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The Social Informatics of Healthcare Infrastructure

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Title: The Social Informatics of Healthcare Infrastructure


1
The Social Informaticsof Healthcare
Infrastructure
Bruce R. SchatzSchool of Library Information
ScienceSchool of Biomedical Health Information
Sciences University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, USA schatz_at_uiuc.edu ,
www.canis.uiuc.edu
Department of Social Informatics Graduate School
of Informatics Kyoto University, Japan July 8,
2004
2
The Solution to The Problem
  • Social Informatics
  • Information technology solution to important
    social problem
  • (Distributed System for Data Analysis)
  • Healthcare Infrastructure
  • Managing the Health of Populations
  • (Health System for All People)

3
Healthcare Infrastructure
  • Infrastructure is the Whole System
  • Hospital, Clinic, Home
  • Doctors, Nurses, Brochures, Internet
  • NO Viable Model for Health System
  • Too much Cost! Too Much Volume!

4
Health Systems
  • Healthcare is THE Economic Issue
  • BIGGEST item in modern societies
  • Fast growing due to aging population
  • Healthcare will BREAK Every Nation
  • Nations go bankrupt and People die!

5
The Fundamental Cause 1
  • Medicine versus Health
  • Cure Sick in BIG Hospital
  • Maintain Wellness in small Clinic
  • Recent Rise of Chronic Illness
  • No cure with drugs surgery
  • only manage with diet exercise

6
The Fundamental Cause 2
  • Health Systems now for Acute Illness
  • Hospitals are Profitable Business but
  • Clinics are supported by Government
  • Systems cannot handle Chronic Illness
  • Chronic Illness now dominates Costs and Systems
    cannot handle Volume

7
The Viable Solution 1
  • Independent Clinics are Doomed
  • 1990s America -- small Clinics failed
  • when Government support reduced.
  • Health Systems start HMOs
  • Health Maintenance Organizations
  • 2000s America HMOs all failing.
  • 2000s Japan small Clinics will fail
  • when Government support reduced.

8
The Viable Solution 2
  • Need Complete Provider Pyramids
  • High Level for High Quality at High Cost
  • Low Level for Low Quality at Low Cost
  • Handle Volume by Pushing Cases Down
  • Bottom Levels handle MOST CASES
  • Viable Healthcare Infrastructure
  • Hospitals with Doctors for Surgery, Clinics with
    Nurse for Drugs, Homes with Patients for nearly
    all Health Interactions!

9
Social Informatics
  • Need New Viable Infrastructure
  • Health Information Technology
  • Provides Support for Patients in Homes
  • Creates Bottom of Pyramid to Offload
  • Informatics can Solve this Problem
  • Patients themselves create population health
    database via social informatics that
    automatically routes healthcare

10
Informatics Technologies
  • Measure Population Health
  • Adaptive Question Asking of Quality of Life
    Questionnaires
  • Answers for Individuals creates Database for the
    Population
  • Manage Population Health
  • Structured Health Vectors from normalized patient
    records
  • Statistical Information Retrieval cluster
    patients into care cohorts

11
Measure Population Health 1
  • Quality of Life Questionnaires
  • Self-Assessment directly by Patients
  • General Status questions, e.g. SF-36
  • Specific Disease questions, e.g.
  • Arthritis Can you walk without pain?
  • Heart Disease Do your ankles swell?
  • QoL correctly does coarse prediction
  • VA Heart Study SF-12 better than surgeon about
    patient survival

12
Measure Population Health 2
  • Electronic Records for fine prediction
  • Paper supports 10s of questions
  • Electronic supports 100s or 1000s
  • Adaptive Question Asking
  • Choose questions by weighted treewalk
  • Each session asks 10s of questions customized to
    particular condition
  • Generate Population Database
  • Daily individual records from all homes

13
Manage Population Health
  • Structured Health Vectors
  • Patient answers Questions daily
  • Average scores generate Health Vector
  • Elements of Vector are Meaningful
  • Cluster Patient Cohorts
  • Normalize Vectors for Similar Clusters
  • Weight Question Groups Medically
  • Route Care into Pyramid using Clusters to
    Determine Cohorts

14
Theory Experiment
  • Questionnaire from Merged QoL
  • 120 questions from 20 questionnaires
  • General plus some Specific questions
  • Simple Clusters do coarse prediction
  • Students simulate sick or well patients
  • K-means with random seeds does correct clustering
    from actual health monitor sessions with 100
    answers

15
Practice Experiment
  • Practical Risk Assessment Possible?
  • Need 4 Cohort Clusters correctly predicted
    hospital, clinic, telephone, home
  • Is 120 questions (10more) enough?
  • What Clusters can do fine prediction?
  • Use Historical Database of Real Patients
    answering Paper QoL Questionnaires
  • Agglomerative with complete link always
    consistent but always correct? May need
    appropriate structured vector weighting

16
Clinical Experiment
  • Real Patients in Real Settings
  • 1000 senior patients with heart disease
  • Use in Medicare Coordinated Care
  • Telephone Interface via voice response
  • Determine Care Levels automatically
  • Demonstrate Feasible Technologies
  • Adaptive Question Asking with Faceted Category
    Classification
  • Statistical Cohort Clustering with Structured
    Vector Weighting

17
Current Prototype Status
  • Theory Experiment
  • Completed in LIS 450MIH and LIS 429
  • Health Informatics Information Retrieval
  • Practice Experiment
  • On-going collaboration with Carle Hospital
  • Adaptive Faceted being Developed
  • Historical Databases being Analyzed
  • Clinical Experiment
  • Multi-Year Trial Proposal to US AHRQ
    Agency for Healthcare Research Quality

18
Clinical Rationale
  • Population Monitoring
  • of
  • Average Health

19
Healthcare Infrastructure
  • Provider Pyramids
  • Scale to Volumes for Chronic Illness
  • Risk Assessment
  • Automatically Determine Level of Care

20
The Future of Health Systems
  • Effective Prevention
  • Infrastructure supports Routine Care
  • Healthcare biggest use of Internet
  • Historical Nexus
  • Telephone Everyone is an Operator
  • Healthcare Everyone is a Doctor

21
Further Information
  • Papers
  • See articles on Internet Health Monitors and on
    Monitoring Population Health by R. Berlin, MD,
    and B. Schatz, PhD, at www.canis.uiuc.edu under
    Publications under Papers.
  • Demos
  • Try prototypes and view analysis at
    www.canis.uiuc.edu under MedSpace at bottom of
    web page.
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