TODAY

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AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessins
World History Room
167 Tutorials T-F
820-850
Ch. 10 ISLAM Section 1 The Rise of Islam

• TODAYS OBJECTIVES
• Locate and describe Arabia in the period before
  the rise of Islam.
• Explain how the prophet Muhammad became the
  prophet and
• how he began to unify the Arabian Peninsula
  under Islam.
• Identify the basic beliefs and practices of
  Islam.

Happy Ramadan ! Begins tomorrow!

• AGENDA Begin Warm-up Immediately upon entering
  classroom !
• WARM-UP Label your Packet Map on p. 2 using p.
  1 as a guide
• LABEL Mecca, Medina, ARABIA,
  Arabian Sea, and Mediterranean Sea
• INTRODUCTION to new Unit What do you know
  about Islam?
• DISCUSSION of
• NEXT ASSIGNMENT
• Read Muhammad, p. 21-26 in packet and do
  questions p. 27

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WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ISLAM?
Write these definitions on p. 3 in
your packet ISLAM the religion founded by
Muhammad in Arabia around 630 C.E. MUSLIM a
person who is a follower of the Islamic
religion. Allah God in Arabic. Quran the
holy book of the Muslims. (Koran)
Insert Arabia map

• Medina

• Mecca

ARABIA
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See your Textbook Map p. 250-251
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WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ISLAM?
It is the fastest growing religion in the
world. In 1997, the percentage of humans who
regarded themselves as Christian rose only from
33.7 in 1970 to 33.9 in 1996. Its total number
of adherents is growing at about 2.3 annually.
Islam is currently spreading at a faster rate
about 3.9 and is thus increasing its market
share. Populations in mostly Christian countries
are remaining level and, in some cases,
declining. Consequently, the percentage of
Christians in the world is predicted to be at
approximately 25 of the world's population by
2025. As a result of the extremely high rates
of population growth in their major nations, the
proportion of Muslims in the world continues to
increase dramatically. Islam will probably
account for about 30 of the world's population
by 2025.
U.S. Center for Christian World Missions, 2000.
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Christianity
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ISLAM?
Holy Book ?
Jewish TORAH
Christian BIBLE
Islamic KORAN (Quran)
Taking the J / C / I Quiz Mark each statement
with a J for Judaism C for Christianity
I for Islam
5 minutes
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PACKET, p. 5 Introduction to Islam The
Quran
What does this Quran passage tell you about how
Muslims view the teachings of the Hebrew prophets
and Jesus?
What is one belief that Muslims, Jews, and
Christians all share?
How do Muslims view Jesus?
Insert transparency of Quran quote
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CH 10, Sec. 1 The Rise of Islam Packet, p.
3 Textbook, p. 234
The Prophet Muhammad
CAUSE

• 1. What were Muhammads revelations?
• He believed God spoke to him through the Angel
  Gabriel
• that he was the last of the great prophets
• now had to teach others that Allah was the one
  and only God
• and all the other gods in Arabia had to be
  abandoned.

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CH 10, Sec. 1 The Rise of Islam Packet, p.
3 Textbook, p. 235
The Prophet Muhammad
EFFECTS

• 2. Why were Muhammads ideas unpopular in Mecca?
• Muhammads new idea of one God (monotheism)
  angered
• those who, for centuries, had worshiped the
  many
• traditional Arab gods.
• Meccas economy thrived on the pilgrimages of
  Arabs who came
• to make frequent visits to shrines of the
  many gods.
• If there was only one God, the visitors would
  stop coming, and so
• would the lucrative trade income.

Not welcome in Mecca, to what city did Muhammad
flee? Textbook, p. 235
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Hijrah Muhammads flight from Mecca to Medina
in 622.
map

• Medina

• Mecca

ARABIA
The Islamic world begins its calendear Year 1
with this event. In other words, our year 622
A.D. is their year 1 A.H. This year, 2004 A.D.,
is year 1425 A.H. in the Islamic world. To learn
the formula for figuring the Islamic year, visit
www.islam.com
DID YOU KNOW?
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CH 10, Sec. 1 The Rise of Islam Packet, p.
3 Textbook, p. 235
The Prophet Muhammad
EFFECT

• 3. In what way(s) was the Hijrah a turning
  point?
• Meccas opposition to Muhammad only brought
  attention to
• his new religious message and he gained a
  wide following in Medina.
• Besides a religious leader, he now became a
  political leader
• uniting the various Arab tribesmen.
• He was also forced into a position as a military
  leader now in the
• conflict between Mecca and Medina.

map

• Medina

ARABIA

• Mecca

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CH 10, Sec. 1 The Rise of Islam Packet, p.
3 Textbook, p. 235
The Prophet Muhammad
EFFECT

• 4. Why was Muhammads return to Mecca important?
• Muhammed used Mecca as a base from which to
• work toward
  unifying the entire Arabian peninsula.

See the packet map on p. 1 Have you begun to
Label your own map? Packet, p. 2
map

• Medina

ARABIA

• Mecca

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• Rome

• Constantinople

SPAIN
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Mediterranean Sea

• Baghdad

Alexandria .

• Jerusalem

NORTH AFRICA
Persian Gulf
R e d S
e a

• Medina

• Mecca

A R A B I A
Label your own map Packet, p. 2
Arabian Sea
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What was Arabian society like before Muhammad
came on the scene? See Textbook p. 233
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CH 10, Sec. 1 The Rise of Islam Packet, p.
3 Textbook, p.
Beliefs Practices of Islam

5. What does Islam teach its followers?

• Monotheism - There is only one God (Allah).
• Each person is responsible for his or her own
  actions.
• Allah will judge all people on a final judgment
  day.

B. More Definitions Mosque place of worship
for Muslims Minaret prayer tower Muezzin
prayer crier, he cries out the time of
prayer 5 times a day. See textbook pic, p. 237
Muslim Prayer

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CH 10, Sec. 1 The Rise of Islam Packet, p.
3 Textbook, p. 236
Beliefs Practices of Islam

• More Definitions
• The Five Pillars five requirements of a
  Muslims life.

Lets go on the hajj ! See Packet, p. 7
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The Hajj Climaxes here. See Textbook, p. 259
Muslims circling around thesacred Kaaba in
Mecca, climax of the hajj pilgrimage.
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CH 10, Sec. 1 The Rise of Islam Packet, p.
3 Textbook, p.
Beliefs Practices of Islam

• More Definitions
• hajj pilgrimage to Mecca all Muslims must make
  in their lifetime.
• Sunna Muhammads model for proper living.
• shariah a system of laws in Islam.

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CH 10, Sec. 1 The Rise of Islam Packet, p.
3 Textbook, p. 236
Beliefs Practices of Islam

6. How does carrying out the Five Pillars and
other laws of Islam affect the daily
lives of Muslims?

• Muslims do not separate their personal life from
  their religious life.
• Carrying out the Five Pillars daily as well as
  other customs ensures
• that Muslims live their faith
• while serving in the community.

A Muslim woman wears a hijab.
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CH 10, Sec. 1 The Rise of Islam Packet, p.
3 Textbook, p. 237
Beliefs Practices of Islam

7. How did observing Islamic teachings help to
create unity among Muslims?
Because Muhammad wrote the Quran in Arabic and
all followers are required to read it, that one
language and that one religion created
unity. The SIGNIFICANCE of Muhammad is he
single-handedly unified hundreds of nomadic
tribes in Arabia who spoke different languages
and worshipped hundreds of different gods. He
did this with one tool the Quran !
Written in a COMMON LANGUAGE (Arabic)
providing a COMMON RELIGION (Islam) he
achieved Arabian UNITY.
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CH 10, Sec. 1 The Rise of Islam Packet, p.
3 Textbook, p. 237
Beliefs Practices of Islam

8. How did Islamic law affect Muslim attitudes
toward Christians and Jews?
Shariah law required Muslims to extend religious
tolerance to Christians and Jews the people of
the book.
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AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessins
World History Room
167 Tutorials T-F
820-850
Ch. 10 ISLAM Section 1 The Rise of Islam

• TODAYS OBJECTIVES
• Locate and describe Arabia in the period before
  the rise of Islam.
• Explain how the prophet Muhammad became the
  prophet and
• how he began to unify the Arabian Peninsula
  under Islam.
• Identify the basic beliefs and practices of
  Islam.

Happy Ramadan ! Begins tomorrow!

• AGENDA
• WARM-UP Label your Packet Map on p. 2 using p.
  1 as a guide
• LABEL Mecca, Medina, ARABIA,
  Arabian Sea, and Mediterranean Sea
• INTRODUCTION to new Unit What do you know
  about Islam?
• DISCUSSION of
• NEXT ASSIGNMENT
• Read Muhammad, p. 21-26 in packet and do
  questions p. 27

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AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessins
World History Room
167 Tutorials T-F
820-850
Ch. 10 ISLAM Section 1 The Rise of Islam

• TODAYS OBJECTIVES
• Locate and describe Arabia in the period before
  the rise of Islam.
• Explain how the prophet Muhammad became the
  prophet and
• how he began to unify the Arabian Peninsula
  under Islam.
• Identify the basic beliefs and practices of
  Islam.

Happy Ramadan !

• AGENDA Begin Warm-up Immediately upon entering
  classroom !
• WARM-UP REVIEW your notes from Friday for
  todays QUIZ
• DISCUSSING READING, Muhammad, M. Hart (p.
  21-27)
• QUIZ
• NEXT ASSIGNMENT
• Read CHAPTER 10 Section 2 Do p. 9 in packet.
• Skim over maps showing The Spread of Islam
  packet pp. 10-15

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• THE 100 A Ranking of the Most Influential
  Persons In History
• By Michael Hart
• The Top 10
• Muhammad
• Isaac Newton
• Jesus Christ
• Buddha
• Confucius
• St. Paul
• Tsai Lun
• Johann Gutenberg
• Christopher Columbus
• Albert Einstein

Take out your weekend assignment, packet p.
27 Lets discuss why Michael Hart ranks
Muhammad 1.
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Ch. 10 ISLAM Section 2 The Spread of Islam
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessins
World History Room
167 Tutorials T-F
820-850

• TODAYS OBJECTIVES
• Describe how Muhammads successors spread Islam.
• List sources of conflict within the Umayyad
  Muslim state that led to
• the two major divisions / branches of Islam
  today.
• Identify on a map the major Muslim capitals /
  caliphates.

• AGENDA Begin Warm-up Immediately upon entering
  classroom !
• WARM-UP Examine maps on p. 10 11 The
  Spread of Islam
• Discussing CH 10,
• Take-Home Quiz
• ASSIGNMENT
• Do your Take-Home Quiz.
• Pre-A.P. Complete work on Current Events
  Analysis I

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• Rome

• Constantinople

SPAIN
BYZANTINE EMPIRE

• Cordoba

Mediterranean Sea

• Damascus

• Baghdad

Alexandria .

• Jerusalem

Cairo .
NORTH AFRICA
Persian Gulf
R e d S
e a

• Medina

• Mecca

A R A B I A
Label your own map Packet, p. 2
Arabian Sea
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Islam

• Section 2
• Muhammads Successors Spread Islam

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CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 238
Death of Muhammad, ca. 632 C.E.

• Muhammad had not named a successor or instructed
  his followers how to choose one.
• Relying on ancient tribal custom, the Muslim
  community elected Abu-Bakr as the new leader and
  Muhammads first successor.
• He had been a loyal
  friend of Muhammad,
• accompanied him on
  the Hejirah, and a man respected
• for his devotion to
  Islam.
• Under Abu-Bakr,
  
• the collection of
  Mohammad's revelations
• were recorded in the
  Quran.

Illuminated Qur'an
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CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 238

• In 632, Abu-Bakr became the first caliph
  (KAYlihf), a title that means successor or
  deputy.

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Rightly Guided Caliphs
CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 238
1. What did the rightly guided caliphs use as
guides to leadership? The Quran and
Muhammads actions in life.

• Abu-Bakr and the next three elected caliphsUmar,
  Uthman, and Aliall had known Muhammad and
  supported his mission.
• They used the Quran and Muhammads actions as
  guides to leadership.
• For this, they are known as the rightly guided
  caliphs.
• The region ruled by a caliph was called a
  caliphate.

What is the meaning of the word caliph?
Caliph means successor
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Rightly Guided Caliphs

• Abu-Bakr had promised the Muslim community he
  would uphold what Muhammad stood for.
• For two years, Abu-Bakr used military force to
  reassert the authority of Muhammads successors
  in the Muslim community.
• By the time Abu-Bakr died in 634, the Muslim
  state controlled all of Arabia.

Abu-Bakar
Examine the maps in your packet that show the
Spread of Islam
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Rightly Guided Caliphs

• Under Umar, the second caliph, swift and highly
  disciplined armies conquered Syria and lower
  Egypt, which were part of the Byzantine Empire.
• The next two caliphs, Uthman and Ali, continued
  to expand Muslim territory both eastward and
  westward.
• By 750, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus
  River, the Muslim Empire stretched 6,000
  milesabout two times the distance across the
  continental United States.

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Rightly Guided Caliphs
CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 238
2. What changes did they make during their
rule? They mobilized highly-disciplined
armies that conquered Arabia, parts of the
Byzantine Empire, and Persia.
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Rightly Guided Caliphs
CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 238

• 3. Why were they successful in their quest to
  expand the empire and
• spread Islam?
• Muslims were willing to fight to extend and
  defend Islam.
• Armies were well-disciplined and expertly
  commanded.
• The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak at
  this time.
• People who had suffered religious persecution
  welcomed the
• more tolerant Islamic empire.

Persecutions in Persia of those who did not
practice official Zoroastrianism, as well as
persecution in the Byzantine empire of those who
did not practice official Christianity, was
widespread at this time. The persecuted often
referred to the Islamic invaders as liberators.
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Treatment of Conquered Peoples
CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 239

• Many conquered peoples chose to accept Islam.
• They were attracted by the appeal of the message
  of Islam, as well as by the economic benefit for
  Muslims of not having to pay a poll tax.
• Christians and Jews, as people of the book,
  were allowed to practice their faiths freely and
  even received special consideration.
• Christians and Jews played important roles as
  officials, scholars, and bureaucrats in the
  Muslim state.
• In practice, tolerance like this was extended to
  other groups as well.

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Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis
CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 239

• The murder of Uthman in 656 triggered a civil
  war, with various groups struggling for power.
• A family known as the Umayyad (ooMYEyadz) came
  to power.
• They set up a hereditary system of succession.

Umayyad Mosque
The Umayyads
4. What ended the elective system of choosing a
caliph? When the Umayyads came to power after a
bloody civil war, they set up a hereditary
system of succession.
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CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 239
The Umayyads
5. What other changes did they make during their
rule? They moved the capital to Damascus.
They abandoned the simple life of previous
caliphs, and began surrounding themselves with
wealth and ceremonies.
When you look at the expanse of the lands
conquered by the Umayyad, what logistical reason
might they have had for relocating the capital to
Damascus?
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Its time to Label all the Caliphates

• Rome

• Constantinople

SPAIN
BYZANTINE EMPIRE

• Cordoba

Mediterranean Sea

• Damascus

• Baghdad

Alexandria .

• Jerusalem

Cairo .
NORTH AFRICA
Persian Gulf
R e d S
e a

• Medina

• Mecca

A R A B I A
Label your own map Packet, p. 2
Arabian Sea
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SunniShia Split

• In the interest of peace, the majority of
• Muslims accepted the Umayyads rule.
• A minority did continue to resist, and around
  some of these groups an alternate view of the
  office of caliph developed.
• In this view, the caliphthe person most
  responsible for spreading Muhammads
  messageneeded to be a relative of the Prophet.

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SunniShia Split

• This group was called Shia, meaning the party
  of Ali.
• Those who did not outwardly resist the rule of
  the Umayyads later became known as Sunni, meaning
  followers of Muhammads example.
• Another group, the Sufi (SOOfee), reacted to the
  luxurious life of the Umayyads by pursuing a life
  of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path.

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The Sufi

• They tried to achieve direct personal contact
  with God through mystical means, such as
  meditation and chanting.
• In some ways they were similar to Christian and
  Buddhist monks.
• The Sufis played an important role in keeping
  Muslims focused on the Quran and tradition.

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The Sufi

• Later, they became very active as missionaries in
  newly conquered lands.
• Another religious development was the growth of
  scholarship in various branches of Islamic
  learning and law.
• The study of the traditions of Muhammad, Arabic
  language, and the development of schools of
  sharia established standards of Islamic conduct.

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CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 240
The Umayyads
6. What led to the downfall of the Umayyads?
The division of Islam into Sunni, Shia, and Sufi
branches. The Sunni and Shia had different
ideas about leadership and the Sufi
practiced lives of extreme poverty and
religious devotion.

• The 3 Different Branches or Sects Within Islam
• Sunni choose their caliph by election.
• Approx. 80 Muslims are Sunni.
• Shia believe the caliph must be
• a relative of Muhammad.
• Approx. 17 Muslims are Shia.
• Sufi abandon material possessions,
• live simple monastic life

Umayyad mosque, Damascus.
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The Abbasids
CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 240

• Vigorous religious and political opposition to
  the Umayyad caliphate led to its downfall.
• Especially troubling to Muslims was the Umayyad
  obsession with material wealth.
• Rebel groups overthrew the Umayyads in the year
  750.
• The most powerful of those groups, the Abbasids
  (ABuhSIHDZ), took control of the empire.

7. How did the Abbasids come to power? They
were the most powerful of the rebel groups that
overthrew the Ummayads.
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The Abbasids

• The Abbasids strength lay in the former Persian
  lands
• including Iraq, Iran, and central Asia.

8. What changes did they make during their
rule? They moved the capital to Baghdad,
developed a strong government bureaucracy,
created an efficient tax system, and a strong
trade network.
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Abbasids Consolidate Power
CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 240

• A chancery prepared letters and documents.
• A special department managed the business of the
  army.
• Diplomats from the empire were sent to courts in
  Europe (for example, Charlemagnes court),
  Africa, and Asia to conduct imperial business.
• To support this bureaucracy, the Abbasids taxed
  land, imports, and exports, and non-Muslims
  wealth.

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The Abbasids
CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 240
8. What major problem did the Abbasids face?
They were unable to complete solid political
control over such an immense empire.
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The Umayyads and the Abbassids
2
These powerful caliphates ruled the Islamic
world, expanded the Arab empire, and brought
about a golden age in Muslim civilization.
UMAYYADS
ABBASSIDS

• Set up dynasty that ruled until 750
• Moved capital to Damascus
• Conquered lands from Atlantic to the Indus Valley
• Relied on local officials to govern the empire,
  while the Umayyads themselves lived in great
  luxury.
• Faced economic tensions between wealthy and poor
  Arabs
• Split in Islam occurs during their reign
  between Sunni, Shia, Sufi.

• Overthrew the Umayyads in 750
• Moved capital to Baghdad
• Ended Arab dominance and helped make Islam a
  universal religion
• Empire of the caliphs reached its greatest wealth
  and power through strong trade network.
• Muslim civilization enjoyed a Golden Age
• Difficulty controlling vast empire.

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Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 240

• The Abbasid caliphate lasted from 750 to 1258.
• The Fatimid (FATuhMIHD) Dynasty, named after
  Muhammads daughter Fatima, ruled in North Africa
  and spread across the Red Sea to western Arabia
  and Syria.
• Although politically divided, the Abbasid Empire
  and the smaller powers remained unified in other
  ways. Religion, language, trade, and the economy
  tied the lands together.

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Muslim Trade Network
CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 241

• The two major sea-trading zonesthose of the
  Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Oceanlinked the
  Muslim Empire into a world system of trade by
  sea.
• The land network connected the Silk Roads of
  China and India with Europe and Africa.
• Muslim merchants needed only a single language,
  Arabic, and a single currency, the Abbasid dinar,
  to travel from Córdoba, in Spain, to Baghdad and
  on to China.

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Muslim Trade Network
CH 10, Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam Packet,
p. 9 Textbook, p. 241

• To encourage the flow of trade, Muslim
  moneychangers set up banks in cities throughout
  the empire.
• Banks offered letters of credit, called sakks, to
  merchants.
• A merchant with a sakk from a bank in Baghdad
  could exchange it for cash at a bank in any other
  major city in the empire.
• In Europe, the word sakk was pronounced, check.
  Thus, the practice of using checks dates back to
  the Muslim Empire.

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B.
A.
C.
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Ch. 10 ISLAM Section 3 Muslim Achievements
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessins
World History Room
167 Tutorials T-F
820-850

• TODAYS OBJECTIVES
• Describe Muslim society during the Abbasid
  caliphate.
• Explain how Muslims worked to preserve
  scientific learning.
• Give examples of Muslim advances in the sciences.

• AGENDA Begin Warm-up Immediately upon entering
  classroom !
• WARM-UP Math Quiz !
• Discussing CH 10, Sec, 3 Packet p. 19
• Review for Test
• Pre-A.P. Current Events Analysis I Discussion
  Forum
• ASSIGNMENT
• TEST TOMORROW, study all section quizzes and
  your packet!
• See me at end of class if you want a Tutorial
  Pass!

59
Todays Opening Quiz is a Math Quiz..you have 3
minutes!

• Solve the following simple equations
• V II _________________
• CM L _______________
• MCMLXXXV XXX ________
• XXVI X III __________________
• 5. CDXXV / V _________________

Time is Up! Was it hard? Would you be happier
using Arabic numerals instead of Roman numerals?
60
PP Design of T. Loessin Akins H.S.
The ASTROLABE
Art Literature
Arabian Nights
CH 10 Islam
Section 3 Muslim Achievements
IBN KHALDUN Great Arab Historian
ALBEGRA (al-jabr)
ARABIC NUMERALS
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Todays Opening Quiz is a Math Quiz..you have 3
minutes!

• Solve the following simple equations
• V II _________________
• CM L _______________
• MCMLXXXV XXX ________
• XXVI X III __________________
• 5. CDXXV / V _________________

• 1. 5 2 ______________
• 900 50 ___________
• 1985 30 __________
• 26 x 3 ____________
• 425 / 5 ___________

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PP Design of T. Loessin Akins H.S.
The ASTROLABE
Art Literature
Arabian Nights
CH 10 Islam
Section 3 Muslim Achievements
IBN KHALDUN Great Arab Historian
ALBEGRA (al-jabr)
ARABIC NUMERALS
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CH 10, Sec. 3 Muslim Achievements Packet,
p. 19 Textbook, p. 242-243

• 1. Muslim society
• There were Four social classes
• Those who were
• Muslim by birth
• Converts to Islam
• of other religions (the protected people of the
  book)
• Slaves
• ______________________________
• Muslim women - at this particular time actually
  had
• more rights than women living in Medieval Europe.

Razia Sultana 1205-1240 Razia Sultana was the
first female Muslim ruler of South Asia. She was
a talented, wise, just and generous woman. She
was a great administrator and well-versed in
governmental affairs. She was not only a good
leader in the battlefield but herself was also an
excellent fighter. The capable son of King
Iltutmush died during his own life, and the rest
of his sons were incompetent to govern, so
Iltutmush nominated his daughter, Razia Sultana,
as his successor on the throne of Delhi India.
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CH 10, Sec. 3 Muslim Achievements Packet,
p. 19 Textbook, p. 244

• 2. Medicine, math, and science
• Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10
  digits)
• Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy

Al-Kwarazini
(Mohammad bin Musa Al-Khawarizmi)
was perhaps one of the
greatest mathematicians who ever lived.
He was the founder of
several branches of mathematics. He not
only initiated the
subject of algebra in a systematic form but he
also developed
it to the extent of giving analytical solutions
of linear and
quadratic equations, which established him as
the founder
of Algebra. The very name Algebra has been
derived from
his famous book Al-Jabr wa-al-Mfuqabilah. His
arithmetic
synthesized Greek and Hindu knowledge and
contained his
own contributions to mathematics and science. He
explained the
use of zero, a numeral of fundamental importance
developed by the Arabs. Similarly, he developed
the decimal system so that the overall system of
numerals 'algorithm' or 'algorizm' is named after
him. In addition to introducing the Indian system
of numerals (now generally known as Arabic
numerals), he developed at length several
arithmetical procedures, including operations on
fractions. It was through his work that the
system of numerals was first introduced to Arabs
and later to Europe, through its translations in
European languages. He developed in detail
trigonometric tables containing the sine
functions.
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CH 10, Sec. 3 Muslim Achievements Packet,
p. 19 Textbook, p. 244-245

• 2. Medicine, math, and science
• Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10
  digits)
• Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy
• Charted stars, comets, and planets /
  constellation charts
• The astrolabe

The Astrolabe played a pivotal role in
history. The astrolabe was highly developed in
the Islamic world by 800 and was introduced to
Europe from Islamic Spain (Andalusia) in the
early 12th century. It was the most popular
astronomical instrument until about 1650, when it
was replaced by more specialized and accurate
instruments. It is doubtful the European
explorers could have ever launched the great Age
of Discovery without this device. Astrolabes
are still appreciated for their unique
capabilites and their value for astronomy
education. See Textbook, p. 245
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CH 10, Sec. 3 Muslim Achievements Packet,
p. 19 Textbook, p. 244

• 2. Medicine, math, and science
• Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10
  digits)
• Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy
• Charted stars, comets, and planets /
  constellation charts
• The astrolabe
• Wrote medical reference books Rhazes (al-Razi)
  and Ibn Sina

Avicenna, or Ibn Sina wrote two important works
The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine.
The first is a scientific encyclopedia covering
logic, natural sciences, psychology, geometry,
astronomy, arithmetic and music. The second is
the most famous single book in the history of
medicine.
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CH 10, Sec. 3 Muslim Achievements Packet,
p. 19 Textbook, p. 244

• 2. Medicine, math, and science
• Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10
  digits)
• Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy
• Charted stars, comets, and planets /
  constellation charts
• The astrolabe
• Wrote medical reference books
• Produced a book on optics that would lay the
  groundwork for the
• later development of the telescope and
  microscope

Alhazen wrote The Book of Optics (Kitab
al-Manazir), probably the most thoroughly
scientific in method of all medieval works. In
it, Alhazen developed a broad theory that
explained vision by using geometry and anatomy.
He rejected the theory of Euclid and Ptolemy that
vision results from a ray leaving the eye and
reaching the object. Instead he postulated,
correctly, that each point on a lighted area or
object radiates light rays in every direction,
but only one ray from each point strikes the eye
perpendicularly, "and is transmitted there by the
transparent body the lens." So profound and
seminal was this explanation that it led George
Sarton to call Alhazen "the greatest Muslim
physicist and one the greatest students of optics
of all time."
Alhazen 965-1040
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CH 10, Sec. 3 Muslim Achievements Packet,
p. 19 Textbook, p. 244-245

• 2. Medicine, math, and science
• Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10
  digits)
• Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy
• Charted stars, comets, and planets /
  constellation charts
• The astrolabe
• Wrote medical reference books
• Produced a book on optics that would lay the
  groundwork for the
• later development of the telescope and
  microscope
• Muslim scholars were re-introducing the Greek
• (Aristotles) understanding of the importance
  of
• proper scientific observation and
  experimentation.

Why is it that so many ancient Greek texts
survive only in Arabic translations? How did the
Arabs, who had no direct contact with the
science and learning of Classical Greece, come to
be the inheritors of the classical tradition?
The answer appears to be the Umayyad dynasty
located in Damascus. They had an interest in
things Greek, employed educated Greek- speaking
civil servants extensively, and sought to
preserve Greek science.
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B.
A.
D.
C.
Pull out your Section 2 Take Home Quiz
70
The Caliphates

• Rome

• Constantinople

SPAIN
BYZANTINE EMPIRE

• Cordoba

Mediterranean Sea

• Damascus

• Baghdad

Alexandria .

• Jerusalem

Cairo .
NORTH AFRICA
Persian Gulf
R e d S
e a

• Medina

• Mecca

A R A B I A
Packet map, p. 2
Arabian Sea
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Which Muslim dynasty was in power in A.D. 732
when Arab forces were defeated at the Battle of
Tours by the Frankish armies of Gaul led by
Charles Martel, thus halting Arab expansion in
Europe?
About how many years did the Abbasid dynasty last?
Muslims split into two main sects Shia and
Sunni after a revolt led by Hussein in what
year?
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CH 10, Sec. 3 Muslim Achievements Packet,
p. 19 Textbook, p.
The House of Wisdom A Great Center of Learning
During Abbasid Rule In Baghdad
The House of Wisdom was actually a group of
learned Arabic men including the great
mathmetician al-Khawarizmi, the Bana Musa
brothers (Mohammed Jafar ibn Musa, Ahmad ibn Musa
and al-Hasan ibn Musa), and Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn
Ishaq al-Sabbah al-Kindi - to whom was
entrusted the task of translating Greek
manuscripts into Arabic.
Abbassid Castle in Baghdad
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CH 10, Sec. 3 Muslim Achievements Packet,
p. 19 Textbook, p. 246

• 3. Philosophy and History
• Translated the works of Greek philosophers into
  Arabic.
• Ibn Khaldun wrote a study of World History.

Ibn Khaldun's chief contribution lies in
philosophy of history and sociology. He wrote
the first world history aimed at an analysis of
historical events. This volume, commonly known
as Muqaddimah or 'Prolegomena', was based on Ibn
Khaldun's unique approach and became a
masterpiece in literature on philosophy of
history and sociology. The chief concern of this
monumental work was to identify psychological,
economic, environmental and social facts that
contribute to the advancement of human
civilization and the currents of history. He
analyzed the dynamics of group relationships and
showed how group-feelings, al-'Asabiyya, give
rise to the ascent of a new civilization and
political power and how, later on, its diffusion
into a more general civilization invites the
advent of a still new 'Asabiyya in its pristine
form. He identified an
almost rhythmic repetition of rise and fall in
human civilization, and
analyzed factors contributing to it. His
contribution to history is marked by the
fact that, unlike most earlier
writers interpreting history largely in a
political context, he
emphasized environmental, sociological,
psychological and economic
factors governing the apparent events. This
revolutionized the science of history
and also laid the foundation of
Umraniyat (Sociology).
Ibn Khaldun 1332-1395
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CH 10, Sec. 3 Muslim Achievements Packet,
p. 19 Textbook, p. 246

• 4. Literature and the Arts
• The Quran a great work of literature.
• Poetry
• Legendary stories such as the Arabian Nights

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Art Literature
Arabian Nights
1001 Nights...? Do you know the story?
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CH 10, Sec. 3 Muslim Achievements Packet,
p. 19 Textbook, p. 246

• 4. Literature and the Arts
• The Quran a great work of literature.
• Poetry
• the Arabian Nights
• Arabesque art

In the visual arts and architectural design,
Arabesque art is a linear decoration based on
plant forms. Arabesque motifs are complicated,
intertwined, flowing designs first found in
ancient Arabic art hence the term. They are a
feature of ancient Greek and Roman art, and are
particularly common in Islamic art.
Check out more examples
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CH 10, Sec. 3 Muslim Achievements Packet,
p. 19 Textbook, p. 246-247

• 4. Literature and the Arts
• The Quran a great work of literature.
• Poetry
• the Arabian Nights
• Arabesque art
• Calligraphy

The beautiful handwriting called calligraphy
played an important artistic role in a culture
like the Muslim society where human
representation was not considered proper.
Click here to see several unique styles of
calligraphy.
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PP Design of T. Loessin Akins H.S.
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QUIZ TIME!
CH 10, Sec. 3 Muslim Achievements Packet,
p. 19 Textbook, p.
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CH 10, Sec. 3 Muslim Achievements Packet,
p. 19 Textbook, p.
PP Design of T. Loessin Akins H.S.
81
(No Transcript)
82
TEST DAY
83
Answer question 1. 40. on Scantron.
32.
A.
C.
B.
BONUS According to Section 1 in Chapter 10, who
were the ulama ?
For Monday Skim Chapter 11 Section 1 p.
269 Look over important names and terms.