PPA 573 Emergency Management and Homeland Security

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PPA 573 Emergency Management and Homeland
Security

• Lecture 5a- What is Homeland Security?

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Definitions

• National Strategy of Homeland Security.
• Homeland security is a concerted national effort
  to prevent terrorist attacks within the United
  States, reduce Americas vulnerability to
  terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover
  from attacks that do occur.
• Concerted national effort.
• Although the federal government has a critical
  role to play in homeland security, the nature of
  American society and the structure of American
  governance make it impossible to achieve the goal
  of a secure homeland through federal executive
  branch action alone. Any strategy should pursue
  the principles of shared responsibility.

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Definitions

• Prevent.
• The first priority of homeland security is to
  prevent terrorist attacks
  
• By defeating terrorism.
• Detecting terrorists before they strike.
• Prevent entry to the country.
• Take decisive action to eliminate the threat they
  pose.
  
• Special emphasis given to catastrophic threats.
• Primary sources weapons of mass destruction,
  strategic information warfare, attacks on
  critical infrastructure, and attacks on the
  highest leadership in government.

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Definitions

• Terrorist attacks.
• Focused on terrorism in the United States.
• Terrorism is any premeditated, unlawful act
  dangerous to human life or public welfare that is
  intended to intimidate or coerce civilian
  populations or governments.
• Covers kidnappings hijackings shootings
  conventional bombings attacks involving
  chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear
  weapons cyber attacks or other forms of
  malicious violence.
• Terrorists can be U.S. citizens or foreigners,
  acting in concert with others, on their own, or
  on behalf of a hostile state.

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Definitions

• Reduce Americas vulnerability.
• Homeland security involves a systematic,
  comprehensive, and strategic effort to reduce
  Americas vulnerability to attack.
  
• Develop a strategy to work with private sector to
  identify and protect our critical infrastructure
  and key assets, detect terrorist threats, and
  augment our defenses.
• Acceptable risk Balancing the benefits of
  mitigating the risk against the economic costs
  and infringements on individual liberties that
  this mitigation entails. This is an inherently
  political decision.

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Definitions

• Minimize the damage.
• The United States will prepare to manage the
  consequences of any future terrorist attacks that
  may occur despite our best efforts at
  prevention.
• Primary focus on first responders.
• Recover.
• As an essential component of homeland security,
  the United States will build and maintain various
  financial, legal, and social systems to recover
  from all forms of terrorism.

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Principles of Homeland Security

• Require responsibility and accountability.
• Designate lead executive branch agencies for
  federal homeland security initiatives.
  
• Mobilize our entire society.
• Recognize the crucial role of state and local
  governments, private institutions, and the
  American people in securing the homeland.
  
• Our traditions of federalism and limited
  government require that organizations outside of
  the federal government take the lead in many of
  these efforts.

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A New Definition
Homeland Security   The prevention, deterrence,
and preemption of, and defense against,
aggression targeted at U.S. territory, sovereign
ty, population, and infrastructure as well as
the management of the consequences of such
aggression and other domestic emergencies.
Homeland Defense   The prevention, preemption, a
nd deterrence of, and defense against, direct
attacks aimed at U.S. territory,
population, and infrastructure.
Civil Support DoD support to civilian authoriti
es for natural and manmade domestic emergencies,
civil disturbances, and designated law
enforcement efforts.
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Principles of Homeland Security

• Manage risk and allocate resources judiciously.
• Identify priority programs for the finite
  homeland security resources.
  
• Seek opportunity out of adversity.
• Pay special attention to programs that improve
  security and advance other important public
  purposes or principles national incident
  management system.

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Principles of Homeland Security

• Foster flexibility.
• Because terrorists are strategic actors, the
  homeland security structure should have
  managerial, budgetary, and structural
  flexibility.
• Measure preparedness.
• Demand accountability from every government body
  responsible for homeland security initiatives.
  
• Every department and agency will create
  benchmarks and other performance measures by
  which we can evaluate progress and allocate
  future resources.

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Principles of Homeland Security

• Sustain efforts over the long-term.
• Constrain government spending.
• In addition to new or expanded government
  programs, we should also pursue government
  reorganization, legal reform, essential
  regulation, incentives, cost-sharing arrangements
  with state and local governments, cooperative
  arrangements with the private sector, and the
  organized involvement of citizens.

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Implementing Homeland Security

• Preventing terrorist attacks.
• Reducing vulnerabilities.
• Minimizing damage and recovering from the attacks
  that do occur.

• Intelligence and warning.
• Border and transportation security.
• Domestic counterterrorism.
• Protecting critical infrastructure and key
  assets.
  
• Defending against catastrophic terrorism.
• Emergency preparedness and response.

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Threats and Vulnerability

• Terrorists are strategic actors.
• They choose their targets deliberately based on
  the weaknesses they observe in our defenses and
  our preparations.
  
• They can balance the difficulty in successfully
  executing a particular attack against the
  magnitude of loss it may cause.

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Threats and Vulnerability

• Our free society is inherently vulnerable, making
  it easier for terrorists to hide and operate.
  
• Five key elements of way of life.
• Democracy.
• Liberties.
• Security.
• Economy.
• Culture.

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Threats and Vulnerability

• Means of attack.
• Weapons of mass destruction.
• Chemical.
• Biological.
• Radiological.
• Nuclear.
• Conventional means.
• Physical attack.
• Suicide bombings.
• Kidnappings.
• Hostages.
• Cyber attacks.
• New or unexpected means.

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Threats and Vulnerability

• The terrorists.
• Tactical advantages.
• Time, place, method.
• Flexibility.
• Long-range planning.
• Anonymity.
• Known terrorist groups.
• Al-Qaeda.
• Hizballah.
• Hamas.
• Real Irish Republican Army.
• Domestic organizations.

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Elements of Homeland Security Donley and Pollard

• Goals and objectives.
• Deterrence and prevention.
• Protection
• Response and recovery.
• Missions.
• Counterterrorism.
• Aerospace defense.
• Air sovereignty.
• Missile defense.

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Elements of Homeland Security Donley and Pollard

• Missions (contd.).
• Land defense.
• Maritime security.
• Border security, immigration, and customs.
• Critical infrastructure protection.
• Energy.
• Transportation (air, seaports, rail).
• Information and communications networks.
• Water and vital human services.
• Banking and finance.

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Elements of Homeland Security Donley and Pollard

• Missions (contd.).
• Public health.
• Consequence management.
• Antiterrorism and preparedness.

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Elements of Homeland Security Donley and Pollard

• Tools and means.
• Coordinated policy planning and strategy
  development.
  
• Diplomacy.
• Military operations and support to civil
  authorities.
  
• Intelligence.
• Law enforcement.
• Financial oversight and controls.
• Resource allocation.
• Training and exercises.
• Material and technology.

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Elements of Homeland Security Donley and Pollard

• Components.
• Federal departments and agencies.
• Congressional oversight and appropriations.
• Courts.
• State departments and agencies.
• Local government and first responders.
• Threats.
• Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and
  high-explosive weapons and WMD.
  
• Multiple delivery systems.
• Natural disasters.

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Elements of Homeland Security Donley and Pollard

• Sources.
• Sovereign governments and rogue states.
• Terrorist organizations.
• Foreign.
• Domestic.

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The Strategic Cycle of Homeland Security ANSER
Institute
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The Strategic Cycle of Homeland Security ANSER
Institute Ruth David

• A comprehensive strategy for homeland security
  must encompass all phases of the strategic
  cycle.
  
• Therefore, the national objectives must be
  deterrence, prevention, preemption, crisis
  management, consequence management, attribution,
  and response.

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The Strategic Cycle of Homeland Security ANSER
Institute

• The ultimate goal, of course, is to deter future
  attacksby convincing the enemy that their
  efforts will be unsuccessful and/or that our
  response will be both immediate and devastating.
• In short, this will mean we must implement
  strategies to prevent the acquisition or delivery
  of asymmetric weapons, to preempt attacks already
  in motion, to limit the impact of an attack
  through crisis and consequence management, to
  attribute an attack to the perpetrator as well as
  the ultimate sponsor, and to respond immediately
  with the full force of our military and/or legal
  establishments.

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The Strategic Cycle of Homeland Security ANSER
Institute

• The strength of our nation is based on the
  distribution of authority and power among
  federal, state, and local governments, the free
  market that is the basis of our economy, and the
  personal freedom and privacy afforded to every
  citizen.

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The Strategic Cycle of Homeland Security ANSER
Institute

• Responsibility for protecting our homeland is
  distributed across a range of diverse
  organizationscomplicating the development and
  implementation of a national strategy.
• How can we ensure that related fragments of
  information are fused to create nationalversus
  localsituational awareness?

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The Strategic Cycle of Homeland Security ANSER
Institute

• How can we create the excess capacity that would
  be needed to respond to a biological attack in a
  market-driven health care system?
  
• How can we identify terrorists living among us
  without infringing on the privacy of our
  citizens?
  
• We must defend our homeland, but we must also
  protect the strengths of our nation.
  

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The Strategic Cycle of Homeland Security ANSER
Institute

• The goal should be a national strategynot a
  federal strategya synergy of the actions of
  individual organizations at all levels, ensuring
  that gaps are filled, conflicts are eliminated,
  and overlaps are minimized. The three-dimensional
  framework in figure 1 may help to visualize the
  inherent complexities of the challenge. Within
  each subcube, we have a national objective, a
  threat category, and operational entities with
  varying responsibilities. Although operational
  responsibilities will not be uniformly
  distributed, a comprehensive national strategy
  must assign missions and authorities within each
  space.

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The Strategic Cycle of Homeland Security ANSER
Institute