Title: Church History From the 16th to the 20th Centuries
1Church History From the 16th to the 20th Centuries
2C. Reform In Switzerland
- 2. Calvin and Geneva.
- c. Opposition and Control.
- Most serious test of controlMichael Servetus,
Spanish scholar, physician, scientist, radical
reformer.
- ServetusOn Errors of the Trinity, in which he
attacked the doctrine of the Trinity as
extrabiblical.
- Also rejected infant baptism and was disgusted by
self-serving orthodoxy and ecclesiasticism.
3C. Reform In Switzerland
- 2. Calvin and Geneva.
- c. Opposition and Control.
- S. produced masterpiece, Restitution of
Christianity, in 1533, a refutation of Cs
Institutes.
- At Cs instigation, S. was arrested in France,
but escaped fled for Naples.
- Stopped, however, in Geneva, where was recognized
and arrested.
4C. Reform In Switzerland
- 2. Calvin and Geneva.
- c. Opposition and Control.
- Genevan Council found him guilty of spreading
heresy and sentenced him to death by burning.
- In spite of Cs pleas for a more merciful form of
execution, S. was burned at stake 10/27/1553.
- Most famous executed in Geneva not the first nor
last.
5C. Reform In Switzerland
- 2. Calvin and Geneva.
- c. Opposition and Control.
- Cs opponents bitterly criticized Ss execution.
- Castellio wrote Concerning Heretics, in which he
said that the burning of heretics is far removed
from the spirit of Christ and that to kill a
heretics is not to defend a doctrine, but to kill
a man.
6C. Reform In Switzerland
- 2. Calvin and Geneva.
- c. Opposition and Control.
- Other Reformers, like Melanchthon and Bullinger
and governments of Wittenberg, Basel, Bern and
Zurich, defended C.
- They argued that heresy threatened the Body of
Christ like a rotten limb that had to be
amputated.
- Although a shameful blot on Cs record, it
established him once and for all as the power in
Geneva.
7C. Reform In Switzerland
- 2. Calvin and Geneva.
- c. Opposition and Control.
- Till death, C. dominated Geneva
- Like a tyrantenemies.
- Like an emissary from Godfriends.
- C. died 5/27/1564 in the arms of Theodore Beza,
his biographer and successor.
8C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- Zwinglis reform spread no further.
- By 1566, Calvinism had conquered the Zwinglian
cantons and Zwinglianism virtually disappeared
within Calvinism.
- Calvinism spread to other countries.
9C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- a. Huguenots in France.
- C. had addressed 1st ed. of Institutes to King
Francis I of France who was persecuting
Protestants.
- Afterward, while at war with Spain, continuing
the persecutions was not to advantage nor his
main interest.
- Meanwhile F. preachers trained under C. and
preached Huguenot (Protestant) gospel.
10C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- a. Huguenots in France.
- 155949 Huguenot congregations in F. synod at
Paris formed national organization and adopted
Calvinistic confession.
- 15612,150 congregations.
- Series of wars (Wars of Religions) intermittently
1562-1594.
11C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- a. Huguenots in France.
- Infamous incident (Massacre of St. Bartholomews
Day) August, 1572many Huguenots killed while
attending wedding of Henry of Navarre
(Protestant) to Marguerite, daughter of Catherine
dMedici - Catherine, mother of 10 yr old Charles IX, was
serving as regent.
12C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- a. Huguenots in France.
- Catherine had ordered the massacre, which spread
the war to other parts of F.
- Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV of F. in
1594, converted to Catholicism, and promised to
protect the Huguenots.
- Promise crystallized in form of Edict of Nantes
in 1598guaranteed freedom of public worship to
Huguenots.
13C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- a. Huguenots in France.
- Huguenots continued to be a disruptive force in
F. until their fortress at La Rochelle was
destroyed in 1628.
- Under Louis XIV persistent efforts were made to
nullify the Edict of Nantes was finally revoked
10/18/1685.
- Many apostatized under persecution and hundreds
of 1000s fled to Holland, Switzerland, Eng.,
Prussia, America.
14C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- a. Huguenots in France.
- Marriages performed by Huguenot ministers not
recognized until 1787 legal standing of Huguenot
Church not till 1802.
- 1907 National Union of Reformed (Calvinist)
Churches of France formed with non-Calvinist
bodies to form the Protestant Federation of
France.
15C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
- N. consisted of ca. 17 Spanish provinces in what
is now Belgium and Holland.
- Was land of Erasmus Lutheranism had found an
eager response Waldenses, Brethren of Common
Life, mysticism and humanism all there.
- Mennonites made real inroads until 1540 many
became Calvinists because C. were not pacifists.
16C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
- Spain was waging war against the Netherlands and
pacifism was practical for the day.
- By 1550 Calvinists began organizing chs in homes
1571 1st national synod held and Dlutch Reformed
Church (Calvinistic) was organized.
17C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
- Emperor Charles V had always favored the
Netherlands, where he had been reared.
- But when he abdicated in 1555, his son and
successor, Philip II, subjected the Netherlands
to the dreaded Spanish Inquisition.
- Armed rebellion broke out leader was William of
Orange.
18C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
- William of Orange (William the Silent), once
closest friend of Charles, now bitterest enemy of
Philip.
- W., originally a RC, but out of deep conviction
joined the Reformed ch in 1573.
- W. led in forming the United Provinces (the
Protestant North) which eventually became the
United Netherlands.
19C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
- W. assassinated in 1584 (age 51) and did not see
full independence.
- But in 1609 hostilities stopped and the United
Netherlands won their freedom.
- Their independence, however, was not recognized
by Spain until 1648.
20C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
- During struggle, Dutch Reformed Church had taken
shape, adopting a Presbyterian government, the
Heidelberg catechism, and the Belgic Confession.
- Ch. was closely tied to government, but religious
tolerance was granted to others, even RCs and
Anabaptists.
21C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
- After political wars subsided, doctrinal battles
broke out within DRC.
- Theologians divided over question of whether God
absolutely decreed that certain men should be
lost and others saved.
- Those who rejected the absolute decree were known
as the Remonstrants.
22C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
- Rs led by Jacob Arminius, professor theology at
U. of Leiden.
- Since then, the R. position has been known as
Arminianism, which rejects unconditional
election, limited atonement (that Christ died
only for the elect), irresistible grace, and the
perseverance of the saints.
23C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- b. Insurrection in the Netherlands.
- Arminianism was condemned at a synod held at Dort
in 1618 and 1619, and the Remonstrants continued
in Holland as a distinct church.
24C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- C. eventually had its strongest expression in
Scotland, where it took the form of
Presbyterianism and became the faith of the
overwhelming majority and the official religion
of the state. - At turn of 16th c. the Catholic C. in Scotland
was in desperate need of reform and country was
permeated with lawlessness.
25C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- Was an openness that resembled a plea for help.
- By 1525 Luthers writings circulated Eng. Bible
introduced 1527.
- Patrick Hamilton, once a student at Wittenberg,
began to preach Lutheranism in the streets and at
U. of St. Andrews, for which he was burned at
stake in 1528.
26C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- John Knox was a student at St. Andrews at the
time, was profoundly shaken by the event, but was
ordained to Catholic priesthood in 1540.
- Another advocate of reform, George Wishart, was
burned at the stake in 1546.
- Knox had defended Wishart theologically and
physically and put himself in jeopardy.
27C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- Weeks later, Cardinal Beaton, who had tried and
condemned Wishart was assassinated by Wisharts
disciples, who then fortified themselves in
Castle of St. Andrews. - Knox joined them in 1547 and became minister of
the castle congregation.
28C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- Became well known for his powerful preaching and
Scripture exposition, but was captured,
imprisoned for 19 mo. and then banished to the
continent, where he became thoroughly confirmed
in Calvinism. - From the continent, he returned to Eng. where
Reformation was in full stride under Edward VI.
29C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- Was appointed minister at Berwick on Scottish
border, declined bishopric of Rochester in
order to return to Scotland.
- Accession of Mary Tudor, however, reversed Reform
movement in Eng., and Knox again became a refugee
on the continent spent 3 yrs as minister of
congregation of English refugees in Geneva.
30C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- C. was at the height of his influence and Knox
worked side by side with him.
- K. returned to S. in 1559 became leaders of the
Reforming party, preaching and procuring money
and troops from Eng.
- Scottish Presby. Scottish independence were in
danger of being exterminated by marriage of Mary
Queen of Scotts and Francis II of France.
31C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- While Mary was in France, her mother, Mary of
Lorraine (serving as regent) forbade Reformed
preaching.
- Knox aroused the masses and in the civil war
which erupted, French troops supported Mary and
English forces (sent by Elizabeth) supported the
Protestants.
32C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- 1560 regent died and French troops sailed for
home.
- 1560 Knox established Presbyterian system
throughout the kingdom, adopted a Calvinistic
confession, abolished the popes jurisdiction,
and called the fir General Assembly.
33C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- 1561, however, Mary Queen of Scots returned to
Scotland.
- Charming young widow aroused widespread popular
sympathy and divided Knoxs supportersespecially
among Protestant nobility.
34C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- Mary
- Reinstituted the saying of Mass in her private
chapel,
- Married her cousin Darnley, a RC.
- And set about to wrest the English throne from
Elizabeth.
- Knox preached daily and forcefully against the
Mass and immorality of Marys court.
35C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- K. had frequent audiences with Mary with neither
giving ground and tension rising.
- Mary overplayed her hand in an unwise marriage,
intrigues, murder and civil strife.
- She was finally driven to England in 1568 and
executed in 1587 on a charge of plotting to
assassinate Elizabeth.
36C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- Her son, James VI, came to the throne upon her
abdication and became James I of England after
the death of Elizabeth.
- Knox had lived to see the triumph of
Presbyterianism and Scottish independence,
37C. Reform In Switzerland
- 3. The Spread of Calvinism.
- c. Reformation in Scotland.
- From Scotland, Calvinism was literally exported
around the world through the strong influence of
Presbyterianism on English Puritanism, extensive
migrations, and ambitious mission enterprises.
38D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- Lutheranism Calvinism drastically opposed to,
and eventually separated from, all the Rome stood
for.
- Yet, in comparison with another militant group,
they appear extremely conservative.
- Ls Cs were conservative, retaining many Romans
practices and creeds.
39D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- Ls rejected only those RC features they believed
forbidden by scripture.
- Reformed Chs retained only what they believed
justified by scripture.
- Both continued to practice infant baptism and to
attempt to bring every person in the community
into the church by that means.
- And, all believed in working through the close
relationship of church and state.
40D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- Another expression, often called the left wing of
Reformation, was more radical than L C.
- Were determined to exclude everything not in
scripture.
- Dedicated to returning to primitive
Christianity.
- Made up of believers only.
41D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- Insisted the true church as the gathered ch. of
believers and not the whole community.
- Rejected infant baptism as unscriptural and as a
great deterrent in maintaining churches of the
regenerate only.
- They rebaptized those who professed adult
conversion, obtaining the derogatory nickname of
Anabaptist.
42D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- Aside from the mockery, they disowned the name
because they did not consider infant baptism
valid, and so adult baptism was the first, not a
rebaptism. - A. repudiated any sort of connection between
church and state and upheld the doctrine of
absolute liberty of conscience.
- Many opposed the swearing of oaths, bearing of
arms and capital punishment.
43D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- Was a strong movement of chiliastic anticipation
among them, believing the millennial reign of
Christ was imminent.
- LS a high and solemn act of worship and a high
standard of morality prevailed among them.
- Rapid growth, diverse backgrounds made
consolidation difficult, but did meet in 1527 at
Schleitheim, 1st synod.
44D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- Anabs the common enemies of Catholics and
Protestants.
- Was feared they would displace established
churches.
- 1529 Diet of Speyer, both RCs and Ls agreed to
subject them to the death penalty.
- Late 1520s, early 1530s 1000s killed by beheading
(state), drowning (Protestants), burning
(Catholics).
45D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- Popular support for persecutions gained by
reminding the people that Anabaptists had been
greatly responsible for the bloody peasant
uprisings of 1524-25. - Fear of rebellion and anarchy a strong force
behind persecution.
46D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 1. Thomas Muntzer and the Zwickau Prophets
- M. sympathized with Peasants Revolt and taught
doctrine of Inner Light, which reappeared with
the Quakers.
- M. did reject infant baptism, but his main
concern was with political and social action, not
theological issues.
- Said L. not radical enough.
47D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 1. Thomas Muntzer and the Zwickau Prophets
- Claiming direct instruction by HS, M. seized
control of Mulhausen and set up a theocracy,
outraging RCs and Ps alike by senseless
destruction of church property and preaching
civil turmoil. - Was executed, giving a bad name to the movement
in many areas of Europe.
48D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 2. The Swiss Brethren
- In Zurich, Conrad Grebel Felix Manz attracted
group known as the Swiss Brethren.
- At 1st supporters of Zwingli, G M became
impatient with reform in Zurich.
- Unwilling to wait for the city council (Zs
method), they undertook a thorough reform to
abolish the Mass and images.
49D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 2. The Swiss Brethren
- 1524 came out against infant baptism, rebaptized
adult believers and observed the LS with simple
rites.
- Grebel a humanist scholar able to debate on equal
terms with Zwingli.
- Was also a missionary, taking his radical ideas
to other cities.
50D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 2. The Swiss Brethren
- He and Manz were eventually arrested in Zurich,
condemned to life imprisonment, escaped and were
recaptured.
- Manz executed by drowning 1/25/1527, the first
Anabaptist martyr.
- Grebel had died a few months earlier.
51D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 2. The Swiss Brethren
- Balthasar Hubmaier also associated with the Swiss
Brethren.
- Former pupil of Johann Eck, a professor at
Ingolstadt, preacher at Regensburg cathedral,
parish priest at Waldshut.
- At Waldshut contacted Swiss Reformers and openly
allied himself with Zwingli in 1523.
52D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 2. The Swiss Brethren
- Soon abandoned Zs doctrines for those of the
Anabaptists.
- Rejected infant baptism, rebaptized converted
adults, began serving the LS and instituted foot
washing.
- Became involved in the Peasants Revolt and may
have been the author of the Twelve Articles.
53D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 2. The Swiss Brethren
- When Waldshut was occupied by govt. troops, fled
to Zurich, then to Moravia, where he worked for
Anabaptist cause by writing pamphlets on
theological questions. - 1527 was extradited to Vienna where he was burned
at the stake on March 10, 1528.
54D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 2. The Swiss Brethren
- Others in this group included Hans Denck, a
humanist scholar, proficient in Greek and Hebrew,
who called for an inner reformation by heeding
the voice of the Spirit within, the indwelling
Christ, and the Scripture. - Renounced violence, worked in several cities and
died of the plague in his early thirties.
55D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 2. The Swiss Brethren
- Ludwig Hetzer (close friend of Denck) assisted D.
in translating the prophetic books of OT into
German, and led the radical movment in Augsburg.
- Hetzer was executed in Constance in 1529.
56D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 3. The Hutterites in Moravia
- Relentless persecution of Anabaptists in Austria
caused many to seek refuge in Moravia, which had
shared with Bohemia in the Hussite revolt against
Rome. - Jakob Hutter, one of leading Anabaptists in
Tyrol, came to Moravia and assumed a leading
position there.
57D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 3. The Hutterites in Moravia
- First associated with congregation at Austerlitz
(1529) 1531 broke off with a radical group which
found refuge in small settlement of Auspitz.
- Here H. established the small community
settlements, known as Bruderhofe, and based on
the common ownership of property.
58D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 3. The Hutterites in Moravia
- Soon there developed a series of Brethren
villages in Moravia, fed by the influx of
refugees.
- Movement became known as Hutterian Brethren or
Hutterites, and was characterized by pacifism and
communal households, called Houses of the
Brethren.
59D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 3. The Hutterites in Moravia
- Because of great reputation in agriculture and
handicraft, Hs were in demand by nobility and
country barons.
- This friendly treatment of refugee Anabaptists
incited King Ferdinand I and govt. in Vienna to
enforce obedience to the edicts of of the
emperor, and persecution was pressed into Moravia.
60D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 3. The Hutterites in Moravia
- Fleeing, Hutter was captured, cruelly tortured,
burned at stake 2/25/1536.
- His wife executed short time later.
- Though not a theologian or teacher, Hs practical
and social applications of Xtian principles
earned him lasting place in Xtian history story
of his martyrdom became a legend among
Anabaptists.
61D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 4. Melchior Hoffmann and Chiliasm
- Radical Anabaptist and fanatical chiliast, H.
began as Lutheran lay preacher, a leather dresser
by trade.
- Came in conflict with authorities in Livonia in
1523, left for Stockholm in 1526, where he became
obsessed with eschatological ideas and prophesied
the approaching end of the world.
62D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 4. Melchior Hoffmann and Chiliasm
- In debate with Johann Bugenhagen (pastor at
Wittenberg) 1529, he denied Lutheran doctrine of
LS later banished to Denmark, but went to
Strassburg where he joined the Anabaptists. - Traveled extensively, attracting a large
following in the Netherlands.
63D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 4. Melchior Hoffmann and Chiliasm
- Believed himself to be divinely appointed to lead
the faithful to Strassburg, which would become
the New Jerusalem, when Christ returned on the
Last Day in 1533. - Prophesied that all who opposed him would be
destroyed.
64D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 4. Melchior Hoffmann and Chiliasm
- Went confidently to Strassburg, where was
arrested and kept in his dungeon prison until his
death in 1543.
- Remained unshaken in his eschatological beliefs,
and his influence was so strong that the
Melchiorites or Hoffmannites survived him as
a distinct party among the Anabaptists.
65D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 5. Jan Matthys the Munster Episode
- A baker from Holland and an ardent disciple of
Hoffmann.
- Announced in 1533 that he was the prophet Enoch
who had been promised by Hoffmann.
- Assumed leadership of the fanatical party while
Hoffmann in prison.
66D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 5. Jan Matthys the Munster Episode
- M. not dismayed when Hs prophecy of end of world
in 1533 was unfulfilled.
- Merely announced that H. had been mistaken, that
Munster was to be the New Jerusalem, not
Strassburg.
- Munster, in Westphalia, near Dutch border, had
enrolled in Schmalkalic League (Prot.) by
influence of young humanist chaplain, Bernhard
Rothmann
67D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 5. Jan Matthys the Munster Episode
- When R. denounced infant baptism, word spread
that Munster had become Anabaptist, and many
followers of Hoffmann flocked there for refuge.
- M., one of these immigrants, led the movement to
take Munster by armed force and sought to
establish a Kingdom of the Saints.
68D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 5. Jan Matthys the Munster Episode
- Convinced that Munster would be the New
Jerusalem, the radicals attempted to organize a
Christian society, but the enterprise was aborted
by the siege laid to the city by the Bishop of
Munster. - Aided by both Lutherans Catholics, the bishop
recaptured the city in June, 1535.
69D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 5. Jan Matthys the Munster Episode
- M. was killed in the battle and was succeeded by
Jan Bockelson, who was captured, tortured, and
killed.
- Stories began to circulate about odious practices
of the Anabaptists during the siege, including
polygamy and ruthless suppression of opposition.
70D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 5. Jan Matthys the Munster Episode
- Munster episode left a dark stain on reputation
of Anabaptists everywhere, leading many to
believe that all A. fomented chaos in government,
society, morals, and religion.
71D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 6. Mennonites and the Amish
- Great majority of A. were appalled and ashamed at
Munster episode.
- Respected moderate, Menno Simons, was esp.
outspoken in decrying that sort of fanaticism.
- MS a Catholic priest whose studies of Scripture
led him to break with Rome and become Protestant
preacher 1530.
72D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 6. Mennonites and the Amish
- Joined Anabaptists in 1536 because felt L, C, Z,
were wrong in continuing practice of infant
baptism.
- Though strongly disapproved of errors of
Anabaptists at Munster, he admired their courage
under persecution and expected such persecution
for himself. - Was fulfilled, he too had to live like a fugitive
and outlaw.
73D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 6. Mennonites and the Amish
- But continued to extend his missionary efforts,
married and had children.
- His missions took him throughout Germany where
was harassed by Catholics and Lutherans.
- Eventually found refuge on a noblemans estate in
Denmark where remained writing, teaching,
organizing churches.
74D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 6. Mennonites and the Amish
- Became outstanding leader of Anabaptists in
Netherlands and North Germany.
- Mennos views similar to Swiss Brethren including
stress on believers baptism, responsibilities
and rights of local congregations, pacifism, and
rejection of Xtian participation in the
magistracy.
75D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 6. Mennonites and the Amish
- Magistracyhe refused to allow civil authorities
to belong to his church.
- Approx. 500,000 Mennonites today, about ½ in US.
- Common beliefs rejection of church
organization, infant baptism and real presence of
Christ at LS.
- Every congregation independent.
76D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 6. Mennonites and the Amish
- Most M. refuse military service, the taking of
the oath and any public office.
- Latter part of 16th c., a Mennonite elder, Jakob
Amman, caused a serious split in German speaking
Mennonite community.
- A. demanded that congregations shun all
nonbelievers and ostracize lapsed believers.
77D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 6. Mennonites and the Amish
- A. excommunicated all who disagreed with him his
followers became close-knit sect with rigid rules
regarding uniformity of dress, untrimmed beards,
and foot washing as an element of worship. - Became known as Amish from the name Amman.
78D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 6. Mennonites and the Amish
- Severe persecution drove them from the continent,
and they emigrated to William Penns colony of
Pennsylvania, where their descendants remain to
this day, preserving the Anabaptist-Mennonite-Amis
h practices of 1700.
79D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 6. Mennonites and the Amish
- Radicals Anabaptists who formed the left wing
of the Reform. were the most hated and persecuted
religious groups on the continent in 16th c.
- Ironically, 20th c. Protestantism often expresses
more keenly the ideas of the radical Reformers
than the traditional Reformers.
80D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 6. Mennonites and the Amish
- Whereas L. C. had their hands tied by political
social commitments in a state church, the
radical Reformers were free to reject
nonscriptural concepts and practices. - They esp. insisted that the world or community
cannot make Xtians, which for them undermined the
whole premise of infant baptism.
81D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 6. Mennonites and the Amish
- They contended for a gathered church in which
only believers with a faith baptism could
participate.
- This led to a strong stance for separation of
church and state.
- Above all, the Anabaptists believed in the
competency of the soul, the ability and
responsibility of each individual to experience
the presence and salvation of God for himself.
82D. Anabaptists and Radical Reformation
- 6. Mennonites and the Amish
- One can readily see how these ideas have
prevailed and entrenched themselves in some of
the great evangelical movements of the present
day.
83E. Reform In England
- British Isles were experiencing similar
phenomenon to continent English Reformation,
however, was decidedly English In character.
- Though was influenced by issues and events on
continent, the reasons for its occurrence and the
directions of its course were uniquely English.
84E. Reform In England
- 1. Preparation and Causes
- Were at least half dozen distinct causes which
precipitated Reform and the break with Rome.
- 1) Rising trend of nationalism, as strong in Eng.
as anywhere on continent.
- Widespread resentment over interference from a
foreign pope and sending money to papal treasury
while England impoverished.
85E. Reform In England
- 1. Preparation and Causes
- During Babylonian Captivity Eng. parliament
passed the law of Praemunire, which forbade
appeals to Rome.
- Henry VIII revived this old law and used it for
his personal benefit.
86E. Reform In England
- 1. Preparation and Causes
- 2) Growing anticlericalism which Wycliffe had
inspired with his translation for the common man,
and his primitive concept of the priesthood of
all believers. - Peasants Uprising in 1381 was greatly influenced
by Ws insistence that unworthy clergymen should
be deprived of their soft living.
87E. Reform In England
- 1. Preparation and Causes
- 2) Growing anticlericalism which
- Anticlerical attitude was kept alive by the
followers of Wycliffe, Lollards.
- They taught that Scriptures were sole authority
in religion and every man had the right to read
and interpret them for himself.
- Lollards became an influential cause of Eng. Ref.
88E. Reform In England
- 1. Preparation and Causes
- 2) Growing anticlericalism
- They attacked clerical celibacy,
transubstantiation, indulgences, and
pilgrimages.
- Held validity of priestly acts was determined by
the priests moral character and that endowments,
the oppe, and hierarchy were all unscriptural.
89E. Reform In England
- 1. Preparation and Causes
- 3) Abusive and excessive life style of many Eng.
prelates did nothing to help.
- Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, papal legate, minister of
state, and archbishop of York virtually ran
England from 1515 to 1529.
- He held 4 bishoprics, was enormously wealthy, had
over 500 in his household.
90E. Reform In England
- 1. Preparation and Causes
- 3) Excesses of clergy
- Two of his residences eventually became royal
palacesHampton Court and York Place
(Whitehall).
- He flagrantly favored relatives, friends and
political cronies.
91E. Reform In England
- 1. Preparation and Causes
- 4) Humanistic renaissance.
- Oxford and Cambridge became strongholds after
Erasmus visited and taught 1510-1513.
- John Colet (1467-1519) had already left his
mark.
- Sir Thomas More remained a faithful Catholic, but
led the battle against ignorance and injustice.
92E. Reform In England
- 1. Preparation and Causes
- 4) Humanistic renaissance.
- In his classic satire Utopia, he called for a
religion based on the dictates of reason and the
laws of nature.
- Humanism, while being patronized by the papacy,
was making inroads against the papacy with its
theme of back to the sources, which subtly
suggested the circumventing of ecclesiastical
establishment.
93E. Reform In England
- 1. Preparation and Causes
- 5) Luthers writings poured into Eng.
- Thomas Bilney, burned at stake in 1531, was 1st
Eng. martyr espousing Lutheran ideas.
- Hugh Latimer, a Bilney proteges, martyred under
Queen Mary.
- Cardinal Wolsey personally conducted 1st burning
of Luthers works.
94E. Reform In England
- 1. Preparation and Causes
- 5) Luthers writings poured into Eng.
- Though Henry VIII later broke with Rome, he
denounced Luther.
- His rebuttal to L. doctrines, Assertion of the
Seven Sacraments, earned Henry the title
Defender of the Faith.
95E. Reform In England
- 1. Preparation and Causes
- 6) Personal desires and ambitions of Henry VIII
became the final fuel for the kindling fire.
- His personal desire to divorce Catherine and
marry Anne Boleyn, and his ambition to attain
total supremacy, even in religious matters, made
him the catallyst for one of the major splits in
Christendom, bringing about the birth of the
Church of England.
96E. Reform In England
- 1. Preparation and Causes
- 6) Personal desires and ambitions of Henry VIII
became the final fuel for the kindling fire.
- Although reform had been brewing for centuries,
it was Henrys personal obsession and obstinance
that brought it to a head.
97E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- Henry VII 1st in a new line of English kings, the
Tudors.
- H VII arranged a marriage for his 14 yr old son
Arthur to 16 yr old Catherine, daughter of
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain in 1501.
- Arthur died less than 6 mo later H VII gained
special papal dispensation to have younger son
Henry marry C.
98E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- H VIII came to throne in 1509 of 6 children born
to H C, one one survived, Mary.
- H deeply concerned over not having a male heir
Eng had never been ruled by a woman except for
brief period in 12th c., a fiasco.
- Imagined marriage to his brothers wife had
incurred divine wrath.
99E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- Then became obsessed with beautiful Anne Boleyn,
who refused to share his bed without sharing his
crown.
- H began long battle to dissolve marriage with C.
- At 1st sought annulment but C solemnly swore her
marriage with Arthur had never been consummated
was no legal impediment to marriage with H.
100E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- Next, H pushed for papal permission for a
divorce, but Pope Clement VII not in a position
to grant it.
- Could not anger Emperor Charles V, the nephew of
Catherine.
- On other hand, didnt want to lose lucrative and
powerful support of Eng., so issues dragged out
more than 4 yrs.
101E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- H was losing patience Cardinal Wolsey had failed
to please H in this regard and was stripped of
his positions.
- Wolsey died in disgrace in 1530.
- Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury,
suggested H seek the opinions of theologians.
- H quickly acted on the suggestion, applying
pressure, negotiations and intrigues.
102E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- Oxford Cambridge decided in favor of H followed
by the French universities and even Bologna in
Italy.
- Essentially decided Hs marriage to C contrary to
divine law and never a valid marriage.
- So H was free to marry without need of
dispensation from Rome.
103E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- 1533, H married Anne Boleyn and forced pope to
name Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury.
- Infuriated with Hs highhandedness, pope
threatened to excommunicate him.
- Hs reaction was to get parliament to legalize
the supremacy of the king.
104E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- In the Restraint of Appeals, the legal principles
of the Eng Ref, parliament declared that all
cases having to do with religion shall be from
henceforth heard, examined, discussed, clearly,
finally, and definitively judged and determined
within the kings jurisdiction and authority, and
not elsewherefrom the see of Rome, or any other
foreign courts or potentates of the world.
105E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- Next year followed the Act of Forbidding Papal
Dispensations, which took from the pope all
rights of nomination and dispensation and severed
all payment of money to the pope. - Also in 1534, the Supremacy Act confirmed Henry
as supreme head of the C of E.
106E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- Then the Act of Succession declared Princess
Mary, daughter of Catherine, illegitimate, and
named the infant daughter of Anne Boleyn,
Elizabeth (born 9/7/1533) as heir to the throne. - Pope Clement reaffirmed the validity of Cs
marriage to H and excommunicated the King of
England.
107E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- H, therefore, set up an independent national
English Church, with the king as the supreme
head.
- A royal proclamation erased the popes name from
all the service books, and the breach with Rome
was complete.
108E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- Several church leaders who refused to accept Hs
supremacy were executed, among them John Fisher
and Thomas More.
- H. became master of both state and church, but
could not master his own personal passions.
- He eventually executed Anne Boleyn for alleged
infidelity and not producing a male heir and
married 4 more times.
109E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- Of his 6 wives, 2 were executed (Boleyn
Catherine Howard), 2 were divorced by him
(Catherine Anne of Cleves), one died in
childbirth (Jane Seymour) and one managed to
outlive him (Catherine Parr).
110E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- Eng Reform had not culminated in a great
theological schism.
- H had opposed heresies of Luther.
- Prided himself on being Defender of the Faith
- Breaking with Rome did not make him a
Protestant.
- Catholic dogma and rites were still upheld.
- Lutheranism still a pernicious poison.
111E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- John Frith, who had helped Tyndale translate the
NT, was burned in 1533 for denying
transubstantiation and purgatory.
- 1535 25 Anabaptists were burned in a single day.
- H. had merely given Eng a new authority,
exchanging supremacy of the pope for that of the
king.
112E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- 1535 H VIII appointed Thomas Cromwell Vicar
General of the English Church C became chief
adviser in all church affairs.
- Presiding at Convocation, C took precedence over
the Archbishop of Canterbury.
- Was C who dissolved the monasteries between 1536
and 1539.
113E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- Monasticism virtually disappeared from Eng., the
most drastic change in Engs religious life under
H VIII besides the separation from Rome itself.
- C also ordered that a Bible should be provided in
every church that clergy should perform certain
definite duties.
- C overstepped his usefulness when he arranged a
marriage to Anne of Cleves.
114E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- The marriage was a diplomatic effort to make an
alliance with Prot. Germany.
- H was disgusted with the marriage and with C, who
was arrested, sentenced for treason, and beheaded
July 28, 1540.
- Although it appeared C had been promoted over
him, the real church power behind H was still
Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury.
115E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- Cranmer
- Annulled Hs marriage to Catherine.
- Declared marriage to Anne Boleyn null and void.
- Declared marriage to Anne of Cleves to be
invalid.
- Despite obvious subservience to the crown, C. was
a profound theologian who eventually was largely
responsible for shaping the Protestant Ch. of Eng.
116E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- The Ten Articles of 1536, drafted by H. with help
of Cranmer, leaned toward Protestantism.
- Named only 3 sacramentsbaptism, penance,
eucharist.
- Stressed the importance of teaching the people
the Bible and early creeds.
- Declared justification is by faith and by
confession, absolution, and good works.
117E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- But The Ten Articles also---
- Held that Christ is physically present in the
eucharist.
- Masses for the dead, the invocation of saints and
use of images are desirable.
- H. was obviously trying to mix Catholic and
Protestant together in a compromise religion.
118E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- 3 yrs later he reversed himself and pushed
through Parliament (over opposition of Cranmer)
the Six Articles, which reaffirmed basic Catholic
doctrine under threat of severe penalty. - Six Articles declared as law---
- Transubstantiation
- Withholding the cup from the laity
- Celibacy for priests
119E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- Six Articles declared as law---
- Vows of chastity
- Private Masses
- The necessity of auricular confession.
- During next 7 yrs scores were executed for
violating one or more of the articles, with
article on transubstantiation being the most
serious.
120E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- At same time, he encouraged the publication of
the Bible in the vernacular, a distinctly
Protestant stance.
- Miles Coverdale made a full translation of the
entire Bible into English known as the Great
Bible, was placed in the chs with approval of
both Cranmer and Cromwell.
121E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- By kings order, C. prepared forms of worship,
including a litany which was to be sung in
English.
- H. attempted in his last years to promote some
religious reforms while maintaining the substance
of traditional Catholicism.
- As symbol of repudiation of Prot., H. married
Catherine Howard, a RC, in 1540 entered
political alliance with Charles V.
122E. Reform In England
- 2. Supremacy Under Henry VIII
- 1542 Catherine Howard beheaded for adultery 1543
H. married Catherine Parr, who outlived him.
- H VIII died 1/28/1547, Cranmer at his side.
- Archbishop Cranmer was now left to guide the
nation into accepting Prot. As the official
ecclesiastical policy of Eng.
123E. Reform In England
- 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
- Edward born to H and Jane Seymour.
- 9 yrs old when came to throne (1547) died 1553
at 15.
- But during 61/2 yr reign, Eng. was carried with
long strides toward Prot.
- Policies of Es reign were determined by a
council of regency appointed by H. in his will.
124E. Reform In England
- 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
- Cranmer Edward Seymour (new kings uncle)
emerged as dominant leaders of the council,
encouraging Prot. And writing evangelical tenets
into the laws and customs of the land. - First parliament of new reign---
- Repealed the Six Articles
- Laws which had restricted the printing of
Scriptures.
125E. Reform In England
- 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
- First parliament of new reign---
- Laws which had promoted the persecution of
heretics.
- Images were removed from the chs.
- Communion was given to the laity.
- A general confession took the place of private
confession to the priest.
- Leading continental reformers were welcomed to
Eng., esp. by Cranmer.
126E. Reform In England
- 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
- Cranmer also increased the Prot. Hold with his
own literary contributions.
- Book of Homilies and Book of Common Prayer (for
worship).
- 1549 Parliament enacted the Act of Uniformity
which required all clergy to use the Book of
Common Prayer (has endured united the diverse
elements of the C of E - Note BofCP imposed by Parliament, not the
Convocation, the church body.
127E. Reform In England
- 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
- Cranmer also increased the Prot. Hold with his
own literary contributions.
- 1553 Forty-two Articles of Religion (written by 6
theologians led by C.) were issued under
authority of the king.
- These articles gave the doctrinal position of the
C of E, and although they were abrogated by Mary,
they later became the Thirty-nine Articles of the
C of E.
128E. Reform In England
- 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
- In political arena, Edward Seymour, Lord
Protector, did not fare so well failed in
attempts to contract a marriage between Edward
young Scottish Princess Mary in domestic
agricultural reforms, in controlling uprising of
restless farmers. - 1552 Earl of Warwick had Seymour beheaded and
took his place, becoming the Duke of
Northumberland.
129E. Reform In England
- 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
- Duke of N., though unscruplous and ruthless, did
favor the Prot. Program because it suited his
plans of tyranny and greed.
- Thus he supported the Act of Uniformity and
eliminated many objectionable papal influences
from the realm.
- Warwick tried to place Lady Jane Grey in
succession in case of Es death, but was
decidedly unsuccessful.
130E. Reform In England
- 3. Protestantism Under Edward VI
- Lady Jane Grey was the grandaughter of H VIIIs
sister Mary and wife of Warwicks 4th son.
- Warwick was so unpopular with the people that
even some Protestants supported Mary Tudor when
Edward died in 1553.
131E. Reform In England
- 4. Catholicism Under Mary
- H VIIIs will provided that in case E. died
without an heir, he would be succeeded by Hs 2
daughters, Mary Elizabeth, in order of birth.
- At 37 and in ill health, Mary Tudor came to
throne reigned for 5 yrs died 1558.
- Was intensely loyal to the memory of her mother,
Catherine of Aragon was foregone conclusion she
would try to bring Eng. back to Catholic fold.
132E. Reform In England
- 4. Catholicism Under Mary
- Return to papalism was symbolized by the return
of Cardinal Legate Reginald Pole (he had fled
rather than accept Hs supremacy).
- On St. Andrews Day, 1554, the queen knelt with
parliament while Cardinal Pole absolved the
nation of heresy received it back into
communion with Rome.
133E. Reform In England
- 4. Catholicism Under Mary
- RC had reasserted itself, but Eng. spirit of
nationalism was growing.
- When M. married Philip II, son of Charles V of
Spain, many English feared foreign domination
uprisings occurred throughout the land.
- Still, M. pressed on with fanatical zeal.
- Executed ca. 300 Prot. leaders, including
Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley.
134E. Reform In England
- 4. Catholicism Under Mary
- So numerous were the beheadings and burnings
during her reign that she became known as Bloody
Mary.
- When Latimer Ridley burned at stake together,
L. encouraged R., Be of good comfort, Master
Ridley, we shall this day light such a candle by
Gods grace in England as, I trust, shall never
be put out.
135E. Reform In England
- 4. Catholicism Under Mary
- Words proved to prophetic, for M. was not able to
extinguish the light of reform now sweeping
across Eng.
- She died a bitter, unhappy and childless woman.
- She had lost most of her friends and alienated
the affections of many of her subjects.
- 5-yr revival of RC ended with her death, 1558,
with E. poised for rebellion.
136E. Reform In England
- 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
- M. succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth,
daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
- a. Diplomacy and Force.
- E. inherited a kingdom torn by religious strife
and weary of persecution by fanatics from both
camps.
- Fortunately, Elizabeth was wise and diplomatic,
and chose to favor neither extreme papalism nor
extreme Prot.
137E. Reform In England
- 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
- She correctly assessed the public mood gained
the peoples support of a policy of moderation.
- She reformed the Prayer Book to make it less
offensive to RCs, but she reinstituted the
liturgy of Edward VI.
- She kept the episcopal form of govt., but
lessened the power of the bishops.
138E. Reform In England
- 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
- In 1559 parliament passed the Act of Supremacy,
which recognized her supremacy in all matters
spiritual or ecclesiastical, as well as
temporal. - She was not called Supreme Head but Supreme
Governor.
- Most clergy subscribed, but 2,000 RC priests
refused to sign all but one of bishops from Ms
reign resigned.
139E. Reform In England
- 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
- This strong RC resistance caused E. to lean
toward the Protestants.
- Matthew Parker, who had been removed under M.,
was made Archbishop of Canterbury.
- Other bishops were chosen and consecrated, and
the C of E has contended to the present that the
apostolic succession was preserved.
140E. Reform In England
- 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
- Centuries later, Pope Leo XIII declared in 1896
that Anglican orders were invalid and not in the
apostolic succession.
- Although the Elizabethan Settlement met bitter RC
opposition, E. was tactful enough to avoid
excommunication for 11 yrs but she was finally
excommunicated by Pius V in 1570.
141E. Reform In England
- 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
- In the meantime E. had revised the Forty-two
Articles of 1553 they became the official
Thirty-nine Articles of C of E.
- Same year (1563) parliament passed the Test Act
which required an oath of obedience to the queen
as the supreme governor excluded RCs from the
House of Commons.
142E. Reform In England
- 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
- Also in 1563, John Foxe published his famous Book
of Martyrs, which inflamed prejudice against the
Catholics because of its vivid portrayal of
Catholics slaughtering and murdering thousands
who would not bow to the pope. - Angry RC reaction to these events exploded in the
northern revolt of 1569, Rome began a series of
intrigues to unseat E. and place Mary Queen of
Scots on the throne.
143E. Reform In England
- 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
- M. had been ousted from Scotland and sought
refuge in Eng. she posed a threat to E. and so
was imprisoned.
- In 1571, a plot to start an insurrection and
unseat E. involved the Duke of Alva Philip II,
Pope Pius V, and the Duke of Norfolk.
- RC priests were trained sent to Eng. Secretly
as missionaries subversives.
144E. Reform In England
- 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
- Many Jesuits conspired to overthrow the govt. by
force.
- In 1585 parliament the Act of Association which
called for Ms execution if she conspired against
E. when M. became involved in the Babington
conspiracy of 1586, M. was executed on 2/8/1587.
145E. Reform In England
- 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
- Philip II of Spain Pope Sixtus V had dreamed of
uniting Europe again under one emperor one
church, but had thus far failed, their failure
at bringing Eng. back to RC fold was esp.
bitter. - When Philip determined to take Eng. by force with
the Invincible Armada of 132 ships, the pope
helped plan and finance the ambitious campaign.
146E. Reform In England
- 5. Settlement Under Elizabeth
- E. appealed to the patriotism of her subjects,
who sent 200 smaller faster ships to encounter
the great