What is urban geography

1
Urban Geography Urbanization and Location

• What is urban geography?
• Study of how cities function, their internal
  systems and structure, and the external
  influences on them..
• Variation among cities internal and external
  relationships.
• Key concepts trends
• Agglomeration clustering for mutual advantage
• Specialization mfg. Product associated with
  cities (Sheffield, Milwaukee)
• W. Europe1800, 20 2000, 75
• World 1800, 3 2000, 55

2
Urban Geography Urbanization and Location
3
Von Thunens Agricultural Land Use Model 1.
Isolated state 2. Single market at center 3.
Market price, p, same for all producers of a
given crop 4. Featureless plain 5. Yield per unit
acre same everywhere 6. Transportation costs are
proportional to distance and invariant to
direction 7. Farmers maximize profits
4
Symbolic model LR Y (p-c) - Ytd
5
(No Transcript)
6
Urban Geography Urbanization and Location

• Urbanization in the 1990s
• Urban population as a percent of total
  population (Fig. 18.6)
• low-levels in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Variation in urbanization in Southwest
  Asia/North Africa
• Low urbanization in South Asia
• Singapore 100 percent urban
• Pacific Rim only Japan, S. Korea, and Taiwan
  are highly urbanized.

7
Urban Geography Urbanization and Location
8
Urban Geography Urbanization and Location

• Urbanization in the 1990s
• Distribution of Great World Cities (Fig. 18.7)
• Western Europe, N. America, E. Asia
• Regional megalopolis in S. Florida
• Urban complex in Germanys Ruhr-Rhine zone
• Randstad in Netherlands
• megalopolitan development in Japan.

9
Urban Geography Urbanization and Location
10
Urban Geography Urbanization and Location

• Urbanization in the 1990s
• Megacities
• Many of largest cities in poorer countries
• By 2025, 15 cities with more than 20 million.
• Stand alone cities in developing countries
• Conurbations in developed countries
• By 2025 New York will no longer be among the
  worlds 10 largest cities.
• Fast growing cities in Asia, Africa, and South
  America

11
Urban Geography Urban Pattern and Structure

• Intraurban Spatial Organization
• Technology and urban form
• John Borcharts Evolutionary Epochs
• Sail-Wagon (1790-1830)
• Iron Horse (1830-1870)
• Steel-Rail (1870-1920)
• Auto-Air-Amenity (1920-1970)
• High-tech (1970-?)

12
Urban Geography Urbanization and Location
Clarke Urban Growth Model

• output of model run on Santa Barbara
• Green Current Urban
• Light Blue Predicted Urban
• Royal Blue Excluded
• Yellow Roads
• Red Other

13
Urban Geography Urban Pattern and Structure

• Central Place Theory
• Centrality
• Threshold min. population for normal profits
• Range distance consumer is willing to travel to
  purchase product.

Demand
Demand
Distance
Price
14
Urban Geography Urban Pattern and Structure

• Central Place Theory (cont.)
• Excess Profits Spatial Competition, Equilibrium
• Central place hierarchy, ordering, nesting

Threshold
Range
15
Urban Geography Urban Pattern and Structure

• Central Place Theory (cont.)
• Assumptions
• Uniform spatial distribution of
  population/income
• Isotropic transport surface
• Consumers patronize nearest store
• No excess profits (rangethreshold)
• Hexagonal trade areas of central place theory

16
Urban Geography Urban Pattern and Structure
Spatial Competition
17
Urban Geography Urban Pattern and Structure
18
Urban Geography Urban Pattern and Structure
19
Urban Geography Urban Pattern and Structure

• Central Place Theory (cont.)
• Relax Assumptions
• Population/income variation
• Transport surface
• Consumer behavior
• Profits

20
Urban Geography Urban Pattern and Structure

• Central Place Theory (cont.)
• Application to retail and settlement patterns.
• Do cities of similar size have approximately
  equal spacing?
• Encarta...

21
Urban Geography Urban Pattern and Structure

• Functional structure
• CBD, central city, suburb
• Urban Ecology Classic Models
• Concentric Zone Burgess (1920s)
• Sector Model Hoyt (1930s)
• Multiple Nuclei Harris and Ulman (1940s)

22
Urban Geography Urban Pattern and Structure
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
Urban Geography Urban Pattern and Structure

• Economic Base and the Base Multiplier
• Basic and non-basic sector
• Defining the base multiplier
• Example Raytheon