Let's Be Novakian: Constraining Task with Structural Mapping Software

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Let's Be Novakian Constraining Task with
Structural Mapping Software

• Lawrie Hunter
• Kochi University of Technology
• http//www.core.kochi-tech.ac.jp/hunter/

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Let's Be Novakian
Action research
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Let's Be Novakian
Action research
meansstill working on it
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Let's Be Novakian
Action research
meansstill working on it orno real data
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BACKGROUND 2 PASSIONS
HAWW How Academic Writing Works (Information
strategy and readability)
MAPPING Foundation Information Structures (Knowled
ge Structures)
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BACKGROUND 2 PASSIONS
1. HAWW
2. MAPPING
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BACKGROUND 2 PASSIONS
1. HAWW
2. MAPPING
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Constructivist L2 learning task
Open-ended and expressive tasksfree the
learner to use language that is immediately,
personally relevant.
My favorite game. A day in my life. How I
would reduce Japans CO2 emissions.
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Constructivist L2 learning task
Open-ended and expressive tasksfree the
learner to use language that is immediately,
personally relevant.
BUT they also allow the learner to write freely
in terms of -content -information structure
and -rhetorical structure.
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How can we present taskso as to force certain
language behaviors?
e.g. use of certain structures e.g. use of
certain types of cohesion device e.g. use of
certain register
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How can we present taskso as to force certain
language behaviors?Maybeinformation mapping
systemsallow us to usefully presenttask content
in a low-text manner.
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Many information mapping systems

• Mind mapping
• Directed link maps
• Hunters info structure maps
• Horns argument mapping
• AusThinks argument mapping
• Rationale argument mapping
• RST maps
• Rhetorical Structure Theory

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Clarify this studys purpose in terms of
content Aim of this design process -to create
tasks and devices that aid the TAW learner in
perceiving information structures -argument
structure, -knowledge structure (following
Mohan (1986) and Hunter (2002)) and -message
type (central message, background information).
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Clarify this studys purpose in terms of form of
language/information
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Analyze map styles in terms of links
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Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
longevity
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Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
pine trees
longevity
longevity
Spatial metaphor in human graphics Down is
specific, up is general Down is subordinate,
up is superordinate
Metaphors We Live By by George Lakoff and Mark
Johnson University of Chicago Press, 1980.
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Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
pine trees
longevity
longevity
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Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
longevity
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Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
pine trees
longevity
longevity
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Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
pine trees
are a symbol of
is symbolized by
longevity
longevity
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Analyze map styles in terms of links
pine trees
pine trees
symbol of
characteristic of
longevity
longevity
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Quantum levels of mapping
Argument mapping
Information structure mapping
Syntactic mapping
Grammatical mapping (pseudo)
Association mapping
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• Tony Buzans mind mapping

• The links are all associations
• -i.e. zero granularity

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Directed-link maps
http//www.inspiration.com/
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Directed-link Novakian maps
maybe Novakian...
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When is a map Novakian?
The basic Novakian concept map... usually
starts with a general concept at the top of the
map, and then works its way down ... to more
specific concepts.
Abrams, R. An Overview of Concept Mapping. In
Meaningful Learning A Collaborative Literature
Review of Concept Mapping. Retrieved March 18,
2008 at http//www2.ucsc.edu/mlrg/clr-conceptmappi
ng.html
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When is a map Novakian?
The basic Novakian concept map... usually
starts with a general concept at the top of the
map, and then works its way down ... to more
specific concepts.
Concepts are placed in boxes...
Abrams, R. An Overview of Concept Mapping. In
Meaningful Learning A Collaborative Literature
Review of Concept Mapping. Retrieved March 18,
2008 at http//www2.ucsc.edu/mlrg/clr-conceptmappi
ng.html
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When is a map Novakian?
The basic Novakian concept map... usually
starts with a general concept at the top of the
map, and then works its way down ... to more
specific concepts.
Concepts are placed in boxes... Lines are
drawn from a concept to a linking word to a
concept.
Abrams, R. An Overview of Concept Mapping. In
Meaningful Learning A Collaborative Literature
Review of Concept Mapping. Retrieved March 18,
2008 at http//www2.ucsc.edu/mlrg/clr-conceptmappi
ng.html
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When is a map Novakian?
The basic Novakian concept map... usually
starts with a general concept at the top of the
map, and then works its way down ... to more
specific concepts.
Concepts are placed in boxes... Lines are
drawn from a concept to a linking word to a
concept. Sequences of concepts and linking words
do not always form grammatically correct
sentences.
Abrams, R. An Overview of Concept Mapping. In
Meaningful Learning A Collaborative Literature
Review of Concept Mapping. Retrieved March 18,
2008 at http//www2.ucsc.edu/mlrg/clr-conceptmappi
ng.html
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When is a map Novakian?
http//cmap.ihmc.us/
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Many information mapping systems

• Mind mapping
• Directed link maps
• Hunters info structure maps
• Horns argument mapping
• AusThinks argument mapping
• Rationale argument mapping
• RST maps
• Rhetorical Structure Theory

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Novakian maps (Novak Cañas, 2006) are type 3
maps, having textured link dyadic elements.

• Associational
• Directed link
• Textured directed link

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Novakian maps (Novak Cañas, 2006) can be used
at any level of abstraction.
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Novakian maps (Novak Cañas, 2006) are type 3
maps, having textured link dyadic elements.
The rules of operation for Novakian maps may
be defined as Rectangles (nodes) contain
concepts. Rectangles are joined by labeled lines
(propositions). Propositions are usually
uni-directional. The label in the middle of a
proposition is called a linking phrase.
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Hunters info structure maps
Classification
Description
Degree comparison
Attribute comparison
Contrast
!
Sequence
Cause-effect
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Power generating systems
General process
Make steam
Rotate turbines
Generate electricity
Boil a liquid
seawater heat
fossil or N-heat
boil NH3
boil H2O
!
OTEC plants
older type plants
steam 20C
steam 500C
!
low power
high power
!
zero energy cost
high energy cost
hunter systems
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Since 1998
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Quantum levels of mapping
Argument mapping
Information structure mapping
Syntactic mapping
Grammatical mapping (pseudo)
Association mapping
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Argument mappingas an inroad to task
constraint-an extreme case ofsummarizing-pers
uasive rhetoric filtered out
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Important levels of mapping
Argument mapping Information structure mapping
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Horns argument mapping
A pioneering effort at argument mapping Ad hoc
approach (non Toulmin) Very restricted link
relations -is supported by -is
disputed by
http//www.stanford.edu/rhorn/index.html
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Horns argument mapping
The Turing Test
http//www.stanford.edu/rhorn/index.html
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AusThink argument mapping
http//www.austhink.com/
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AusThink argument mapping
http//www.austhink.com/
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Rationale argument mapping
http//www.austhink.com/
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• RST mapping

Bill Manns Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST)
uses various sorts of "building blocks" to
describe texts. The principal block type deals
with "nuclearity" and "relations" (often called
coherence relations in the linguistic
literature.)
www.sil.org/mannb/rst/
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• RST mapping

Bill Manns Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST)
uses various sorts of "building blocks" to
describe texts. The principal block type deals
with "nuclearity" and "relations" (often called
coherence relations in the linguistic
literature.)
www.sil.org/mannb/rst/
RST links are rhetorical devices.
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Cmap tools
http//cmap.ihmc.us/
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Cmap tools
http//cmap.ihmc.us/
Novakian links are syntactic devices.
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Constraining learner behavior
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Using link labels to constrain learner behavior
Allow only links which signal the information
structures which constitute the register
Here the register is FAE, and the degree
of abstraction is maximum.
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Using link labels to constrain learner behavior
Allow only links which signal the information
structures which constitute the register
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Demonstration task constraint work
Example teaching the informal technical
academic register used, for example, in
science magazines and presentation scripts/
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Demonstration task constraint work
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Demonstration task constraint work
ppt 1 associational mapping ppt 2 argument
mapping
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Observations task constraint work
ppt 1 associational mapping -orientation
problems -centrality ignored -no
over-structure ppt 2 argument mapping
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Observations task constraint work
ppt 1 associational mapping -orientation
problems -centrality ignored -no
over-structure ppt 2 argument mapping -ignored
constraint rule -added link types -varied
the constraints -added information

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Future work
1. Achieve elegance in learner argument maps
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Future work
1. Achieve elegance in learner argument
maps 2. Writing work learners write from maps to
FAE.
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Future work
Long-term, big new
Embed Hunters info structure mapping in Novakian
argument mapping
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Future work
Embed Hunters info structure mapping in Novakian
argument mapping -and see what happens!
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Thank you for your attention.
You can download this .ppt from http//www.core.ko
chi-tech.ac.jp/hunter/professional/novakian
Lawrie Hunter Kochi University of
Technology http//www.core.kochi-tech.ac.jp/hunter
/
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Original outline forLet's Be Novakian
Constraining Task with Structural Mapping
SoftwareINTRO constructivist task,
open-endedthe search for means of purposefully
constraining typically open-ended EFL
constructivist tasks (e.g. "Write about bananas")
without going to the opposite extreme of simple
closed task (e.g. "What's a banana?)."How to get
at specific language features (lexical units,
lexical structures)1. explore a variety of
mapping software mindmaps (Buzan, association
maps)2. explore several general task
architectures 3. Show how the use of concept map
systems based on associational links can result
in excessive task performance freedom. 4. Show
Cmap The Cmap, or Novakian, approach
lthttp//cmap.coginst.uwf.edu/gt involves the use
of labelled links 5. Show how Cmap's labelled
links can be used to constrain learner behavior
towards more articulate expression while
maintaining a high degree of task performance
freedom. By constraining the nature of link
labels the materials designer can push the
learner to very specific language behaviors
within larger tasks.6a. demonstrate Cmap task
constraint work in the example of teaching the
informal technical academic English register
(used for example in science magazines and
presentation scripts), 6b. demonstrate Cmap task
constraint work in teaching the important second
language reader/writer skill of distinguishing
between (1) technical content and scientific
argument and (2) motivating or persuasive
rhetoric.
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Tree wrapping article used inLet's Be Novakian
Constraining Task with Structural Mapping
SoftwareTraditional pest control worse than
uselessThe Yomiuri ShimbunOSAKA--The
traditional method of wrapping pine trees in
straw matting during winter to protect them from
harmful insects is actually counterproductive, a
recent study has found.Komo-maki, or straw mat
wrapping, is a traditional pest control method
used to trap harmful insects in the straw wrapped
around the trunk. In early winter, straw mats are
wrapped around the trunks to attract insects.
During winter, the insects multiply in the warm
mats, which are then removed from the trees and
burned together with the insects inside in early
spring.But a study led by Chikako Niiho, an
associate professor of insect ecology at Hyogo
University, found that 55 percent of insects
caught in straw mats used to wrap pine trees at
Himeji Castle in Himeji, Hyogo Prefecture, for
four years, were beneficial to trees, while only
4 percent were harmful.An examination of about
350 straw mats used to wrap pine trees at the
castle found between zero and six egger moth
caterpillars, a tree pest, each year from
2002-04, and only 44 even in the worst year,
2005. The team found no long-horned beetles--not
itself a pest, but a carrier of pinewood
nematodes. Together with egger moths, pinewood
nematodes are the main cause of pine wilt, a
disease fatal to pine trees.On the other hand,
the researchers found between 337 and 625 spiders
of various species that prey on harmful insects.
Also found in the mats were between 90 and 486
beneficial assassin bugs, which also prey on
pests.According to researchers, egger moth
caterpillars live under bark and are found in
cracks in the trunk after the removal of mats,
with a lot of egger moth pupae found in the same
places in summer. Nematodes also inhabit trunks,
meaning the straw mat wrapping is useless as a
way of getting rid of them.It is thought that
the wrapping of pine trees in winter started in
the Edo period (1603-1867), when it was common
practice in the gardens of feudal lords. The
wrapping has been an annual event at Himeji
Castle since the 1960s.But there has long been
suspicion that the wrapping serves little
purpose.For this reason, while wrapping is
still employed in famous places such as Miho no
Matsubara (Miho Pine Grove) in Shizuoka and
Okayama Korakuen garden in Okayama, the method
was abandoned 20 years ago in the Outer Garden of
the Imperial Palace in Tokyo and Kyoto Imperial
Palace Garden in Kyoto. Hamamatsu, Shizuoka
Prefecture, did not employ the method this year
and Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, is
considering dropping it.Niiho said straw mats
provide places for beneficial insects to pass the
winter. Places that want to continue the wrapping
should only burn the mats after giving the
beneficial insects time to get away, she
advised.A spokesman for Himeji Castle Office
said "It's true we found many spiders in the
mats, but as we never knew they were good for the
trees we burned them anyway. We want to figure
out a better way."(Mar. 27, 2008
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