Basic Research Needs Workshops

1
Basic Research Needs Workshops
Superconductivity Solid State
Lighting Basic Energy Sciences Advisory
Committee Meeting February 16, 2006 Harriet
Kung
Basic Energy Sciences Serving the Present,
Shaping the Future
http//www.sc.doe.gov/bes/
2
Energy Security - The Terawatt Challenge

• Fossil fuels provide about 85 of the worlds
  energy. Although fossil reserves may last for
  another 100 years, we must seek alternative
  energy sources because
• The largest reserves petroleum, reside in
  politically unstable regions of the world.
• The production and release of CO2 pose the risk
  of climate change/global warming

Current World Energy Demand 13 TW, could double
by 2050 triple by 2100
3
BES Energy Security Plan
Considering the urgency of the energy problem,
the magnitude of the needed scientific
breakthroughs, and the historic rate of
scientific discovery, current efforts will likely
be too little, too late. Accordingly, BESAC
believes that a new national energy research
program is essential and must be initiated with
the intensity and commitment of the Manhattan
Project, and sustained until this problem is
solved.
Workshop October 21-25, 2002 Report March 2003
Follow-on focused workshops seek to define the
basic research needed to overcome both short-term
technology showstoppers and long-term scientific
grand challenges.
4
A Comprehensive Decades-to-Century Energy
Security Plan
Research for a Secure Energy Future Supply,
Distribution, Consumption, and Carbon Management
Decision Science and Complex Systems Science
Carbon Energy Sources
No-net-carbon Energy Sources
Carbon Management
Energy Consumption
Distribution/Storage
Energy Conservation, Energy Efficiency, and
Environmental Stewardship
Nuclear Fission
Coal
CO2 Sequestration
Transportation
Electric Grid
Nuclear Fusion
Petroleum
Geologic
Buildings
Electric Storage
Terrestrial
Natural Gas
Industry
Hydrogen
Oceanic
Carbon Recycle
Alternate Fuels
Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,
Global Climate Change Science
BASIC ENERGY SCIENCESServing the Present,
Shaping the Future
5
Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage,
and UseMay 13-15, 2003

• Workshop Chair Millie Dresselhaus (MIT)
• Co-Chairs George Crabtree (ANL)
• Michelle Buchanan (ORNL)

Breakout Sessions Hydrogen Production Tom
Mallouk, PSU Laurie Mets, U. Chicago Hydrogen
Storage and Distribution Kathy Taylor, GM
(retired) Puru Jena, VCU Fuel Cells and Novel
Fuel Cell Materials Frank DiSalvo, Cornell
Tom Zawodzinski, CWRU
High priority research areas as identified by the
workshop report - Novel Materials for Hydrogen
Storage - Membranes for Separation,
Purification, and Ion Transport - Design of
Catalysts at the Nanoscale - Solar Hydrogen
Production - Bio-Inspired Materials and
Processes
Report August 2003
6
Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization
Workshop April 21-24, 2005
Workshop Chair Nate Lewis, Caltech Co-chair
George Crabtree, ANL
Panel Chairs Solar Electric Art Nozik (NREL)
Solar Fuels Michael Wasielewski (Northwestern)
Crosscutting Solar Thermal Paul Alivisatos
(LBNL)
Plenary Speakers J. Mazer, DOE/EERE M.
Hoffert, NYU T. Feist, GE
200 attendees - universities, national labs,
industry, Federal agencies and foreign scientists
Workshop Charge To identify basic research needs
and opportunities in solar electric, fuels,
thermal and related areas, with a focus on new,
emerging and scientifically challenging areas
that have the potential for significant impact in
science and technologies.
7
BES Solar Energy Utilization Workshop Report
Sunlight is a compelling solution to our need
for clean, abundant sources of energy in the
future. Huge gap between our present use of solar
energy and its enormous undeveloped potential
defines a grand challenge in energy research.
Much of the researchers optimism is based on
the continuing, rapid worldwide progress in
nanoscience and molecular biology.  Powerful new
methods of nanoscale fabrication,
characterization, and simulation - using tools
that were not available as little as five years
ago - create new opportunities for understanding
and manipulating the molecular and electronic
pathways of solar energy conversion.  Additional
optimism arises from impressive strides in
molecular biology that will soon bring the
secrets of photosynthesis and natural
bio-catalysis into sharp focus.
Workshop April 2005 Report July 2005
http//www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/SEU_rpt.pd
f
8
Basic Research Needs for Superconductivity
Workshop
Research for a Secure Energy Future Supply,
Distribution, Consumption, and Carbon Management
Decision Science and Complex Systems Science
Carbon Energy Sources
No-net-carbon Energy Sources
Carbon Management
Energy Consumption
Distribution/Storage
Energy Conservation, Energy Efficiency, and
Environmental Stewardship
Nuclear Fission
Coal
CO2 Sequestration
Transportation
Electric Grid
Nuclear Fusion
Petroleum
Geologic
Buildings
Electric Storage
Terrestrial
Natural Gas
Industry
Hydrogen
Oceanic
Carbon Recycle
Alternate Fuels
Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,
Global Climate Change Science
BASIC ENERGY SCIENCESServing the Present,
Shaping the Future
9
Superconductivity Frontier of Discovery-Class
Science
Giaver Josephson
Müller Bednorz
Abrikosov Ginzburg Leggett
BCS
Onnes
Cuprate HTS Müller Bednorz
Bardeen Cooper Schreiffer theory
Discovery Hg Onnes
Josephson tunneling
Meissner Ochsenfeld
Ginzburg Landau
Abrikosov vortices
NaCoO2 H2O
MgB2
1911
1933
1950
1957
1986
2001
2003
1957
1962
microscopic theory phonon pairing
layered metals exotic pairing vortex
melting glasses/dynamics
two gaps
phenomenology
water as a structural element
transport
thermodynamics
electrodynamics flux patterns
(Courtesy of G. Crabtree)
10
Superconductivity Use-inspired Research for
Energy Applications
Energy Distribution Electricity losses in the
grid account for gt10 of all electricity
generated. Transmission limitations increase
blackout risks. Superconductors can transmit
electricity with near perfect efficiency and much
higher capacity.
5-MW superconductor motor
Energy Production and Consumption
70 smaller lighter than conventional motors
with all cooling systems figured in
Superconducting materials provide higher
efficiency in performance, size/weight reduction
and better voltage regulation for power
generators and motors for transportation needs.
HTS generators 1/2 to 2/3 the losses of a
conventional generator retain high efficiency
down to 5 of the rated load
(Courtesy of G. Crabtree)
11
BES Superconductivity Workshop Chairs and Charge
Chair Dr. John Sarrao Los Alamos National
Laboratory
Co-Chair Dr. Wai-Kwong Kwok Argonne National
Laboratory
Workshop Charge To identify basic research needs
and opportunities in high temperature
superconductivity with a focus on new, emerging,
and scientifically challenging areas that have
the potential to have significant impact in
science and energy relevant technologies,
including electricity transmission and electric
grid.
12
BES Superconductivity Workshop Breakout Panels
and Sub-panels
Fundamental Material Issues Ivan Bozovic
(Brookhaven)

• Improving known superconductors
• Novel fabrication/manipulations
• Technologically relevant synthesis
• Engineering current

Physical Phenomena Seamus Davis (Cornell)
Leonardo Civale (LANL)

• Underlying mechanisms and their observable
  manifestations
• Vortex phenomenology
• Emerging tools

Cross-Cutting Theory Igor Mazin (NRL)

• Mechanisms, conventional and unconventional
• Computational superconductivity
• Translating fundamentals to applications

Applications Dave Christen (ORNL)

• Disruptive Technologies
• Smart and fast-reacting grid
• Magnet applications

(DRAFT)
13
BES Superconductivity Workshop Key Dates
2005 October Workshop planning 2005
December Finalize Charge and Chairs 2006
January Panel chairs and structure 2006
February Technology Office briefing panelist
invitations 2006 March-April Technology
Perspective draft 2006 May 8-10 Workshop 2006
June-July Workshop draft Report 2006
August Release final Workshop Report
14
BES Superconductivity Workshop Logistics
Workshop Date May 8-10, 2006 Location
Sheraton National Hotel, Arlington,
VA (shuttle service to Pentagon City Metrorail
Station)
Plenary Speakers Paul Chu (Houston/Hong
Kong) George Crabtree (ANL) ZX Shen (Stanford)
Mike Norman (ANL) Alex Malozemoff (AMSC) DOE
Technology Program Overview Dr. James Daley
(DOE/OE) BES Coordinator Jim Horwitz
BESAC members are welcome to attend.
15
Basic Research Needs for Solid State Lighting
Workshop
Research for a Secure Energy Future Supply,
Distribution, Consumption, and Carbon Management
Decision Science and Complex Systems Science
Carbon Energy Sources
No-net-carbon Energy Sources
Carbon Management
Energy Consumption
Distribution/Storage
Energy Conservation, Energy Efficiency, and
Environmental Stewardship
Nuclear Fission
Coal
CO2 Sequestration
Transportation
Electric Grid
Nuclear Fusion
Petroleum
Geologic
Buildings
Electric Storage
Terrestrial
Natural Gas
Industry
Hydrogen
Oceanic
Carbon Recycle
Alternate Fuels
Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,
Global Climate Change Science
BASIC ENERGY SCIENCESServing the Present,
Shaping the Future
16
Lighting is a Large Fraction of Energy
Consumption
Efficiencies of Energy Technologies in
Buildings Heating 70-80 Electrical Motors
85-95 Incandescent Lighting
5 Fluorescent Lighting 25 Metal Halide
Lighting 30
Lighting consumes 20 of U.S electricity and yet
has very low efficiency
Basic Energy Sciences Serving the Present,
Shaping the Future
17
Solid State Lighting Semiconductor-Based
Lighting Technology
Inorganic Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)

• III-V semiconductors-based device
• High brightness point sources
• Potential high efficiency long lifetime

• Organic semiconductors-based device
• Large area diffuse sources
• Thin and flexible
• Ease of fabrication

Current LEDs are predominantly in mono-chrome or
niche applications. High brightness, broad-band
white light is needed for general illumination
applications.
18
Solid State Lighting Offers Great Potential for
Energy Savings
2020 Target 50
25 - 30
25
5

• 50 conversion efficiency (200 lm/W) in SSL in
  2025 could lead to
• Reduced electricity consumption (525 TW-hr/Yr)
  and cost (35 B/Yr)
• Decrease in new power plant needs (75 GW) and CO2
  emission (87 Mtons)
• Ref J.Y. Tsao, Laser Focus World, May 2003
  and references therein

19
BES Solid State Lighting Workshop Chairs and
Charge
Chair Dr. Julia Phillips Sandia National
Laboratories
Co-Chair Dr. Paul Burrows Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory
Workshop Charge To identify basic research needs
and opportunities underlying light emitting diode
and related technologies, with a focus on new or
emerging science challenges with potential for
significant long-term impact on energy-efficient
and productivity-enhancing solid state lighting.
Highlighted areas will include organic and
inorganic materials and nanostructure physics and
chemistry, photon manipulation, wavelength
down/up conversion, and novel materials and
approaches.
20
BES SSL Workshop Breakout Panels and Sub-panels
LED Science Robert Davis (CMU) Jerry Simmons
(SNL)
LED synthesis and properties Carrier transport,
injection, doping and recombination Light
extraction and stimulated emission Wavelength
conversion and color mixing Materials packaging
issues
OLED Science George Malliaras (Cornell) Franky
So (U Florida)
OLED synthesis and properties Carrier energetics,
injection and transport Photo-physics Device
architectures and light management
Cross-Cutting and Novel Materials/Optical
Physics Jim Misewich (BNL), Arto Nurmikko
(Brown) Darryl Smith (LANL)
Materials interfaces and new materials
systems Electronic excitations, dynamics and
energetics Photon manipulation and
management Tools for solid-state lighting
research (theoretical and experimental)
(DRAFT)
21
BES SSL Workshop Key Dates
2005 October Workshop planning start 2005
December Charge and Chairs 2006
January Panel chairs, date and location 2006
February Panel structure and panelist
invitations 2006 March Technology Office
briefing 2006 April Technology Perspective
draft 2006 May 22-24 Workshop 2006
June-July Workshop Report full draft 2006
August Release final Workshop Report
22
BES Solid State Lighting Workshop Logistics
Workshop Date May 22-24, 2006 Location
Marriott Bethesda, Pooks Hill, Washington DC
(Shuttle service between hotel and Red Line -
Medical Center Station) Proposed Program May
22 AM Plenary Opening Session May 22 PM
May 23 PM Breakout Panel Discussions May 24
AM Plenary Closing Session May 24 PM May
25 Report Writing by Core Group
Plenary Speakers LED Perspective George
Craford (LumiLeds) OLED Perspective Alan
Heeger (UCSB) DOE/EERE SSL Program Overview Jim
Brodrick (DOE/EERE) BES Coordinator Jeff Tsao
BESAC members are welcome to attend.
23
Workshop Output

• The workshop output will be a concise and
  authoritative report suitable for wide
  distribution.
• Report will be published within three months
  after workshop.
• The format of the report should follow those of
  the hydrogen and solar workshop reports. A
  tentative outline is
• -- Executive Summary and Conclusions
• -- Introduction
• Overviews of Technology Challenges, Science
  Challenges and Knowledge Gaps, Panel Reports
• -- Basic Research Grand Challenges
• -- Report from Panel 1
• -- Report from Panel 2
• -- Report from Cross-Cutting Panel
• -- Appendix 1 Technology Perspective (Overview,
  Potential, Challenges)
• -- Appendix 2 Workshop Agenda, Attendees, etc.