III' Report Documentation:

1
III. Report Documentation

• 1.     Use of quotations It is possible to write
  a paper without using any direct quotations.
  There are, however, some cases in which direct
  quotations are called for
• If your subject is a literary one, you would, of
  course, want to represent the style of the
  author. Indeed, your purpose might demand an
  analysis of certain passages in the work. In that
  case, you certainly must quote the passages that
  you intend to discuss its detail.

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Use of quotations

• If the original is so perfectly stated that much
  of its value is in the way it is worded, you may
  want to quote the original.
• If your source has made a statement which is so
  outrageous or controversial that readers of your
  paper might question whether you have represented
  the idea correctly, quote the original statement.
  When you bring in quotations from your sources,
  you strengthen your argument youre saying, Not
  only do I think this is true, but here are some
  reliable experts who think so too. (Kilian 116)

3
Use of quotations

• When you use direct quotations, make every effort
  you can to work the quotation into your own
  statement. It will be obvious that you are
  quoting, but the flow of your sentence should not
  be affected by the quotation.1)      If the
  introductory words form a complete sentence, use
  a colon or a period e.g. J. Jackson was
  emphatic We can afford no liberties with
  liberty itself.
• Oliver Wendell Homes drew greatly on
  common sense and life itself in his treatises on
  the law. The life of the law has not been
  logic, he wrote, it has been experience.

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Use of quotations

• 2) If the introductory words do not form a
  complete sentence, imagine that the quote itself
  is the rest of the sentence and punctuate
  accordingly e.g. As Jerome Frank said, Rules
  we must have.

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Use of quotations

• 3)    Sometimes no punctuation is needed.
• e.g. Habeas corpus is said to be the best and
  only sufficient defence of personal freedom.
•  

6
Use of quotations

• Long quotations (generally speaking, those of
  more than four lines each) should be set off by
  themselves. The quoted matter should be blocked.
  When you block a quotation, you should not use
  quotation marks. That the material is blocked
  means that it is a long direct quotation.

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e.g.

• According to Forster, Long
  was but a foretaste of this nomadic
• civilization which is altering human
  nature so
• profoundly, and throws upon personal
  relations
• a stress greater than they have ever
  borne
• before. Under cosmopolitanism, if it
  comes, we
• shall receive no help from the earth.
  Trees and
• meadows and mountains will only be a
  spectacle,
• and the binding force that they once
  exercised on
• character must be entrusted to Love
  alone. May
• Love be equal to the task!

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Use of quotations

• 5) Ending the quotation with commas and periods
  inside the quotation marks.
• e.g. The intent was to defraud, she admitted.
• His voice was firm The issue is
  disability.

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2. Avoiding plagiarism

• When you take facts or ideas from someone else,
  you must credit the source by footnoting or
  endnoting the material or using the in-text
  citation
• Plagiarism is the use of facts, opinions, and
  language taken from another writer without
  acknowledgement.
• Plagiarism is theft or cheating a person has
  another person write the paper or simply steals a
  magazine article or section of a book and
  pretends to have produced a piece of original
  writing.

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Far more common is plagiarism in dribs and drabs

• a sentence here and there, a paragraph here and
  there
• Unfortunately, small-time theft is still theft,
  and small-time plagiarism is still plagiarism.

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For your own safety and self-respect, remember
the following rules

• The language in your paper must either by your
  own or a direct quote from the original author.
• Changing a few words or phrases from another
  writers work is not enough to make the writing
  your own. Remember Rule. 1) The writing is
  either your own or the other persons there are
  no in-betweens.
• Notes acknowledge that the facts or opinions in
  your paper come from another writer. If the
  language comes from another writer, quotation
  marks are necessary in addition to a note. 

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3. Documentation

• In academic writing, two styles of documentation
  have become standard the Modern Languages
  Association (MLA) system and the American
  Psychological Association (APA) system. The MLA
  system is common in the humanities (literary
  criticism, the arts, and so forth), while APA is
  the usual format for documentation in the natural
  sciences and social sciences. Both use
  parenthetical documentation, citing the source
  right in the text, but they have slight
  differences. 

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MLA style

• As we are English students, and the papers we are
  going to write are about the English language,
  literary criticism etc., which belong to the area
  of the humanities. So we use MLA style in our
  thesis writing. Therefore we only look at MLA
  style here.

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1) MLA citation style

• When we quote, paraphrase, or summarize
  material, follow it with a citation in
  parentheses containing the authors last name (or
  short title if the work is anonymous) plus the
  page number. When the quotation or paraphrase is
  part of your text, this citation appears before
  the closing period and has no internal
  punctuation.

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For example

• According to one observer, Combatants
  use language ranging from the crude to the
  libellous (Kilian 18). Other participants enjoy
  the no-holds-barred disputes. In the words of one
  veteran debater, Flame wars are an acceptable
  price to pay for the freedom of speech (Savage
  144).

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blocked quotations

• If a quotation will take more than four typed
  lines, you should indent it, setting it off from
  the rest of the text with wider margins. In this
  case, the citation is two spaces outside the
  closing period.

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e.g.

• Here are some general guidelines
• You will waste all the energy you
  put into
• writing your report if your readers dont
  
• believe you. Everything hinges on your
  credibility,
• and your credibility in turn hinges on
  how well you
• use your sources. In any research report
  that uses
• other peoples findings, you much show
  what is your
• own work and what belongs to your
  sources.
• Otherwise you run the risk of plagiarism,
  or at least
• of undermining your credibility. (Kilian
  113)

18
If you mention the authors name in your own
text, all you need is the page number.

• e.g. According to Kilian, you should remember
  that you are using your sources to make your own
  points, not just to parrot what experts have said
  (113).

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2) Bibliography/ Reference / Works Cited

• These citations will lead your reader to a
  reference in the Works Cited section at the end
  of your report. This reference is normally listed
  alphabetically by the authors last name.

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Bibliography (A book with one author)

• In citing a book, the three basic parts are
• Author (the last name first,followed by a
  period),
• title (italicized or underlined, followed by a
  period),
• publication information (city publisher, year of
  publication, followed by a period),
• e.g.
• Kilian, Crawford. 2020 Visions The Futures of
  Canadian Education. Vancouver Arsenal Pulp
  Press, 1995.

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Bibliography (A book with two authors)

• Only the name of the first author is
  inverted. The order of the names is the same as
  that on the title page.
• e.g.
• Danziger, MarliesK., and W. Stacy Johnson. An
• Introduction to Literary Criticism.
  Boston
• D.C. Heath and Company, 1961.

22
Bibliography (A book with three or more authors)

• Only the name of the first author is given,
  and it is followed by and others or the
  notation et al. The name given is the first name
  that appears on the title page.
• e.g.
• Bellah, Robert N., and others. Habits of the
  Heart
• Individualism and Commitment in American
  
• Life. New York Harper Row,
• Publishers,1985.

23
Bibliography (A book with three or more authors)

• Bellah, Robert N., et al. Habits of the Heart
• Individualism and Commitment in American
  
• Life. New York Harper Row,
• Publishers,1985.

24
Bibliography (A book with an editor)

• The editor collected several documents about a
  famous murder case. No authors are given, and the
  editors name is listed before the title.
• Kallsen, Loren J., ed. The Kentucky Tragedy A
  Problem in Romantic Attitudes. Indianapolis The
  Bobbs Merrill Company, Inc. , 1963.

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Bibliography (A translated work)

• Boll, Heinrich, End of a Mission. Trans. Leila
• Vennewitz. New York McGraw-Hill Book
• Company, 1974.
• If the translates work rather the original
  text is under discussion, put the translators
  name first.
• Ciardi, John, trans. The Purgatorio. By Dunte.
• New York New American Library, 1961.

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Bibliography (Two or more books by the same
author)

• To cite two or more books by the same author,
  give the name in the first entry only.
  Thereafter, in place of the name, type three
  hyphens, followed by a period and the title. The
  three hyphens stand for exactly the same name as
  in the preceding entry. If the person named
  edited, translated, or compiled the book, place a
  comma (not a period ) after the three hyphens,
  and write the appropriate abbreviation (ed.,
  trans., or comp. ) before giving the title.

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e.g.

• Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism Four
• Essays. Princeton Princeton UP, 1957.
• ---, ed. Design for Learning Reports Submitted
  to
• the Joint Committee of the Toronto Board of
  
• Education and the University of Toronto.
• Toronto U of Toronto P, 1962.
• ---. The Double Vision Language and Meaning in
• Religion. Toronto U of Toronto P, 1991.
• ---, ed. Sound and Poetry. New York Columbia UP,
  1957.

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• If the same person served as, say, the editor
  of two or more works listed consecutively, the
  abbreviation ed. Must be repeated with each
  entry. This sort of label does not affect the
  order in which entries appear works listed under
  the same name are alphabetized by title.

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Bibliography (A magazine)

• In citing a magazine article, you should also
  provide the author, title of the article in
  quotation marks, and magazine information
  including volume, year, and the first and last
  page numbers of the article.
• e.g. Kilian, Crawford, In Defence of Esther
  Surmmerson. Dalbousie Review 54 (1974) 318-328

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Bibliography (A newspaper)

• Kilian, Crawford. Why a BA May Not Pay. Globe
• Mail 13 October 1994 A9
• Athe section of the paper

31
Bibliography (A book by a Chinese author)

• Yuan Ke ??. Zhonguao Gudai Shenhua
  ??????(Ancient Chinese Mythology). Shanghai
  Shangwu, 1957.

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Bibliography (Online book)

• For citation to books available online,
  include all available information required for
  printed books, followed by the date of access and
  the URL.
• Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. 1846. 16 Mar. 1998
  
• ltgopher//gopher.vt.edu10010/02/50/1gt
• Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. An Online Library of
  
• Literature. Ed. Peter Galbavy. 22 Apr.
  1998. 23 June
• 1998 lthttp//www.
• literature.org/Works/Mary.Shelley/frankens
  teingt.

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Bibliography (Article in an online periodical)

• Coontz, Stephanie. Family Myths. Family
  Realities. Salon 12 Dec. 1997. 3 Feb. 1998
  lthttp//www.salonmagazine.com/mwt/feature/1997/12/
  23coontz.htmlgt.

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Bibliography

• Bauman, M. Garrett. Ideas and Details A Guide to
  College Writing.
• Orlando, Florida Harcourt Brace
  Jovanovich, Inc., 1991.
• Ding, Wangdao, et al. A Handbook of Writing. 2nd
  
• ed. Beijing Foreign Language Teaching
  and
• Research Press,1998.
• Gu, Yueguo, ed. Practical Project Design.Beijing
  Foreign
• Language Teaching and Research Press,
  1999.
• Hu, Wenzhong and Wu Zhenfu. Functional Varieties
  of
• English. Beijing Foreign Language
  Teaching and
• Research Press, 1999.
• John, Langan. English Skills with Readings. 2nd
  
• ed. New York McGraw-Hill Inc., 1988.

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• Kilian, Crawford, et al. The Communications
• Book Writing for the Workplace.
• Scarborough, Ontonrio Prentice Hall
• Canada Inc., 1997.
• Spatt, Brenda. Writing from Sources. New York
  St.
• Martins Press Inc. , 1991.

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4. Footnotes and endnotes

• A note contains essentially the same
  information as does a bibliography entry, but the
  arrangement and punctuation of that information
  are a little different.

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A first note reference to a book should
include

• the author--The authors name should be in its
  usual order and followed by a comma.
• the title--The title of a book should be
  underlined or italicized. The title of a short
  story or an article should be put in quotation
  marks. The title is by half of the parentheses.
• the place of publication--The place of
  publication, either a city or a town, should be
  put in the parentheses, and the place is followed
  by a colon.
• publisher--The press, company or publishing
  house is also put in the parentheses and is
  followed by a comma. Note that UP is used for
  University Press and P for Press.
• date of publication--This is put after the
  publisher and is followed by the other half of
  the parentheses.
• the page number(s)--The page number(s) is put
  outside the parentheses and is followed by a
  period.

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e.g. Notes (p.363-p.365)

• 1 Sebastian de Geazia, ed.,
  Masters of Chinese Political Thought (New York
  the Viking P. 1973)113.
• .
• 18 The Analects, trans. D.C. Lau
  (Hong Kong the Chinese UP, 1983) 105-07.
• 19 Ibid., 39.
• 20 Ibid., 103.

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Difference between the Bibliography and notes

• Bibliography
• Ryan, Edwin. A College Handbook to Newman.
• Washington, D.C. Catholic Education
  Press, 1930.
• Note
• 1Edwin Ryan, A College Handbook to
  Newman (Washington, D. C. Catholic Education
  Press, 1930) 109.

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Required format

• Cover
• Title
• School
• Name
• Supervisor
• Date
• 2. Acknowledgement
• 3. Abstract
• 4. Keywords
• 5. Contents
• 6. Text
• 7. (Notes)
• 8. Bibliography
• 9. (Appendix)

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Other requirements

• Size of the paper A4
• English Times New Roman (12)
• Chinese??(??)
• Space 1.5
• Copies 3 copies
• Words 2000-3000 (excluding notes and
  bibliography)
• Deadline July 2002
• Topics related to English language and
  literature
• Paper written in English and formal style
• Consult A Handbook of Writing when in doubt
• Send me an email if you need my help or a letter
  with your phone number including your local area
  number and email address
• Email address