 mi
• National defense
• Also created jobs,
• Increased growth of suburbs
• Hurt RRs

41
Prosperity

• Steady growth of economy
• Low inflation
• Fed budget (tiny surplus) 3x in 8 yrs
• Deficits fell
• 1945-60 per capita disposable income more than
  tripled
• Highest standard of living in the world

42
Election 1956

• 1955- heart attack
• 1956- major surgery
• Ike Nixon v. Stevenson
• Easy victory

43
Ike Cold War

• Sec St Dulles shapes most policies
• Dulles Diplomacy
• Critical of Trumans containment too passive
• New Look of foreign policy
• More bang for the buck build up nukes reduce
  conventional
• Challenges USSR, China, spoke of liberating
  captive peoples of E Europe
• Pushing Comms to brink of war to preserve peace
• Brinksmanship
• Hard liner prevented from being extreme by Ike

44
Dulles

• Brilliant international lawyer
• Ideologist, moralist, conflict w/ China, USSR
• Saw things in absolute rights, wrongs
• Containment substituted reluctantly for Roll Back
• Righteous crusade against atheistic Marxism
• Looked like a dangerous man but was very cautious
  and reported to Ike daily, even on foreign
  assignments
• Ike seen by press, academics, pundits
• Laid back, well meaning, intellectually ignorant,
  inarticulate, weak,lazy, left nation on auto
  pilot
• By mid 70s, records opened that show he was very
  hard working, used Dulles and others as
  lightening rod
• Used military gobbledy gook to press to avoid
  giving answers in plain English
• Excellent command of English, kept it hidden

45
Ikes guiding principles

• Avoid war seen it up close hated it
• No limited wars object to destroy your enemy
  with all at disposal (cant apply to small brush
  fire conflicts)
• Security and freedom of world depends on health
  and strength of US economy

46
Massive Retaliation

• More reliance on nukes air power
• Less on conventional ground forces
• More bang for the buck
• 53 Russia had the H bomb
• M.A.D. to deter each other from using the bomb

47
Unrest in 3rd World

• Post WWII Colonial empires collapsed
• 1947-62 dozens in Asia, Africa bcm indep
• 1947- India, Pakistan
• 1949- Indonesia (Dutch E. Indies)
• 1957- Ghana more follow
• All lack stable political econ institutions
• All need foreign aid
• All look to US USSR

48
Covert Action

• Part of New Look philosophy
• 1953 CIA helped overthrow gov (Mossadeq) Iran
• Re-estabd Reza Pahlavi as Shah
• Would protect foreign oil interests
• Shah purchased many weapons from US
• 1954 CIA overthrew leftist Gov in Guatemala
• Arbenz- in support of pro US corrupt dictator
• Anti American feeling grew in L.A.
• 1958 Nixon Tour
• Crowds in Venezuela attack motorcade

49
Asia

• Korean Armistice
• Ike visited UN forces
• Diplomacy- threat of nuclear war sudden death
  of Stalin moved China, NK to agree to armistice
• Prisoner exchange- 53
• Still divided at 38th parallel

50
Asia 2

• IndoChina
• French tried to retake after WWII
• Vietnamese, Cambodians resist
• Support nationalist communist Ho Chi Minh
• 1950 anti colonial war is part of Cold War
• Truman aids Fr China Soviets aid Ho Viet
  Minh guerrillas
• 1954 Dien Bien Phu-
• French army trapped forced to surrender
• Geneva Conf 1954 France gives up IndoChina
• Divided into indep nations Cambodia, Laos,
  Vietnam

51
Asia 3

• Division of Vietnam at 17th parallel
• Until General Election
• N Ho Chi Minh est Comm dictatorship
• S Ngo Dinh Diem supported by urban, Catholic,
  anti Comm Vietnamese
• Election to unite Vietnam never held for fear
  Comms would win
• 1955-61 US sent 1 bill in econ, mil aid to S.V.
  to build stable anti comm state
• Domino Theory
• Justifies if one SE Asian country falls to Comm,
  they all will- then Australia, NZ in trouble

52
Asia 4

• SEATO treaty
• To prevent the fall of SV, Laos, Cambodia to
  communism
• Dulles assembles defense pact
• 8 nations sign
• 1954
• US, GB, FR, Aust, NZ, Phil, Thai, Pakist

53
Middle East

• Civil War in Br mandate of Palestine left land
  divided
• UN creates Israel and Palestine
• All Arab neighbors immediately attacked Israel
• Who wins most of Palestinian territory in war

54
Middle East 2

• Suez Crisis
• Egypts leader Gen Gamal Nassar seeks aid to
  build Aswam Dam on Nile
• US refused due to threats against Israel
• Soviets offer aid
• Looking for other money, Nassar seized,
  nationalized Br, Fr owned Suez Canal July 1956
• Banned Israels use of Canal
• w/ Europes supply of oil
• Br, Fr, Israel surprise attack
• US pressure got invaders to w/draw

55
Eisenhower Doctrine

• 1957- US pledge of econ military aid to middle
  eastern countries threatened by Communism
• Lebanon 58- 14k Marines land to prevent civil war
  between Muslims, Christians
• OPEC Oil 1960 Arab nations join Venezuela to
  form OPEC
• Regulate production, prices world wide

56
US Soviet Relations

• Fluctuation of calm w/ crisis
• Spirit of Geneva After Stalins death
• US slows arms race
• Soviets w/drew troops from Austria estd
  peaceful relats w/ Greece, Turkey
• 1955 Summit meeting- Geneva Ike New Soviet
  Premier Nikolai Bulganin
• Ike asks for Open Skies over both countries
• Aerial photos ok to eliminate chance of nuclear
  attack
• Nyet
• Still a thaw in Cold War
• 1956 Nikita Khrushchev denounced crimes of Stalin
  supported peaceful coexistence w/ west

57
Hungarian Revolt

• Oct 56 uprising over threw Moscow backed gov
• New liberal leaders want to pull Hungary out of
  Warsaw Pact
• Soviet tanks crushed Freedom Fighters reestabd
  control over Hungary
• Ike unwilling to risk world war over Hungary
• Let it go

58
Sputnik Shock 57

• Launched SI, SII into orbit around Earth
• Technological leadership in question
• US rockets failed to get off ground
• Whos responsible?
• Some blamed Schools- behind in Math, Sciences
• Congress passes National Defense and Education
  Act
• Authorized hundreds of millions to schools for
  science foreign language edu
• National Aeronautics and Space Admin (NASA)
• To direct Space program
• Space race is on!

59
Second Berlin Crisis

• 1958 Khrushchev gives West 6 months
• To get out of Berlin by turning over city to E.
  G.
• Camp David visit 1959 agree 2 put off crisis
  discuss at Paris Summit 1960
• U2 incident- 2 weeks b4 meeting
• Shot down U2 spy plane and captured Francis Gary
  Powers pilot exposed US spy flights over USSR
• Ike takes responsibility, refused to appologize
• Khrushchev calls off summit conf

60
Communists in Cuba

• Revolution Cuba, 1959-
• Castro ousted dictator Batista-
• Nationalized Amer businesses and property in Cuba
• US cut off trade w/ Cuba
• Castro turns to Soviets for support
• Sets up Communist Totalitarian State
• Ike orders CIA to train Cuban exiles to retake
  Cuba
• Leaves office before ready to go

61
Civil Rights

• Color barrier in baseball broke 1947
• Jackie Robinson- Dodgers
• In South segregation, Poll Taxes, literacy
  tests, etc
• Schools Brown v Board of Ed, Topeka, KS
• Argued by Thurgood Marshall-
• School seg violated 14th amend protection
• protection under the law
• New Chief Justice Earl Warren agreed w/ Marshall
• Sep facilities are inherently unequal unconst
  ordered Seg in schools to end w/ all delib speed

62
Little Rock 9

• Some states closed schools rather than integrate
• AR Gov Orval Faubus used National Guard to
  prevent 9 Af Am Students from entering Little
  Rock HS as ordered by Fed Ct
• Ike didnt support integration
• Had personal reservations abo Brown case
• Understood constitutional responsib to uphold Fed
  authority
• Sent in Fed troops to stand guard protect 9
  students as they went to school

63
Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955

• Rosa Parks- 2 tired to get up from seat for white
  man
• Arrested off bus
• Sparked protest
• MLK Jr. started boycott
• Lasted 1 yr, nearly bankrupted Montgomery busses
• Sup Ct ruled 1956 seg laws on public transp
  unconstitutional

64
Non Violent protests

• MLK Jr formed Southern Christian Leadership
  Conference (SCLC)
• Organized ministers and churches to support civil
  rights movement
• Students in Greensboro, NC sat at woolworth lunch
  counter, Feb 1960
• Spread often arrested for sitting in restricted
  areas
• Piece by piece Southern barriers come down

65
Military Industrial Complex

• Farewell address
• Warned US to guard against the acquisition of
  influence, sought or unsought, by the
  military-industrial complex
• Connections between defense industry and gov
• Not condemning militarism making important
  economic point
• Can trace the rise of huge executive power in US
  accompanied by spending increase from WWI -gt New
  Deal -gt WWII now Cold War made large scale,
  free spending fed gov lock into enormous arms
  ind, voracious armed forces
• US econ can be destroyed by intemperate spending
  by a greedy over large state generating
  wastefulness inflation
• Sd military knows nothing about fighting
  inflation and this country can choke on mounting
  military expenses as easily as it could defeat
  itself by NOT spending enough 4 protection
• there is no defense for any country which busts
  its own econ