713 311 PRINCIPLES OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY

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Basic Knowledge of Veterinary Pharmacology
Topic 1

• 713 311 PRINCIPLES OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY
• Dr. Korawuth Punareewattana

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen
University
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Topic Contents

• Terms and Definitions
• Scope of Subjects
• Sources of Drugs
• Routes of Drug administration
• Drug standards and Pharmacopoeia
• Pharmacology Textbooks
• Drug nomenclature
• Drug classifications
• Drug development

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What is pharmacology?
Definition

• Greek words of Pharmacology
• pharmakon - drug or poison
• Logos - study of
• The science that deals with
• the fate of drugs in the body and
• (pharmacokinetics)
• their actions on the body
• (pharmacodynamics)

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What is drug ?

• A drug is
• any substances differ from a normal constituent
  of the body or one that is required for normal
  bodily function (e.g. food, water, oxygen) that
• when applied to or introduced into a living
  organism has the effect of altering body
  functions.
• These alterations may
• prove useful in the treatment of disease
  (therapeutic application) or
• it may cause disease (toxicity).

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  ?????
• ??????????? ?????????? (pharmacopoeia)
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• ??????????????

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Scope of Pharmacology

• 3 major aspects of Pharmacology
• Pharmacy
• Pharmaceutical sciences
• Study on drug making
• Pharmacology
• Study on drug disposition and action
• Toxicology
• Study on poison and drug toxicity

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Sub-discipline of Pharmacology

• General or Basic Pharmacology
• Basic principles
• Systemic Pharmacology
• Study of drug groups based on body systems
• Regulatory Pharmacology
• Drug regulations and Laws
• Pharmacognosy
• Study of sources of drugs

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Sub-discipline of Pharmacology

• Pharmacotherapeutics
• Focus on using drugs to treat diseases
• Molecular Pharmacology
• Study of pharmacology at molecular level
• Clinical Pharmacology
• Study of pharmacology in patients
• Metrology
• the science of measurement

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Sub-discipline of Pharmacology

• Posology
• Study on drug dosage
• Pharmacokinetics
• Study on drug movement in the body
• Pharmacodynamics
• Study on drug action in the body
• Pharmacogenetics
• Study on genetic factors
• Comparative Pharmacology
• Comparative study in different species

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Sources of Drugs

• Natural sources
• Carbohydrates
• Glycosides (sugar aglycone)
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Alkaloids
• Volatile oils
• Plant exudates
• Antibiotics, Hormones, Growth factors, Cytokines,
  Vitamins, Toxins

• Synthetic sources
• Natural mimicking
• Natural modification
• Laboratory synthetics

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Route of administrationthe path by which a drug
is taken into the body

• Classification

• Desired effect

• Topical route
• Applied onto the skin or mucous membrane
• Enteral route
• Given into GI tract
• Desired effect is systemic
• Parenteral route
• Usually involve injection
• Desired effect is systemic

• Local effet
• Usually by topical route
• Systemic effect
• Usually by enteral and parenteral

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Route of administration
Topical route Local effect Systemic effect
Epicutaneous /
Transdermal /
Transmucosal /
Nasal /
Inhalational / /
Eye drops /
Ear drops /
Intravaginal /
Intramammary /
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Route of administration
Enteral route Local effect Systemic effect

Oral /
Sublingual /
Buccal /
Rectal /
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Route of administration
Parenteral route Local effect Systemic effect

Subcutaneous /
Intramuscular /
Intravenous /
Intraarterial /
Intraosseous /
Intraperitoneal /
Intrathecal /
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Route of administration
Local injection Local effect Systemic effect
Miscellaneous routes intend for local effect
Epidural /
Subconjunctival /
Intra-articular /
Intravitreal /
Intravesicular /
etc
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Drug Standard

• Pharmacopoeias
• a book containing directions for the
  identification of samples and the preparation of
  compound medicines, and published by the
  authority of a government or a medical or
  pharmaceutical society
• a reference work for pharmaceutical drug
  specifications

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Pharmacopoeias in England

• British Pharmacopoeia (B.P.)
• British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary)
• British Pharmaceutical Codex (B.P.C.)
• British Veterinary Codex (B.Vet.C.)

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Pharmacopoeias in USA

• United States Pharmacopoeias (U.S.P.)
• National Formulary (N.F.)
• New and Non-official Drugs (N.N.D)

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Other Pharmacopoeias

• Codex Francais
• International Pharmacopoeia

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Pharmacopoeias in Thailand?????????????????
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• ?????????????????? ??????? 1, 2
• (Thai Pharmacopoeia)
• ???????????????????? ??????? 1, 2
• (Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia)
• British Pharmacopoeia (B.P.)
• British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary)
• United States Pharmacopoeias (U.S.P.)
• International Pharmacopoeia

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  2
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Pharmacological Textbooks

• Medical Pharmacology Textbooks
• Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of
  Therapeutics, 12th ed.
• Principles of Medical Pharmacology
• Pharmacology Principles and Practice
• Modern Pharmacology with Clinical applications

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Pharmacological Textbooks

• Veterinary Pharmacology Textbooks
• Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9th ed
• Small animal clinical pharmacology and
  therapeutics, 2nd ed by Boothe
• Small animal clinical pharmacology, 2nd ed by
  Maddison
• Plumb, D.C. Veterinary Drug Handbook. 6th ed.

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Drug Nomenclature

• Chemical name
• Non-proprietary or Generic name
• Approved name
• Name not yet in Pharmacopoeias
• Official name
• Drug name in Pharmacopoeias
• Aspirin (U.S.P.), Aspirin (B.P.)
• Common name
• Usually the same as generic name
• Proprietary or Trade or Brand name
• examples
• Rimadyl
• Zeniquin

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Carprofen (Rimadyl?)

• Chemical name
• 6-chloro-a-methyl-9H-carbazole-2-acetic acid
• Generic name
• Carprofen
• Trade name
• Rimadyl

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Marbofloxacin (Zeniquin?)

• Chemical name
• 9-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3- methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-pipe
  razinyl)-7-oxo-7H-pyrido3,2,1-ij4,1,2
  benzoxadiazine- 6-carboxylic acid
• Generic name
• Marbofloxacin
• Trade name
• Zeniquin

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Drug Classification

• Classifications based on Origin
• Natural preparations or Galenicals
• Pure compounds
• Semi-synthetic substances
• Purely synthetic compounds

Galen
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Classifications based on Use

• Classify drugs according to the organ system upon
  which they exert their most prominent actions
• Anesthetic drugs
• Anti-convulsants
• CNS stimulants
• ANS drugs
• Cardiovascular drugs
• Anti-hypertensive agents
• Diuretics
• Muscle relaxants
• Analgesics
• Anti-inflammatory drugs
• Antihistamine

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Evaluation of New Drugs (Drug development)

• Objectives Effective and safe
• Testing in 2 aspects
• Pharmacological profile
• To see if it is effective
• Toxicological profile
• To see if it is not harmful

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Evaluation Processes

• I. Screening Test
• II. Preclinical Test
• III. Clinical Test

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Screening Test

• Thousands of chemicals are screened in laboratory
• Most tests are focused on Pharmacological profile
• Very few chemicals may passed as potential
  candidates

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Preclinical Test

• This step involves mostly with testing in
  laboratory animals
• Testing
• Pharmacological tests
• Toxicological tests

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Preclinical Test

• Pharmacological tests
• Pharmacy
• To find a suitable preparations
• Pharmacokinetics
• To find the right dosage
• Pharmacodynamics
• To understand the mechanism of action

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Preclinical Test

• Toxicological tests
• Acute toxicity test
• Subacute toxicity test
• Subchronic toxicity test
• Chronic toxicity test
• Reproductive toxicity test
• Carcinogenicity test
• Genotoxicity test

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Clinical Test

• This step will be done in targeted populations
• Phase I
• Study in normal people
• Phase II
• Study in small group of sick people
• Phase III
• Study in large group of sick people
• Phase IV
• Post-marketing evaluation