Communication and Navigation Systems

1
Communication and Navigation Systems

• Christina DeLorenzo
• Joe Ferrante
• Senior Design
• Team 2
• September 28, 2006

2
Navigation

• If you dont know where youre going how do you
  know when youve gotten there?
• Yes, this is the most important part of the
  aircraft!!!

3
Navigation The essentials

• Sec. 25.1303 - Flight and navigation instruments.
• (a) The following flight and navigation
  instruments must be installed so that the
  instrument is visible from each pilot station
• (1) A free air temperature indicator or an
  air-temperature indicator which provides
  indications that are convertible to free-air
  temperature.
• (2) A clock displaying hours, minutes, and
  seconds with a sweep-second pointer or digital
  presentation.
• (3) A direction indicator (nonstabilized magnetic
  compass).
• (b) The following flight and navigation
  instruments must be installed at each pilot
  station
• (1) An airspeed indicator. If airspeed
  limitations vary with altitude, the indicator
  must have a maximum allowable airspeed indicator
  showing the variation of VMO with altitude.
• (2) An altimeter (sensitive).
• (3) A rate-of-climb indicator (vertical speed).
• (4) A gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator combined
  with an integral slip-skid indicator
  (turn-and-bank indicator) except that only a
  slip-skid indicator is required on large
  airplanes with a third attitude instrument system
  useable through flight attitudes of 360 of pitch
  and roll and installed in accordance with
  121.305(k) of this title.
• (5) A bank and pitch indicator (gyroscopically
  stabilized).
• (6) A direction indicator (gyroscopically
  stabilized, magnetic or nonmagnetic).

4
Navigation
Navigation Aids Frequency's Cost Weight Pro's Con's
VHF Omin-Directional Beacon (VOR) 108-117.95 MHz 3000-5000 4 - 6 lbs accurate to /- 0.35 deg multiple ground stations to cover large areas
Instrument Landing System (ILS) 90Hz, 150Hz, 108-111.975 MHz, 328.6-335.4Mhz 50k-240k 1-13 lbs required for instrument landing sensitive to obstructions, complex/costly ground setup
Non-Directional Beacon (NDB/ADF) 190-535 kHz 5000-10k .5 - 3 lbs small ground footprint required Susceptible to atmospheric and terrain bounce
Distance Measureing Equipment (DME) 1025-1150 MHz 5000 - 20k 2 - 6 lbs accurate to 185m Doesn't account for altitude. Replacing with GPS
Global Positioning System (GPS) 1176 - 1841 MHz 5000 - 18k 3 - 6 lbs accurate to 1m. No ground support required None
Combined Nav/Com system Electronic Flight
Instrument System NDB/ADF units usually
combined with other navaids
5
Radio Communications

• FAR 25.1307 requires
• Two systems for two-way radio communications,
  with controls for each accessible from each pilot
  station, designed and installed so that failure
  of one system will not preclude operation of the
  other system. The use of a common antenna system
  is acceptable if adequate reliability is shown.
• Radios operate from 3KHz-3GHz
• High Frequency (3-30MHz)
• For communicating over 1000 miles or more
• Very High Frequency (30-300 MHz)/Ultra High
  Frequency (300MHz-3 GHz)
• Communicate with things in line of sight
• Control Towers
• Other aircraft
• AN-ARC(210) commonly used (30-512MHz)
• C-17, C-130 use
• LOS or SATCOM
• Weight about 30 lbs.

http//www.rockwellcollins.com/products/gov/defens
e_comm/radio-communications/vhf-uhf/page6876.html
http//www.rockwellcollins.com/products/gov/defens
e_comm/radio-communications/hf/index.html
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Software Defined Radio (SDR)

• Next Generation Tactical Radios
• Joint Tactical Radio Systems (JTRS)
• Voice, Data, Video
• Family of radios for all services
• Interoperable, affordable and scaleable
• Current systems have insufficient bandwidth
• Open system architecture

http//www.rockwellcollins.com/products/gov/defens
e_comm/sdr/jtrs/index.html
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Identification Systems

• Electronic system that helps identify other
  aircraft as friend or foe (IFF)
• FAA requires all aircraft that fly above 10,000
  ft to have IFF
• IFF Transponders have multiple modes
• 1,2,3,A,4,5,C,S
• Modes 1,2,4,5 are military only
• Provides altitude, mission codes, ID codes
• Raytheon AN/APX-100 Transponder used in many
  platforms
• Including C-17, C-130

http//www.raytheon.com/products/apx100_v/
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Common IFF System Specs
AN/APX-100 AN/APX-121 AN/APX-109 CIT
Power (Vdc) 18-30 28 28
Voltage (Watts) 30 50 150
Dimensions (in) (H X W XD ) 5.375 X 5.375 x 8.375 5.375 X 5.12 x 8.375 6.0 X 8.30 X 15.5
Weight (lbs) 10 10 34
Manufacturer Raytheon Northrop Northrop

• IFF Transponders allow military to identify
  friendly forces, multiple systems to identify
  aircraft
• Combined Interrogator/Transponder houses this in
  one system

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Sources

• http//www.rockwellcollins.com/ecat/gs/Communicati
  on_Systems.html?smenu101
• http//www.rockwellcollins.com/products/gov/defens
  e_comm/index.html
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend
  _or_foe
• http//www.dean-boys.com/extras/iff/iffqa.html
• http//www.nsd.es.northropgrumman.com/Automated/pr
  oducts/AN_APX_121_V_Mode_S_Mark_XII_IFF_Transponde
  r.html
• http//www.rockwellcollins.com/ecat/gs/AN_ARC-220.
  htmlN17632
• http//www.nsd.es.northropgrumman.com/Automated/pr
  oducts/APX-109.html
• http//www.raytheon.com/products/apx100_v/
• http//www.honeywell.com/sites/aero/Communication_
  Navigation_Systems.htm
• http//ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cec
  frsid36fd560a49716dba377e730b9a4feddargndiv8v
  iewtextnode143A1.0.1.3.11.6.192.4idno14cce
  cfr
• http//www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Evolution_
  of_Technology/navigation_tech/Tech33.htm
• http//www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary
  /Inertial_Nav_System/DI102.htm
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation
• http//www.nsd.es.northropgrumman.com/Automated/si
  temap/index.html
• http//www.risingup.com/fars/exec/FARsearch.cgi
• http//www.avionix.com/movmap.html
• https//www3.bendixking.com/static/catalog/index.j
  sp
• http//www.gaservingamerica.org/how_work/work_navi
  gation.htm
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_flight_rul
  es