Lecture 27: African Response towards the Post911 World Order The Opportunity Cost

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Lecture 27 African Response towards the
Post-911 World Order The Opportunity Cost

• 23rd April 2003 (Wednesday)

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Structure of Lecture 27

• Focus
• Instead of African Reactions towards 911 Alone
• Assessing the Relevancy of 911 to Africa as well
• Introduction of Africa as a World Player
• 911 Dilemma of the Arabic African States
• 911 Opportunity of the Black African States
• The Opportunity Costs
• Conclusion
• Dislocation between African Leaders and People

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PART IIntroduction of Africa as a World
Player
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A Short History of Africa

• Recent Archaeological Discovery
• Africa as the Origin of Lives
• Glorious Empires in Africa
• Ancient Egyptian Civilization
• Carthaginians, the Roman Enemy, and the Punic
  Wars (3rd Century BC)
• Mansa Musa (1312-1337) of Mali and his Pilgrimage
  to Mecca (1312-1337)

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Western Imperialism (1800-1960)

• Slave Trade and Resources
• Berlin Conference (1884) and the Scramble for
  Africa (1884-1914)
• Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Spain,
  Portugal
• Only Independent States Liberia Ethiopia

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African Independence

• WWII as the Trigger Action
• 1954 Independence of Gold Coast (Ghana) as the
  First Independent Black Country
• 1960 The Year of African Independence
• 1989 Independence of Namibia as the Last Former
  Colony

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North-South Division of Africa

• Equator as the Line
• Northern Africa
• Arabic-oriented
• Islamic
• More Cosmopolitan (Part of the European
  Mainland before Independence)
• Southern Africa
• Black-oriented
• Christian Islamic Primitive Religions
• Less Cosmopolitan

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Africa and the Great Powers

• Revision the Concept of Proxy Wars
• Factionalism of African Countries
• Congo Civil War (1960-1963)
• Belgians, Americans, Soviets, Chinese, and Che
  Guevera
• Angolan Civil War (1975-1990)
• Americans, Soviets, Chinese, Cuba, South Africans

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Image of Africa (I)

• Famine
• Africa as the Fertile Land in History/ Bible
• The Great Ethiopian Famine, 1980s
• We Are the World
• The Somali Famine, 1990s
• Dark Africa
• Cannibal Emperor Bokassa I of Central African
  Republic
• Idi Amin, the Madman of Uganda, and the Origin
  of AIDS
• Colonel Gaddaffi, the Madman of Libya

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Image of Africa (II)

• Voodoo
• The Last Resort of Cancer Patients
• Football
• Nigeria, Cameroon and Senegal in World Cup
• The Politics of Sports
• Correlation between the Four
• The Backward, the Forward, and the Medium
• Senegalese Soccer Team in World Cup 2002/ Diouf
  as a Case

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PART II911 Dilemma of the Arabic African
Countries
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Bush on Post-911 Africa

• Africa as the Warming Bed of Terrorism
• The Next Front of Anti-Terrorism
• The Best Haven to Al-Qaeda
• Allies in the Evil and Failed States
• Encouraged Local African Countries to Fight
  Against their Own Terrorisms
• How to Target against Terrorism if there are
  None?...

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North Africa and Pro-American Policy

• North African Campaign in WWII and the
  Traditional American Friendship
• Pros
• Gaining the American Support
• Modernization Concern
• Setting of the World Diplomacy
• Suppress Local Dissidents the Terrorists
• Cons
• Antagonizing the Anti-American Islamic Public
• Setting of the Regional Diplomacy

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Friends of USA

• Egypt
• 1979 The Egyptian-Israeli Reconciliation
• Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Jihad) (Jamiat al-Ikhwan
  Muslimum) and Assassination of President Sadat
• Attempts of Assassination Vs President Mubarak
• Morocco
• The Controversial Moroccan Army against Iraq 1990
• King Mohammad VI as the Last Arabic African King?

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North Africa and Anti-American Policy

• Pros
• Support from Local Islamic Population
• Distinctive Regional Leader
• Cons
• Become Marginally Evil States as regarded by
  George W Bush
• Losing American Backup and the Implications to
  Modernization

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Evil States in North Africa (I) Sudan

• North-South Division of Sudan
• The Anarchist Situation Today
• Terrorist Attack against US Embassies in Kenya
  and Tanzania (1998)
• President Clintons Revenge by Bombing a
  Pharmaceutical Plant in Sudan
• Bush Doctrine II Sudan as a Failed State

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(II) Somalia

• Horn of Africa
• Islamic (Somalia) Vs Christian (Ethiopia)
• Warlordism since 1991
• Warlord Hussein Aidid as the Last Demonized
  African Target of USA (died 1996)
• Somalian Civil War and the American Intervention
  (1993)
• Islamic Union of Somalia (Al-Ittihad al-Islamiya,
  AIAI) as Ladens Ally
• Bush Doctrine II Somalia as a Failed State

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(III) Libya

• The Richest Country in Africa
• Oil Fields in Libya and Modernization
• GNP Per Capita (1998) US 6,700
• GNP Per Capita of China (1978-2001) US
  530?3,000
• Colonel Gaddafi
• Green Cultural Revolution since 1970s
• Advocated the Pan-Islamic Union against USA
• Attempted to Unite with Egypt, Syria, Tunisia,
  Central African Republic
• The Madman?

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Libyan Terrorism?

• General Gaddafi as the Most Senior Terrorist in
  the American Concept
• Sponsor of International Terrorism
• Traditional Terrorist Network (inc. IRA,
  Islamic groups)
• Pan American Air Flight Bombing (1988)
• Sympathy towards 911 even I am sympathetic
• From Radicalism towards Conservatism?

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(IV) Algeria

• Algerian War of Independence (1954-62)
• The Vietnam of France
• Islamic Salvation Front
• Islamic Fundamentalist
• Threat of Kidnapping Western Tourists
• 1992 Algerian Parliamentary Election
• Only Islamic Fundamentalists won Power through
  Democratic Means
• The Algerian Official Reaction
• The Western Reaction

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PART III 911 Opportunity of the Black
African Countries
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Kenya

• Pro-Western Policy
• Since the Heroic President Jomo Kenyatta
  (1963-1978, Uncle Jo)
• Pro-Israeli Policy
• President Daniel Moi (1978-2002)
• Military Exchange and Financial Aid
• 911 and the Dream of American Aids
• Kenya Terrorism at Mombasa (28th November 2002)
  as a Result
• Israeli-owned Paradise Hotel Bombing (15 deaths)
• Firing Missiles Attempt against Israeli
  Commercial Airplane (261 people on board just
  missed it)

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Senegal

• The Curious Strong Stance of President
  Abdoulane Wane
• African Pact against Terrorism why hosted by
  Senegal at Dakar?
• Casamance Separatism
• The World Cup Summit between Bush and Wane
  (June 2002)

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Eritrea Ethiopia

• Eritrea the Youngest Nation of Africa
• Italian Colony incorporated into Ethiopia
• Independence from Ethiopia 1993
• Border War with Ethiopia the EE Problem
• Strategic Geographical Location of Eritrea
• Red Sea Coastal Line against Arabic Peninsula and
  Yemen
• Singapore of Africa
• The Golden Chance to Strengthen the
  American-Eritrean Relationship OR the
  America-Ethiopian Relationship?
• Ethiopia and Eritrea as the Only African
  Countries in the Coalition of the Willing

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PART IV Opportunity Cost
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African Pact against Terrorism

• Dakar Declaration (17th October 2001)
• ALGERIA, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi,
• Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Comoros,
• Cote D'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial
  Guinea, Gabon,
• Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, LIBYA, Mali,
• Mauritania, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra
  Leone,
• SUDAN, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda
• Voluntarism of the Black African States
• Non-voluntarism of the Arabic African States

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After Effect of 911 in Africa

• Economic Blow to Africa
• Economic Impacts of 911 Worldwide
• Western Negligence of Africa Again
• Increase in Child Mortality Rates (10,000-20,000
  Children Died as a Direct Result)
• The African Financial Crisis that Should NOT
  Have Happened
• from Economic to Political Crises
• The Only Gainer
• Tourism of South Africa

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Multi-bosses Africa to Single-boss Africa?

• Organization of African Unity (OAU, 1963-2002)
• The United Nations of Africa
• Aim Against Colonialism
• Radical, Dictatorial
• Multiple Perspectives, with Strong
  Anti-imperialist and Anti-American Rhetoric in
  the Past
• African Union (AU, 2002)
• Aim To Promote African Unity
• Moderate, Democratic
• More Pro-American Rhetoric
• Cooperative with World Bank and International
  Monetary Fund (IMF)

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Retreat of the African Support

• Internal Shift of Power
• E.g. Kenyan President Election (Dec 2002) Fall
  of President Moi and New President Mwai Kibaki
• Libya Elected by African Countries to Chair the
  United Nations Human Rights Commission (Jan 2003)
• Senegal-South Africa-Nigeria Declaration against
  the Iraqi War
• Aloof Participation in the Coalition of the
  Willing

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Assigned Readings

• Main Text
• Ted Dagne. Africa and the War on Terrorism.
  Washington DC US Congressional Research Office,
  2002. (will be uploaded on class website)
• Supplementary Text
• Tunde Zack-Williams September 11 and All That
  An African Perspective Beyond September 11 An
  Anthology of Dissent. Ed. Phil Scraton. London
  Pluto Press, 2002. P.130-134.

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Conclusion Dislocation between African Leaders
African People
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What are the Real Terrorisms of Africa?

• Civil War!
• Rwanda Hutu-Tutsi Civil War (1994)
• Genocide of the Tutsis (800,000 died, 2,000,000
  exiled)
• Famine!
• Ethiopia, Somalia, Congo
• AIDS
• South Africa as the Most Densely Populated AIDS
  Country in the World?

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Nature of Islamic-Christian Rival in Africa?

• Islamic Fundamentalists Threaten the Peace of
  Africa?
• Islamic-Christian Rival in Africa?
• NOT a Clash of Civilizations
• Original African Religion Tribalism, Fetishism,
  Hoodoo
• Islam into Africa
• From North to South, as an Outside Arabic
  Religion
• Christianity into Africa
• Ethiopia Legend of King John and Queen Sheba
• From West to East, as an Outside Western
  Religion
• Islam and Christianity Modern Fetishism, Lived
  in a Relatively Peaceful Manner

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Possible Logic of the African Refugees

• How many African people die per day?
• What is the living cost of the Africans?
• How many American people died in 911?
• What is the living cost of the Americans?
• Can the Americans give us some money from their
  extravagant lives to save our lives?
• Why bother with 911? What is Terrorism?

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The Poem of Qabbani

• We are a thick-skinned people
• With empty souls.
• We spend our days practicing witchcraft,
• Plying chess and sleeping.
• Are we the Nation by which God blessed mankind?
• -- from Tariq Ali, the Clash of Fundamentalisms,
  P.119

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The End
Thank you for attending