Laboratory specimen: collection, safe transport and biosafety

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Protect yourself and protect othersBiosafety in
specimen collection and transport

• Laboratory specimen collection, safe transport
  and biosafety

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Learning Objectives

• At the end of the presentation, participants
  should be able to
• Identify principles in biosafety
• Practice hand hygiene
• Identify protective equipment to use for
  different routes of infection
• Describe safe disposal of some hazardous wastes

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Biosafety protect the patient

• First Rule single use equipment
• Disinfect
• Work in a clean, dedicated area

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Biosafety protect yourself

• Use personal protective equipment
• disposable gloves
• laboratory coats / gown
• mask
• protective eyewear / face shields if procedure is
  likely to generate aerosols

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Personal Protection Gloves

• Whenever possible, suitable gloves should be worn
  when handling biohazardous materials
• not a substitute for regular and proper hand
  hygiene

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Personal Protection Hand hygiene

• Alcohol based hand rubs are gold standard in
  health care settings (if hands not visibly soiled)

Photos WHO
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Personal Protection Hand hygiene

• Alcohol based hand rubs must complement with hand
  washing with normal soap

Photos WHO
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Infection control precautions
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Biosafety protect others, protect the
environment

• Package samples appropriately for transport
• Decontaminate spills - 10 bleach
• Disinfect working areas 1 household bleach
• Soak contaminated non-disposable equipment/
  material 1 household bleach for 5 minutes
• Place waste in leak-proof bags
• Ensure safe final management of waste
• Protect cleaning personnel coat, gloves

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Spill clean-up procedure

• Wear gloves and other PPEs as indicated
• Cover the spill with a cloth or paper towels
• Pour an appropriate disinfectant over the cloth
• Apply the disinfectant concentrically
• After about 30 min, clear away the materials.
• If with broken glass collect and deposit into a
  puncture-resistant container
• Clean and disinfect the area of the spillage
• Dispose of contaminated materials
• Report the incident

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Some chlorine products available in the market
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Chlorine Dilution according to use
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Disinfecting water using a 1 stock solution

• What you need
• (4 pcs) plastic water containers (gt 10-litre)
• 1 chlorine stock solution
• (1 pc)) 5-ml syringe
• Comparator or test strip
• (40 litres) of water (10 litres in each container)

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Disinfecting water using a 1 stock solution

• Process of disinfection
• Prepare 1 chlorine stock solution
• Fill the containers with 10 litres of water each
• Using a syringe, add progressively greater doses
  of 1 chlorine solution e.g.,
• 1st container 1 ml
• 2nd container 1.5 ml
• 3rd container 2 ml
• 4th container 5 ml
• Let it stand for 30 minutes and measure residual
  free chlorine concentration with test trip
• Choose the sample with 0.4 0.5 mg/litre of free
  residual chlorine

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Preparation of 1, 0.5 and 0.05 chlorine stock
solution 
Mix the required amount of one of the given
chemical products with clean water, making up to
the total amount of stock solution (1 litre, 10
litres) in an airtight, opaque and non-metallic
container.
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Some tips

• Handle the dry product with care. Avoid shaking
  and exposure to high temperatures or flames.
• Avoid direct contact with the chemical product.
• Use clean water in preparing the stock solution.
• Use non-metallic containers in preparing and
  storing the solution.
• Prepare and store stock solution in a well
  ventilated area.
• Avoid inhaling vapours and dust when opening or
  handling the containers.
• Solutions must be prepared daily and protected
  from heat, light and moisture.

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Dispose sharp material in bio-hazard sharps
containers

• If no sharps container improvise one and collect
  sharps immediately to prevent needle-stick injury
• Have first aid kit readily accessible
• Do not reuse contaminated equipment

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Items Requiring Disposal

• Infectious blood, body fluids, leftover
  biological samples
• Disposable needles and syringes
• Disposable or non-reusable protective clothing

• Disposable or non-reusable gloves
• Used laboratory supplies
• Used disinfectants

Incineration recommended
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Building an Incinerator

• Cut out one end of a 220 liter drum
• Cut out 3 half-moon openings
• Cut 4 side holes and insert metal rods to form an
  X
• Cut away half of other end of drum to form lid
• Insert first end cut as a waste platform

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How to burn waste in an Incinerator

• Place waste on platform inside of the drum
• Soak waste in one liter of fuel
• Light the fire carefully
• Watch the fire and frequently mix the waste with
  the metal bars to be sure all of the waste is
  burned
• When the fire has gone out, empty the ashes into
  a pit
• Note You must replace the incinerator if large
  holes burn through the sides.

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Disposal Using a Pit

• Can be used for disposal of
• Liquids, if no isolation latrine or toilet is
  available
• All other flammable items such as clothing
• Building a Pit
• Locate pit far from foot traffic flow
• Dig 2 meters deep, wide enough to hold all
  contaminated waste material

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How to Burn Waste in a Pit

• Place disinfected waste in the pit
• Pour fuel over waste
• Carefully start fire
• Observe burning process
• Repeat fire if waste remains after burning
• Cover ashes with soil
• Bury a nearly full pit with ½ meter of soil
• Dig a new pit for more waste

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Disposal Safety Precautions

• Use safe handling practices for infectious
  material
• Locate disposal site on health facility grounds,
  away from traffic flow and public view
• Maintain disposal site security by roping off,
  posting signs, and stationing a guard
• Do not leave unburned waste in an incinerator or
  pit

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