ArabIsraeli Conflict

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Arab-Israeli Conflict
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Land of Palestine

• Claimed by both Jews and Arabs as ancestral
  homeland
  
• Jews were expelled by Hadrian in 135 AD
• Dispora dispersed
• Zionism 19th Century movement by Theodore Herzl
  to encourage Jews to emigrate to Palestine

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Palestine

• Controlled by Ottoman Empire until WWI (1918)
• British make promises to both Jews and Arabs to
  gain support
  
• McMahon promises independence for Arabs
• Balfour Declaration promises a Jewish homeland
• Britain gains control of Palestine after WWI
• Jewish immigration increases after WWII

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Formation of Israel

• Britain gives problem of Palestine to UN to
  solve
  
• Partition- Palestine split between an Arab a
  Jewish state
  
• Nation of Israel proclaimed May 14, 1948
• 6 Arab armies attack
• Israel gains more territory
• Palestinian refugee problem created

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Suez Crisis

• 1956
• Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal
• Israel, Britain France attack Egypt but are
  forced to withdraw b/c of world opinion
  
• UN peacekeeping forces set up in Sinai

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Six Day War - 1967

• Nasser expels UN forces and closes Gulf of Aqaba
  to Israel
  
• Israel preemptive strike against Egypt huge
  victory
  
• Gains Sinai Gaza from Egypt
• Gains West Bank Jerusalem from Jordan
• Gains Goal Heights from Syria

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Results of 6 Day War
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UN Resolution 242

• Withdrawal of Israel from occupied territories
• Right of all states in region to live in peace
  within secure and recognized boundaries

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Yom Kippur War - 1973

• Egypt and Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur
• Little territory changes hands, but Arabs fight
  well
  
• Arab oil embargo placed on USA and Netherlands

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Camp David Accords

• Egyptian President Anwar Sadat visits Jerusalem
  1977
  
• Peace agreement negotiated between Sadat and
  Begin (Israel)
  
• Sinai returned to Egypt
• Some self-rule for Palestinians on West Bank and
  Gaza
  
• Sadat assassinated by Muslim fanatics

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Israel Invades Lebanon - 1982

• Wants to destroy PLOs military capability
• Supports Christian Phalangists against PLO,
  Shiites Syria
  
• Phalangist militia enters Sabra Shatila
  Palestinian refugee camps murders hundreds
  
• World condemns Israel for not preventing this
• US marines come in as peace keepers, but leave
  Lebanon after a terrorist attack kills 241

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Intifada

• Uprising by young Palestinians in occupied
  territories
  
• Palestinians support Saddam Hussein in Gulf War
• Lose financial support of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait

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Israel PLO Peace Agreement 1993

• Israeli Prime Minister Rabin PLO Chairman
  Yassir Arafat agree to PLO control of Gaza town
  of Jericho
  
• Rabin, Peres and Arafat win Nobel Peace Prize
• Hamas bitterly opposed to peace agreement
• Right wing Israelis oppose Rabin assassinated
  in November 1995

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Israel PLO Peace Agreement Disintegrates in
1994

• February 1994, a disgruntled right-wing Jewish
  settler, Baruch Goldstein, opened fire on
  worshippers in Hebron, killing 30 people. In
  retaliation, Hamas carried out several suicide
  attacks in Israel beginning in April of 1994.
• November 1995, Israeli PM Yitzhak Rabin was
  assassinated by a right-wing Jewish extremist,
  Yigal Amir, at a peace rally.
  
• Shimon Peres takes his place in office as PM
• May 1996, Likud party leader Benjamin Netanyahu
  elected as PM

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Two Chances for Peace

• Wye River Memorandum October 23, 1998 Benjamin
  Netanyahu and Yasser Arafat sign the Wye River
  Memorandum at a summit in Maryland hosted by
  Pres. Bill Clinton.
• May 1999, Labour Party leader, Ehud Barak is
  elected PM
  
• Camp David Summit July 2000 between Ehud Barak
  and Yasser Arafat demonstrates both parties'
  unwillingness to make further compromises.

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Second Intifada

• Palestinians initiated riots after Israeli
  opposition leader Ariel Sharon visited the Temple
  Mount in Jerusalem
  
• Violence escalated rapidly from rock throwing to
  machine gun and mortar fire, suicide bombings and
  lethal road ambushes. Israelis killed 15 Israeli
  Arabs in riots in September 2000, and over 2,000
  Palestinians in retaliatory raids thereafter.
• Palestinians kill over 700 Israelis, many in
  suicide attacks. Violence continues for over a
  year.
  
• February 2001, right-wing Likud party leader
  Ariel Sharon is elected PM

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The Security Fence

• March 2002, Israel conducts Operation Defensive
  Wall in the West Bank, following a large number
  of Palestinian suicide attacks on civilian
  targets.
• 20,000 IDF reserves are called up and Israel
  begins construction of the Security Fence to
  disrupt suicide bombings.
  
• June 2002, Pres. Bush announce his Road Map for
  peace plan
  

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The Future

• November 2004, Palestinean Leader Yasser Arafat
  dies at the age of 75.
  
• Mahmoud Abbas becomes the new Palestinean Leader
• Ehud Olmert, the former mayor of Jerusalem
  becomes the PM of Israel
  
• December 2007 Olmert Abbas meet in US to
  discuss Peace Plans