Islamic Civilization

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Islamic Civilization

• Islamname of the religion
• Muslimsomeone who practices Islam

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The Arabian Peninsula

• Very harsh desert environment. Very little water
  
• The people there become very fierce as they
  compete for scarce resources like water

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Villages grow

• Villages grow up around an oasis- places where
  water naturally comes up out of the ground
• Villages along trade routes between Africa, Asia,
  and Europe grow and prosper

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Arabs

• Most people there are nomadic shepherds called
  Bedouins
• Bedouins are polytheistic
• Bedouin people are often called Arabs, especially
  after they cease being nomadic

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Ishmael

• According to legend, the ancestor of the Arabs is
  Ismael, Abrahams illegitimate son by his wifes
  slave
• Arabs therefore claim the same origins as the
  Hebrews

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Muhammad (Mohammed, Muhammad)

• Muhammad is born into this harsh Arab/Bedouin
  culture around 570 AD.
• He is born in Mecca and becomes a wealthy
  merchant
• He is famous for being a wise man and very
  spiritual

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Gabriel visits Muhammad

• One day Muhammad is visited by the angel Gabriel
  who tells him that Muhammad is to be Gods
  prophet
• Gabriel recites the Quran (Koran) to Muhammad to
  memorize since Muhammad is illiterate

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Islams prophets

• Muslims believe that Muhammad is the last
  prophet, but not the only one.
• Previous prophets include all the Jewish and
  Christian prophets like Moses and even Jesus
  (they do not believe he is Gods son)

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Koran (Quran)

• The Quran is Islams holy book. It is
  word-for-word, the words Gabriel told Muhammad to
  learn
• Also is a book of the prophet Muhammads sayings
  called the Hadith and a book detailing his
  actions called the Sunnah.
• Together, these books are the guiding documents
  for Muslims
• BTW, the Quran is written in Arabic, and many
  Muslims believe to truly understand it, you must
  read it in Arabic

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Islam

• Means submission (to God)
• People who practice Islam are called Muslims,
  which means one who submits (to God)

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Five Pillars

• Muslims believe in five core duties as written in
  the Quran

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People of the Book

• Christianity and Judaism are viewed as a
  pre-cursor to Islam
• They are allowed to practice their faith because
  of this, though they are encouraged to convert to
  Islam
• If they do not convert, they must pay a tax
  (jizyah tribute)

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Muslims persecuted

• The small Muslim movement is persecuted from
  Mecca and forced to flee 200 miles to the village
  of Medina (hijira)
• In the year 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca and
  took the city.
• He spared the people there, establishing a
  pattern of treating conquered people with
  tolerance

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Islam spreads

• Islam quickly spread throughout the Arabian
  Peninsula
• Get out your maps
• Label the colored section Islam during
  Muhammads life

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Muhammad dies

• Muhammad died in 632 AD
• In his farewell speech, he warned the Muslim
  community against returning to pre-Islamic
  practices
• However, he did not give instructions for who
  should succeed him as leader
• Masjid-Al-Nabawi Tomb of the Prophet

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Jerusalem

• Among the lands the Muslims conquer are parts of
  the Byzantine Empire- like Jersualem
• Jerusalem is the holiest city in Judaism and
  Christianity
• The oldest and possibly best know mosque in the
  world is the Dome of the Rock. They built it on
  the same hill as the King Solomons Temple- the
  holiest Jewish site.

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Dome of the Rock
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Battle of Tours

• 732 AD a Muslim army comprised of Moors from
  North Africa invaded France
• They were stopped at the Battle of Tours by a
  Frankish general named Charles (later Charles
  Martel)
• The battle is seen as preserving Christianity in
  Europe

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Caliphs

• Muhammads successors, called caliphs, were
  elected
• They worked to expand Islam through conquering
  new territories

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Islam Continues to Spread

• Under Muhammads successors, Islam continued to
  spread, eventually including all the land from
  Spain to the Indus River, and even further east
  to China and Indonesia
• On your map, label this section Extent of Islam

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Islam under the Caliphs
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Ali

• Ali, was Muhammads cousin and son-in-law. He
  became caliph, but was assassinated.

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Umayyad Caliphate

• After the first 4 caliphs, the Umayyad Caliphate
  became the dominant force in Islam
• The Umayyad's moved the capital to Damascus
  (modern Syria) and began to act more like
  European (Byzantine) rulers
• Umayyad Mosque (Great Mosque of Damascus)

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Hussein

• There were some Muslims who believed the
  Umayyads were corrupting Islam
• One of those was Alis son (Muhammads grandson),
  Hussein
• He refused to pay allegiance to the Umayyad.
• At the Battle of Karbala, Hussein was beheaded
• He is a martyr to Shia Muslims

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Shia

• The people who were loyal to Hussein believed
  that the caliph should be a descendent of
  Muhammad
• They are called Shia (Shiite) means Party of
  Ali
• Almost all of them live in South-east Iraq and
  Iran
• Karbala is a holy site to which they pilgrimage
  today

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Sunni

• Those who remained loyal to the Umayyad are
  called Sunni (means Majority)
• Sunni make up over 85 of Muslims today

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Sufism

• The Sufi branch also broke away during the
  Umayyads
• Sufis are generally seen as practicing a mystical
  type of Islam in which they seek to know only
  Allah in all things
• This is a very small, but highly dedicated sect
  of Islam

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Baghdad

• Baghdad became the capital
• The city would eventually have a population of 1
  million at a time when Paris and London counted
  less than 50,000
• Baghdad was the center of learning

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Universities

• One of the earliest universities was founded in
  Baghdad. These centers for learning contributed
  to learning and many new Islamic inventions.

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Mathematic Advances

• Arab scholars made advances in math and astronomy
• They invented Algebra
• And, modern numerals like 1, 2, 3, 4 are Arabic
  inventions

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Medicine

• Muslim physicians contributed to modern medicine
  by discovering the causes of certain diseases
  like Smallpox
• Al Razi, the most famous Muslim physician, even
  realized that patients recover better in clean
  environments

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Preserve classical learning

• Muslim scholars preserved and translated many of
  the Greek and Roman classic texts
• Eventually, as contact with the Christians in
  Western Europe increased, that knowledge would
  pass back to Europe

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Islam Today

• Get out your book to page 283, use the pie charts
  to answer the following questions with your
  group. Turn in your answers.
• How many Muslims are there in the world?
• In which regions are Muslims a majority (more
  than 50) or plurality (more than any other
  group)?
• If Indias population is 1.1 billion, how many
  Muslims live there?
• If the United States population is 3 million,
  how many Muslims live there?

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Masjid-al-Haram (Kabba in center)