Lecture 12 BIOL L100 Indiana University Southeast David Partin, Instructor

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Lecture 12BIOL L100 Indiana University
SoutheastDavid Partin, Instructor
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Todays Plan

• Announcements/Questions
• Lecture 12 Kingdoms Protista, Fungi and Plantae
• Video clips
• One Minute paper
• Introduction to Case Study 6
• Lab

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Living organisms are classified into 3 Domains

• 1. Bacteria
• 2. Archaea
• 3. Eukarya

Discussed in Tuesdays lecture. Both are
PROKARYOTES (NO NUCLEUS)!
Discussion of this domain begins again today.
4 Kingdoms in this Domain
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Domain Eukarya has 4 Kingdoms

• 1. Kingdom Protista
• 2. Kingdom Fungi
• 3. Kingdom Plantae
• 4. Kingdom Animalia
• Today, we will discuss Kingdom Protista and
  Kingdom Fungi.

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Kingdom Protista

• Believed to have evolved as the first eukaryotes.
• Organisms in this group just dont fit perfectly
  into any other Kingdom in the Domain Eukarya.
• Most protists are unicellular.
• Asexual reproduction is common, but sexual
  reproduction also occurs.
• Most diverse group of organisms of any kingdom.

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Endosymbiotic hypothesis
Protists are believe to be the oldest eukaryotes
on the evolutionary tree.
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Diversity of Protists

• It is hard to classify protists into categories,
  because they are so diverse as a group.
• Protists include algaes, amoebas, single-celled
  swimmers, plankton, plant-like organisms, molds,
  etc.

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Kingdom Protista is very diverse. 15 phyla,
based on the way they obtain energy.
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Phylum Chlorophyta green algae
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Life Cycle of Chlamydomonas, a unicellular green
algae
FYI dont memorize this diagram. This slide and
the following 3 slides are meant to demonstrate
the diversity of Phylum Chlorophyta.
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Phylum Chlorophyta green algae
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Spirogyra is a filamentous green algae. They
form end-to-end chains of cells. Often found on
the surfaces of ponds.
Conjugation ? (similar to bacterial conjugation
with the sex pilus)
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Phylum Chlorophyta green algae
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Multicellular green algae
Chara is a stonewort, the type of green algae
believed to be most closely related to plants.
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Phylum Chlorophyta green algae
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Volvox is a colonial green alga.
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Phylum Rhodophyta red algae
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Commercial importance of red algae Agarlaborato
ry use, gelatin used in Petri dishes Carrageenth
ickening agent in commercial products Porphyra--s
ushi
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Phylum Phaeophyta brown algae
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Underwater forestshabitats Kelpfood, habitats
for aquatic organisms Pectinused to make gelatin
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Phylum Bacilariophyta the diatoms
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Silicathe shells of these organisms found in
sand. Used to make glass, concrete,
etc. Diatomaceous earthdead diatoms settle to
seafloor, collected and used in
abrasives Planktonabundant food source for
marine organisms
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Phylum Pyrrophyta the dinoflagellates
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Some are photyosynthetic Some are
bioluminescent Symbiotic Parasitic
Red tidepopulation explosion of certain types of
dinoflagellates. Kills large amounts of fish.
Depletes water of oxygen and releases toxins into
the water.
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Phylum Euglenophyta
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Freshwater This phylum is a typical example of
the difficulties in categorizing protists 1/3
have chloroplasts, the other 2/3 do not. No
sexual reproduction. Longitudinal fission.
Propels the body through water.
For photosynthesis
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Phylum Zoomastigophora aka the zooflagellates
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Zooflagellate Example 1
Trypanosomes- transmitted by the bite of a tsetse
fly, cause African Sleeping Sickness.
Animal-like protists
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Phylum Zoomastigophora aka the zooflagellates
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Animal-like protists
Other zooflagellates are known to spread sexually
by infecting the vagina and urethra of women, and
the prostate, seminal vesicles and urethra of men.
Giardia Lamblia
Zooflagellate Example 2
Attaches to intestinal tract.
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Need a break?

• Thanks for your attention!
• Take 10 minutes.
• Whats next?
• More protists
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae

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Protists with pseudopods
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Phylum Rhizopoda- amoebas, including Entamoeba
hystolytica Phylum Foraminifera- calcium
carbonate shell Phylum Actinopoda-radiolarians T
rivia- White Cliffs of Dover, Egyptian pyramids,
oil deposits
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Phylum Ciliophora the ciliates
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Very diverse group very complex single-celled
organisms with specialized regions to carry out
various functions.
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Phylum Apicomplexa the sporozoans
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, the organism that
causes malaria.
Possible essay
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Slime molds and water molds
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Phyla Myxomycota, Acrasiomycota and Oomycota
Fungus-like protists
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Domain Eukarya has 4 Kingdoms

• 1. Kingdom Protista
• 2. Kingdom Fungi
• 3. Kingdom Plantae
• 4. Kingdom Animalia
• Today, we will discuss Kingdom Protista and
  Kingdom Fungi.

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Kingdom Fungi

• Multicellular eukaryotes
• External digestion
• Most are saprotrophic decomposers
• Some are parasitic
• Several fungi form symbiotic relationships with
  plants or algae
• Cell walls have chitin, not cellulose
• Not photosynthetic
• Reproduce by spores

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Fungal reproduction always involves spores.
Most fungi are made of a network of hyphae
Network of hyphae
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Kingdom Fungi

• Phylum Zygomycota zygospore fungi
• 665 species
• Phylum Ascomycota sac fungi
• 30,000 species
• Phylum Basidiomycota club fungi
• 16,000 species
• Phylum Deuteromycota imperfect fungi (i.e.,
  means of sexual reproduction not known)
• 17,000 species

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Phylum Zygomycota
Black bread mold Rhizopus stolonifer for
example All species in this phylum form
zygospores.
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Phylum Ascomycota sac fungi
Yeast, cup fungi, and morels- for example All
species in this phylum form sac-shaped spores.
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(No Transcript)
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Phylum Basidiomycota club fungi
Mushrooms and puffballs, for example All species
in this phylum make club-shaped spores. (more
elongated than the sac-shaped spores of
Ascomycota)
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Phylum Deuteromycota
Spores produced by the species in this category
are not quite so easy to categorize by shape.
Penicillium
Organisms from this phylum are both beneficial
(penicillin from Penicillium, soy sauce and
citric acid from Aspergillus) and very harmful
(Aspergillus can be toxic if inhaled athletes
foot ringworm Candida albicans causes vaginal
yeast infections)
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Fungi can form symbiotic relationships.
(Symbiosis mutually beneficial relationship)
Lichens fungi growing with algae.
Mycorrhizas fungi growing among plant roots.
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Deadly Fungi
Possible essay

• Amanitas is a group of mushrooms that causes
  symptoms similar to acute alcohol intoxication.
  1-6 hrs, victim staggers, loses consciousness,
  hallucinates, usually vomits before enough enters
  the bloodstream to be toxic.
• Amanitas phalloides is known as the Death Angel
  mushroomaccounts for over 90 of fatalities from
  mushroom poisoning. Symptoms usually dont begin
  until 10-12 hrs later. Poison interferes with RNA
  transcriptionvictim dies from liver and kidney
  damage.
• Psilocybe mixicana contains a chemical called
  psilocybin-acts like LSD. Produces a dream-like
  state, visions of colorful patterns, sharp
  senses.
• Claviceps purpurea- ergot fungus, infects rye,
  ground up with rye to make bread. Causes
  vomiting, feelings of intense heat or cold,
  muscle pain, yellow face, lesions on hands
  feet, hysteria hallucinations. Ergot contains
  lysergic acid, from which LSD can easily be made.
  Salem Witch Trials!!

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Need a break?

• Thanks for your attention!
• Whats next?
• Kingdom Plantae
• Video clip
• 1-minute paper
• Lab

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Evolution of Plants
4 major evolutionary steps
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Plant Life Cycle-Alternation of Generations
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Alternation of Generations
By definition, all plants alternate generations.
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Plant Structure
Xylem- Phloem-
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Plant Structure
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Plant Structure
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Plant Structure
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Plant Reproduction
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Plant Reproduction Anatomy
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Plant Responses
Example Sensitivity to length of exposure to
light.
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Plant Responses
Example Sensitivity to pressure by touch.
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Plant Nutrition
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Genetic Engineering of Plants

• Plants can be genetically engineered to
• be more tolerant of different climates soils
• produce more fruit
• be more nutritious
• be more resistant to insects and herbicides
• Problem allergens are often a side-product of
  genetically engineered plants.

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Case Study 6

• Genetically modified crops case
• Article
• Your response pros vs cons

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Overview of todays lab

• Observe various specimens from the Protist and
  Fungus Kingdoms.
• Use stereomicroscopes for live specimens (or for
  large specimens).
• Lab report (1) Sketch your observations. (2) one
  paragraph about the diversity of these kingdoms.

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Preparation for Lecture 13

• Skim Ch 29-31 (diagrams, pictures, summaries)