Self-Regulation: core elemets

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Self-Regulation core elemets

• Goal setting
• Intrinsic v. extrinsic
• Action identification / proximal v. distal
• Self-evaluative reactions
• Self-discrepancies
• Affective / motivational responses
• Expectancies for goal-related behavioral
  performance
• Self-efficacy
• Outcome expectancies

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Perceived discrepancies Higgins Model

• Discrepancies between standards and perceived
  self
• Underlie intentions for ongoing / future behavior
• Comprise behavioral standards
• Key element in behavioral comparator

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Higgins model of self-discrepancy
Possible Selves Possible Selves Possible Selves
Actual

Core assumptions
Ought
Ideal
Self - concept
Self - guide Extrinsic motivation
Self - guide Intrinsic motivation

• Self-focused attention
• Multiple sources of discrepancies
• Specific discrepancies ? specific affective
  behavioral outcomes.
• Construct availability stable schema, individual
  differences
• Construct accessibility situational access to
  construct transient affective state
• Rational operator
• Action identification theory
• Range of high ?? low level action identification

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Actual / own ?? Ideal / own
Possible Selves Possible Selves Possible Selves
Actual


Ought
Ideal

• Perceived external norms standards
• Lower action identification more behavioral /
  procedural
• Extrinsic source of self-discrepancies

• Internal standards
• High action identification end states, ultimate
  goals.
• Intrinsic self-discrepancies

Own
Other / social
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Goal discrepancies motivation
Actual ?? Ought Actual ?? Ideal
Modest discrepancy Extrinsic motivation for goals Intrinsic motivation for goals
Strong discrepancy Depression, helplessness Guilt, anxiety
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Higgins basic discrepancy ?? affect link
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Actual / own ?? Ideal / own
Ought Actual Ideal
Own
Other / social

• Goals
• Intrinsically motivated
• High persistence
• Perceived discrepancy
• Disappointment, dissatisfaction.
• Approach outcome Enhanced motivation /
  persistence

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Actual / own ?? Ideal / other
Ought Actual Ideal
Own
Other / social

• Goals
• Mixed extrinsic / intrinsic
• Moderate persistence
• Perceived discrepancy
• Dejection, shame, anticipated disappointment
• Discrepancy x self-efficacy interaction

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Perceived discrepancy x expectancies
Efficacy (or outcome) expectancies
Low accessibility of actual ?? ideal discrepancy
High accessibility of actual ?? ideal discrepancy
Withdrawal, avoidant coping
Task persistence, approach coping
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Actual / own ?? Ought / other
Ought Actual Ideal
Own
Other / social

• Goals
• Wholly extrinsic motivation
• Low persistence, low resistance to barriers
• Perceived discrepancy
• Fear, perceived threat, resentment (?)
• Avoidance

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Actual / own ?? Ought / own
Ought Actual Ideal
Own
Other / social

• Goals
• Introjected motivation
• Moderate persistence
• Perceived discrepancy
• Guilt, self-contempt
• Lowering of standards?

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Self-regulation elements 1. Goal setting

• Stable action schema or script
• Abelson automatic behavioral scripts
• Goals as preferences Ajzen attitude models
• Goals and Action Identification
• Higher-order identification generalized values
• Lower-order ID concrete behaviors
• Houston shifts in ID to serve self-regulation

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Goals, 2 Action Identifications
High
Low

• Abstract longer-term, end states
• Difficult to monitor slow-moving non-specific
• Typically approach oriented / positive
  affect.
• Concrete immediate, behavioral intentions
• Specific, easier to monitor
• Mix of approach avoidant ( - affect).

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Self-regulation Basic cybernetic frame
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Behavioral Comparator
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Self-regulation Basic cybernetic frame
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Behavioral Comparator

• Other input variables
• Social norms Cultural values
• Distal Personal goals / Possible selves
• Proximal Concrete end-states, do goals
• Health behavior
• perceived vulnerability
• cues to action

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Self-regulation Basic cybernetic frame
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Behavioral Comparator

• Other input variables
• Attitude change / formation
• Social norms values
• Ought Ideal selves

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Self-regulation Basic cybernetic frame
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Behavioral Comparator

• Other input variables
• Outcome expectancies
• Self-efficacy expectancies
• Action identification
• High level / general
• Concrete / specific

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Self-regulation Basic cybernetic frame
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Behavioral Comparator

• Other input variables
• Real effects on environment
• Nature of outcomes
• Long-term v. short-term
• Abstract v. concrete
• Approach v. avoidant

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Self-regulation Basic cybernetic frame
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Behavioral Comparator

• Other input variables
• Dispositional self-awareness (monitoring v.
  blunting)
• Coping style vis-a-vis negative affect
• Approach / instrumental
• Avoidant / affective / escape

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Self-regulation Basic cybernetic frame
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Behavioral Comparator

• Other input variables
• Correspondence of action identifications
• Attractor (approach) v. Repeller (avoidant)
  goal
• Positive feedback loops more salient, detectable
  motivating
• Negative feedback loops less clearly observable,
  less motivating

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Potential self-regulation failures
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Behavioral Comparator

• Loose linkage between attitude / intention ?
  behavior
• Role of habit / automaticity, contextual
  constraints
• Social network press for behavioral consistency
• Ambivalence affective attraction of concrete bad
  behavior
• versus pallid, high-level action
  identification of being good

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Potential self-regulation failure, 2
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Behavioral Comparator

• Clarity specificity of behavioral standards
• Concreteness specificity of behavioral plans
• Extrinsic v. intrinsic motivation standards
• Extrinsic standards / goals ? behavioral
  initiation
• Intrinsic standards ? behavioral maintenence

• Correspondence of action identifications
• High level action identifications (an ideal
  self)
• versus
• Initiation of concrete (low level) behaviors.

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Potential self-regulation failure, 3
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Behavioral Comparator

• Quality amount of feedback
• Frequency visibility of target behaviors
• Availability of feedback from others
• Simple attention, memory capacity

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Potential self-regulation failure, 4
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Behavioral Comparator

• Effortful self-awareness of behavior
• Automaticity of target behavior Monitoring is
• Productive for initiating behaviors
• Disruptive for automatic behaviors
• Effortful monitoring ? Coping fatigue,
  generally aversive
• Tediousness of formal monitoring

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Potential self-regulation failure, 5
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Behavioral Comparator

• Quality nature of comparison
• Self-focused attention as prerequisite for
  comparator
• Clarity specificity of behavioral standards
• Cognitive avoidance of hot information (i.e.,
  failure)

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Potential self-regulation failure, 6
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Under what conditions are self-discrepancies
motivating or amotivating?
Behavioral Comparator

• Negative actual v. ought or ideal
  comparisons
• Actual versus ought ? anxiety, shame ?
  avoidance
• ideal ? depression ? amotivation
• Self-efficacy behavioral change versus avoidance
• Self-regulatory resource models

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Potential self-regulation failure, 7
Behavioral intentions
Actual behavior
Available feedback
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Behavioral Comparator

• Lowering standards in the face of failure
• Motivated downward comparison processes
• What the hell / giving up phenomenon
• Cognitive escape / defensive self-evaluation

Critical interaction with self-efficacy
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Approach Avoidance conflicts

• Kurt Lewin, Dollard Miller
• Approach or avoidance of a goal (or state..) have
  drive states or strengths
• The strength of a drive increases as the animal
  gets closer to the goal
• Avoidance gradients are steeper than are approach
  gradients
• Negative information is more salient
• Pain / avoidance / fear is a stronger motivator
  than positive affect
• As long as one drive predominates action follows.
• People can have gt1 gradient
• If no drive is predominant ? state of equilibrium
  
• Resolving equilibrium requires a shift in goals
  or self-awareness

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Approach gradient
Single motive toward a goal, thus no conflict /
reliable behavioral outcome
Drive strength
Near Far Distance from goal
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Avoidance gradient
Also single motive
Drive strength
Near Far Distance from goal
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Two Approach Goals
Two conflicting goals, but gradients differ
enough that conflict is resolved, no equilibrium
state
Drive strength
Near Far Distance from goal
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Two Behavioral GoalsApproach Approach Conflict
Approach gradients cross as the subject gets
closer to the goals. Resulting equilibrium
requires shift in goal strengths.
Drive strength
Near Far Distance from goal
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Approach Avoidance Conflict

• Single goal with both approach avoidance
  gradients.
• Approach motives (positive conceptualizations)
  more salient to distant abstract goals.
• Avoidance (concern over negative consequences) is
  more salient to more proximal concrete goals.

Drive strength

• Resolving equilibrium
• Not think response
• Change salience of or information
• Value attitude congruence frame concrete
  behavior in terms of higher-order goal.

Near Far Distance from goal
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Self-efficacySources of efficacy judgments

• Feedback re behavioral subgoals (Cf Karoly,
  Carver models)
• Sub-goals concrete, specific ? discernable
  feedback
• Attitude change Behavior ? attitude
• Guided mastery interventions
• Modeling
• Bandura Walters
• Coping model gtgt Mastery model
• Controls resources gt rewarded gt simple
  performance
• Similarity of model to participant Peer-based
  interventions
• Social persuasion
• Normative / personal information
• Social network mechanism?
• Feedback post performance gt simple attitude
  change
• Interpretation of somatic information
• E.g., fear of fear
• Cognitive representation of disease
• Miller C-SHIP model Rx to hot disease or
  physical information

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Perceived control and stress

• Averill, types of control
• Behavioral
• Brown Bereavement ? stress ? mortality
• Learned helplessness
• Decisional
• Singer stress Rx perceived controllability
• Interpretative
• Taylor search for meaning coping w/cancer
• Hopelessness depression
• Predictive
• DV literature / Averill data predictability gtgt
  aversiveness

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Relapse prevention self-efficacy