Ancient Historical Egypt

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Ancient Historical Egypt

• Pre-dynastic Egypt(5500-3100 BC)
• Ennead (Nine Gods)
• Ra (Re), Amun
• Tefnut, Shu
• Nut, Geb

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Pre-dynastic Egypt(5500-3100 BC)

• Ennead (continued)
• Osiris
• Isis
• Seth
• Nephthys
• Horus

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Gift of the Nile

• Fertile Silt
• Available Water
• Multiple Harvests
• Akhet July-October
• Peret November-February
• Shemu March-June

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White and Blue Nile
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Domestication

• Walled city _at_ Naqada 3600 BC
• Pets-cats

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Natural Defenses

• Deserts
• Cataracts
• Nomadic Tribes

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Last Pre-dynastic Period(3400-3100 BC)

• Northern (Lower) Egypt
• Nile Delta
• Land of Papyrus
• Southern (Upper) Egypt
• Nile Valley
• Land of Reeds
• Distinct ecologies, gods, pottery

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Early Dynastic Period(3100-2650 BC)

• Manetho commissioned by Ptolemy II
• Narmer (Menes)
• Narmer Palette no perspective, sizeimportance
• Hieraconpolis (Horus) and Naqada (Seth)
• Memphis
• Capital of Unified Egypt
• Juncture between Valley and Delta

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Narmer Palette
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Early Dynastic Period(continued)

• Burial Customs
• Mud-brick Chambers
• More Elaborate
• Embalming _at_ Abydos, also _at_ Saqq ara

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Old Kingdom(2650-2152 BC)

• King-Divine Heir of Sun God (Ra)
• White Crown Upper Egypt (south)
• Red Crown Lower Egypt (north)
• Kings Wife-One who unites (Ra impregnates)
• Royal Court
• Afterlife
• Kings Ka goes to Ra
• Officials accompany King for service

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White Crown, Red Crown
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Double Crown, Nemes
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Third Dynasty(2675-2625 BC)

• Mastabas
• King Djoser
• Step Pyramid _at_ Saqqara
• First large stone monument in history
• House of Eternity
• One of 70 extant pyramids
• Imhotep Architect and God

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Fourth Dynasty (2625-2500 BC)

• Sneferu
• Khufu (Cheops) Great Pyramid
• Khafre (Chephren) middle Giza pyramid, with some
  casing on top appears slightly higher than Great
  Pyramid
  
• Menkaure (Mycerinus) Third Giza Pyramid

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Giza Pyramid Complex
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Khafre (Chefren)Pyramid and Complex
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Fifth Dynasty (2465-2323 BC)

• Cult of Sun God Ra
• Temple building
• Priestly class
• Sun Temples, Obelisks
• Provincial Nobles
• Kings authority declines
• Judged on own merit, direct to Osiris

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First Intermediate Period(2150-2040 BC)

• Drought, raids?
• Heracleopolis
• Heirs to Memphite kings
• Thebes (Luxor)
• Southern expansion to Nubia (Sudan)
• Power Struggle for Two Egypts?

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Middle Kingdom(2040-1759 BC)

• 2007-1956 BC
• 1938-1909 BC
• Stability and Expansion
• Fayum-oasis, perfume?
• Nubia-gold, copper, semi-precious stones, exotic
  animals
  
• Expeditions Asia, Crete

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Middle Kingdom(continued)

• Ethic of Maat
• Harmony through justice
• Right living
• Writing
• Administrative-hieratic
• Religious-hieroglyphic
• Religion Ra, Amun, Osiris (judge)

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New Kingdom(1539-1075 BC)

• Thutmose (Tutmoses) III
• Nice Tomb choice
• Hatshepsut (1479-1458)
• Daughter of Thutmose I
• Wife of Thutmose II
• Deir el-Bahri
• Thutmose IV

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Art Menkaure 2520 BC
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Art Akhenaten 1340 BC
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New Kingdom(continued)

• Ramesses II (the Great)
• Ramesses III - unfinished tomb
• Ramesses IV tomb was home to Champollion
• Cleopatra VII first of Ptolemys to speak
  Egyptian dialect, alliance with Julius Caesar