Symposium%20Ethics%20and%20Robotics

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SymposiumEthics and Robotics

• University of Tsukuba Japan
• October 3, 2009

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Ethics and RoboticsAn Intercultural Perspective

• Rafael Capurro
• Steinbeis Transfer Institute Information Ethics
• http//sti-ie.de
• Germany
• Last update July 13, 2009

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Content

• Introduction
• EU Project ETHICBOTS (2005-2008)
• http//ethicbots.na.infn.it/index.php
• Wallach Allen on Moral Machines
• Isaac Asimov Three Laws of Robotics
• Korean Robot Ethics Charter
• European Robotics Research Network (EURON)
• Roboethics
• AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics
• Workshop on Roboethics, ICRA 2009, Kobe, May 2009
• ECAP (European Computing and Philosophy) 2007
• SPT (Society for Philosophy and Technology) 2009
• Machine Ethics Consortium
• AP-CAP 2009
• Being-in-the-world with robots

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Introduction

• Ethics and robotics are two academic
  disciplines,
• one dealing with the moral norms and values
  underlying implicitly or explicitly human
  behaviour
• and the other aiming at the production of
  artificial agents, mostly as physical devices,
  with some degree of autonomy based on rules and
  programmes set up by their creators.
• (Capurro/Nagenborg 2009)

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Introduction

• Since the first robots arrived on the stage in
  the play by Karel Capek (1921) visions of a world
  inhabited by humans and robots gave rise to
  countless utopian and dystopian stories, songs,
  movies, and video games.
• (Capurro/Nagenborg 2009)

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Karel Capek R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)
(1922)
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Introduction

• Robots are and will remain in the foreseeable
  future dependent on human ethical scrutiny as
  well as on the moral and legal responsibility of
  humans.
• (Capurro/Nagenborg 2009)

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Introduction

• Human-robot interaction raises serious ethical
  questions right now that are theoretically less
  ambitious but practically more important than the
  possibility of the creation of moral machines
  that would be more than machines with an ethical
  code.
• (Capurro/Nagenborg 2009)

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ETHICBOTS

• EU Project ETHICBOTS on Emerging Technoethics of
  Human Interaction with Communication, Bionic and
  Robotic Systems (2005-2008).
• The project aimed at identifying crucial ethical
  issues in these areas such as
• the preservation of human identity, and
  integrity
• applications of precautionary principles
• economic and social discrimination
• artificial system autonomy and accountability
• responsibilities for (possibly unintended)
  warfare applications
• nature and impact of human-machine cognitive and
  affective bonds on individuals and society.

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ETHICBOTS

• Following issues were analyzed
• (a) Human-softbot integration, as achieved by AI
  research on information and communication
  technologies
• (b) Human-robot, non-invasive integration, as
  achieved by robotic research on autonomous
  systems inhabiting human environments
• (c) Physical, invasive integration, as achieved
  by bionic research.

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ETHICBOTS

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Ethics and Robotics

• R. Capurro and M. Nagenborg (Eds.) Ethics and
  Robotics. Heidelberg
• Akad.Verlagsgesellschaft 2009 (ISBN
  978-3-89838-087-4 (AKA) and 978-1-60750-008-7
  (IOS Press)
• P. M. Asaro What should We Want from a Robot
  Ethic?
• G. Tamburrini Robot Ethics A View from the
  Philosophy of Science
• B. Becker Social Robots - Emotional Agents Some
  Remarks on Naturalizing Man-machine Interaction
• E. Datteri, G. Tamburrini Ethical Reflections on
  Health Care Robotics
• P. Lin, G. Bekey, K. Abney Robots in War Issues
  of Risk and Ethics
• J. Altmann Preventive Arms Control for
  Uninhabited Military Vehicles
• J. Weber Robotic warfare, Human Rights The
  Rhetorics of Ethical Machines
• T. Nishida Towards Robots with Good Will
• R. Capurro Ethics and Robotics

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Wallach Allen on Moral Machines
http//moralmachines.blogspot.com/ (Oxford
Univ. Press 2009)

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Wallach Allenhttp//moralmachines.blogspot.com/
(Oxford Univ. Press 2009)

• Three questions emerge naturally from the
  discussion so far. Does the world need AMAs? Do
  people want computers making moral decisions? And
  if people believe that computers making moral
  decisions are necessary or inevitable, how should
  engineers and philosophers proceed to design
  AMAs?(Introd.)

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Wallach Allenhttp//moralmachines.blogspot.com/
(Oxford Univ. Press 2009)

• We take the instrumental approach that while
  full-blown moral agency may be beyond the current
  or future technology, there is nevertheless much
  space between operational morality and genuine
  moral agency. This is the niche we identified as
  functional morality in chapter 2.(Introd.)

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Wallach Allenhttp//moralmachines.blogspot.com/
(Oxford Univ. Press 2009)

• The top-down and bottom-up approaches emphasize
  the importance in ethics of the ability to
  reason. However, much of the recent empirical
  literature on moral psychology emphasizes
  faculties besides rationality.

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Wallach Allenhttp//moralmachines.blogspot.com/
(Oxford Univ. Press 2009)

• Emotions, sociability, semantic understanding,
  and consciousness are all important to human
  moral decision making, but it remains an open
  question whether these will be essential to AMAs,
  and if so, whether they can be implemented in
  machines. (Introd.)

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Wallach Allenhttp//moralmachines.blogspot.com/
(Oxford Univ. Press 2009)

• The field of machine morality extends the field
  of computer ethics beyond concern for what people
  do with their computers to questions about what
  the machines do by themselves. (In this book we
  will use the terms ethics and morality
  interchangeably.) We are discussing the
  technological issues involved in making computers
  themselves into explicit moral reasoners.
  (Introd.)

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Isaac Asimov Three Laws of Robotics (1940)
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Roboti
cs

• A robot may not injure a human being or, through
  inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
• A robot must obey orders given it by human beings
  except where such orders would conflict with the
  First Law
• A robot must protect its own existence as long as
  such protection does not conflict with the First
  or Second Law

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Superman-mechanical-monsterhttp//en.wikipedia.or
g/wiki/FileSuperman-mechanical-monster.jpg

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Korean Robot Ethics CharterSee Shim (2007)
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European Robotics Research Network
(EURON)http//www.euron.org/
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EURON Roboethics Atelier
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ROBOETHICShttp//www.roboethics.org/
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EURON Roboethics Roadmap

• Roboethics (this term was coined in 2002 by G.
  Veruggio) taxonomy
• Humanoids
• Advanced production systems
• Adaptive robot servants and intelligent homes
• Network Robotics
• Outdoor Robotics
• Health Care and Life Quality
• Military Robotics
• Edutainment
• See http//www.roboethics.org/atelier2006/docs/RO
  BOETHICS20ROADMAP20Rel2.1.1.pdf

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EURON Roboethics Roadmap

• Ethical issues shared by Roboethics and
  Information Ethics
• Dual-use technology
• Anthropomorphization of the Machines
• Humanisation of the Human/Machine relationship
• Technology Addiction
• Digital Divide
• Fair Access to technological resources
• Effects of technology on the global distribution
  of wealth and power
• Environmental impact of technology
• Seehttp//www.roboethics.org/atelier2006/docs/ROB
  OETHICS20ROADMAP20Rel2.1.1.pdf

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EURON Roboethics Roadmap

• Principles to be followed in roboethics
• Human dignity and human rights
• Equality, justice and equity
• Benefit and harm
• Respect for cultural diversity and pluralism
• Non-Discrimination and non-stigmatization
• Autonomy and individual responsibility
• Informed consent
• Privacy
• Confidentiality
• Solidarity and cooperation
• Social responsibility
• Sharing of benefits
• Responsibility towards the biosphere
• See http//www.roboethics.org/atelier2006/docs/RO
  BOETHICS20ROADMAP20Rel2.1.1.pdf

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AAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics

• AAAI Fall 2005 Symposium on Machine
  EthicsNovember 3-6, 2005 Hyatt Regency Crystal
  CityArlington, Virginia

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AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics

• Past research concerning the relationship between
  technology and ethics has largely focused on
  responsible and irresponsible use of technology
  by human beings, with a few people being
  interested in how human beings ought to treat
  machines. In all cases, only human beings have
  engaged in ethical reasoning. The time has come
  for adding an ethical dimension to at least some
  machines.

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AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics

• Recognition of the ethical ramifications of
  behavior involving machines, as well as recent
  and potential developments in machine autonomy,
  necessitates this. In contrast to computer
  hacking, software property issues, privacy issues
  and other topics normally ascribed to computer
  ethics, machine ethics is concerned with the
  behavior of machines towards human users and
  other machines.

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AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics

• We contend that research in machine ethics is key
  to alleviating concerns with autonomous
  systemsit could be argued that the notion of
  autonomous machines without such a dimension is
  at the root of all fear concerning machine
  intelligence.

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AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics

• Further, investigation of machine ethics could
  enable the discovery of problems with current
  ethical theories, advancing our thinking about
  ethics. We intend to bring together interested
  participants from a wide variety of disciplines
  to the end of forging a set of common goals for
  machine ethics investigation and the research
  agendas required to accomplish them.

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AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics

• Topics of interest include, but are not
  restricted to the following
• Improvement of interaction between artificially
  and naturally intelligent systems through the
  addition of an ethical dimension to artificially
  intelligent systems
• Enhancement of machine-machine communication and
  cooperation through an ethical dimension

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AAAI 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics

• Design of systems that provide expert guidance in
  ethical matters
• Deeper understanding of ethical theories through
  computational simulation
• Development of decision procedures for ethical
  theories that have multiple prima facie duties
• Computability of ethics
• Theoretical and practical objections to machine
  ethics
• Impact of machine ethics on society

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Workshop on RoboethicsICRA 2009, Kobe, May 2009
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Workshop on RoboethicsICRA 2009, Kobe, May 2009

• Topics (CfP)
• Social (Robotics and job market Cost benefit
  analysis etc.)
• Psychological (Robots and kids Robots and
  elderly, etc.)
• Legal (Robots and liability, Identification of
  autonomously acting robots etc.)
• Medical (Robots in health care and prosthesis
  etc.)
• Warfare application of robotics (Responsibility,
  International Conventiuons and Laws etc.)
• Environment (Cleaning nuclear and toxic waste,
  Using renewable energies, etc.)

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ECAP 07http//www.roboethics.org/ecap2007/program
me.html

• European Computing and Philosophy Conference,
  Enschede, The Netherlands, 2007 Philosophy and
  Ethics of Robotics
• G. Veruggio Roboethics an interdisciplinary
  approach to the social implications of Robotics
• Ishii Kayoko Can a Robot Intentionally Conduct
  Mutual Interactions with Human Being?
• Ronald C. Arkin On the Ethical Quandaries of
  Practicing Roboticist A First Hand Look

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ECAP 07http//www.roboethics.org/ecap2007/program
me.html

• Jutta Weber Analysing Material, Semiotic and
  Socio-Political Dimensions of Artificial Agents
• Daniel Persson Ethics of Intelligent Systems
  Artefacts, Producers and Users
• Merel Noorman Exploring the Limits to the
  Autonomy of Artificial Agents
• Susana Nascimento Autonomous Anthropomorphisms
  Robot Narratives and Critical Social Theries
• Peter Asaro How Just Could A Robot War Be?
• Edward H. Spence Robot Rights The Moral Life of
  Androids

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Society for Philosophy and Technology (SPT), 2009
(Track 10)http//www.utwente.nl/ceptes/spt2009/

• Mark Coeckelbergh Living with Robots
• Aimee van Wynsberghe What Care Robots say about
  Care
• Susana Nascimento Self-operating Machines and
  (Dis)engagement in Human Technical Actions
• Allan Hanson Beyond the Skin Bag On the Moral
  Responsibility of Extended Agencies
• Scott Sehon Robots and Free will

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Society for Philosophy and Technology (SPT), 2009

• Peter Asaro The Convergence of Video Games
  Military Robotics
• Martinjntje Smits Social Robots How to bridge
  the Gap Between Fantasies and Practices?
• Helena De Preester The (Im)possibilities of
  Reembodiment
• Guido Nicolosi Restless Creatures
• Gianmarco Veruggio Ethical, Legal and Societal
  Issues in the Strategic Agenda for Robotics in
  Europe

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Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp//uhaweb.hartford.e
du/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html
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Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp//uhaweb.hartford.e
du/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html

• About Machine Ethics Consortium Machine Ethics
  is concerned with the behavior of machines
  towards human users and other machines. Allowing
  machine intelligence to effect change in the
  world can be dangerous without some restraint.
  Machine Ethics involves adding an ethical
  dimension to machines to achieve this restraint.
  Further, machine intelligence can be harnessed to
  develop and test the very theory needed to build
  machines that will be ethically sensitive. Thus,
  machine ethics has the additional benefits of
  assisting human beings in ethical decision-making
  and, more generally, advancing the development of
  ethical theory.

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Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp//uhaweb.hartford.e
du/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html

• Projects
• EthEl An Ethical Eldercare System Eldercare is a
  domain where we believe that, with proper ethical
  considerations incorporated, machine intelligence
  can be harnessed to aid an increasingly aging
  human population, with an expectation of a
  shortage of human caretakers in the future.

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Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp//uhaweb.hartford.e
du/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html

• We believe, further, that this domain is rich
  enough in which to explore most issues involved
  in general ethical decision-making for both
  machines and human beings.  EthEl (ETHical
  ELdercare system) is a prototype system in the
  domain of eldercare that takes ethical concerns
  into consideration when reminding a patient to
  take his/her medication.

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Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp//uhaweb.hartford.e
du/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html

• EthEl must decide when to accept a patients
  refusal to take a medication that might prevent
  harm and/or provide benefit to the patient and
  when to notify the overseer.  There is a further
  ethical dimension that is implicitly addressed by
  the system In not notifying the overseer most
  likely a doctor  until absolutely necessary, the
  doctor will be able to spend more time with other
  patients who could be benefited, or avoid harm,
  as a result of the doctors attending to their
  medical needs.

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Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp//uhaweb.hartford.e
du/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html

• We believe that EthEl is the first system to use
  an explicit ethical principle to guide its
  actions.
• Dr. Michael AndersonDepartment of Computer
  ScienceUniversity of HartfordWest Hartford, CT
  06117
• Dr. Susan Leigh AndersonDepartment of
  PhilosophyUniversity of ConnecticutStamford, CT
  06901

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Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp//uhaweb.hartford.e
du/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html

• Implementing Ethical Advisors
• In order to add an ethical dimension to machines,
  we need to have an ethical theory that can be
  implemented. Looking to Philosophy for guidance,
  we find that ethical decision-making is not an
  easy task. It requires finding a single principle
  or set of principles to guide our behavior with
  which experts in Ethics are satisfied and will
  likely involve generalizing from intuitions about
  particular cases, testing those generalizations
  on other cases and, above all, making sure that
  principles generated are consistent with one
  another.

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Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp//uhaweb.hartford.e
du/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html

• We are developing prototype systems based upon
  action-based ethical theories that provide
  guidance in ethical decision-making according to
  the precepts of their respective theories Jeremy
  , based upon Bentham's Hedonistic Act
  Utilitarianism, W.D., based upon Ross' Theory of
  Prima Facie Duties, and MedEthEx, based upon
  Beauchamp's and Childress' Principles of
  Biomedical Ethics.  MedEthEx (see online demo)
  uses an ethical principle discovered via machine
  learning techniques to give advice in a
  particular type of ethical dilemma in medical
  ethics.
• Dr. Michael AndersonPeter LarsonDepartment of
  Computer ScienceUniversity of HartfordWest
  Hartford, CT 06117

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Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp//uhaweb.hartford.e
du/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html

• Machine Ethics Research Group
• We are working on advancing Ethical Theory by
  making ethics precise enough to be programmed. We
  are, also, working on the problem of developing a
  decision procedure for determining the correct
  action in a multiple duty ethical theory such as
  W.D. Ross' Theory of Prima Facie Duties. Since we
  believe that such a decision procedure will come
  from abstracting from intuitions about particular
  cases, we are developing a database of ethical
  dilemmas and analyzing them according to Ross'
  theory.
• Dr. Susan Leigh AndersonRachel BrodyViktoriya
  GelfandAyelet SaulDepartment of
  PhilosophyUniversity of ConnecticutStamford, CT
  06901
• ISP Machine Ethics Project

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Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp//uhaweb.hartford.e
du/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html

• This work involves elements of algorithms, AI and
  philosophy. We are exploring the implementation
  of various ethical theories, with dual purposes
  (1) To shed new light on these theories, which is
  of particular interest to philosophers, and (2)
  To begin to address the need for an ethical
  dimension in software that is becoming
  increasingly autonomous.

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Machine Ethics Consortiumhttp//uhaweb.hartford.e
du/anderson/machineethicsconsortium.html

• The project at hand for an ISP student is to
  research existing and proposed software systems,
  particularly in the biomedical field, in order to
  identify the degree of autonomy achieved and
  hence the potential ethical component.
• Dr. Chris ArmenNick BazinJonathan
  BoreykoDepartment of Computer ScienceTrinity
  College, Hartford, CT

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AP-CAP 2009http//bentham.k2.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ap-c
ap09/

• Hiroshi Ishiguro "Developing androids and
  understanding humans"
• Carl Shulman, Nick Tarleton, and Henrik Jonsson
  Which Consequentialism? Machine Ethics and Moral
  Divergence
• Kimura Takeshi Introducing Roboethics to
  Japanese Society A Proposal
• Carl Shulman, Enrik Johnsson, and Nick Tarleton
  Machine Ethics and Supertintelligence
• Soraj Hongladarom An Ethical Theory for
  Autonomous and Conscious Robots
• Keitz Miller, Frances Grodzinsky, Marty Wolf Why
  Turin Shoudnt Have to Guess
• Gene Rohrbaugh On the Design of Moral and Amoral
  Agents

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Being-in-the-world with robots

• We should analyze
• how robots are in the world in comparison to
  humans as well as to other living and non-living
  beings.
• what does it mean for us to be with robots in
  contrast to our being with other human beings
  as well as with other living and non-living
  beings.

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Being-in-the-world with robots

• One major difference between a program and an
  agent is, that programs are designed as tools
  to be used by human beings, while agents are
  designed to interact as partners with human
  beings. (Nagenborg 2007, 2)

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Being-in-the-world with robots

• An AMA artificial moral agent, RC is an AA
  artificial agent, RC guided by norms which we
  as human beings consider to have a moral
  content. (Nagenborg 2007, 3)
• Agents may be guided by a set of moral norms,
  which the agent itself may not change, or they
  are capable of creating and modifying rules by
  themselves. (Nagenborg 2007, 3)

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Being-in-the-world with robots

• Thus, there must be questioning about what kind
  of morality will be fostered by AMAs,
  especially since now norms and values are to be
  embedded consciouslyinto the ethical
  subroutines. Will they be guided by universal
  values, or will they be guided by specific
  Western or African concepts. (Nagenborg 2007, 3)

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Being-in-the-world with robots

• The concepts of autonomy, learning, decision
  etc. are analogies of the human agent deprived of
  its historical, political, societal, bodily and
  existential dimensions. (Capurro 2009)

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Being-in-the-world with robots

• An implanted morality in form of a moral code
  programmed in a microprocessor has nothing in
  common with the capacity of practical reflexion
  even in case there is a feed-back that mimicry
  (human) theoretical and/or practical reason. The
  evaluation and decisions coming out of such
  programmes remain lastly dependent on the
  programmer himself. (Capurro 2009)

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Being-in-the-world with robots

• It is cynical to speculate, and to spend public
  funds, on the supposed creation of artificial
  agents towards whom we would be morally (and
  legally) responsible (and vice versa!) given the
  present situation of some six billion human
  beings on this planet and the lack of such
  responsibility towards them. We might say that
  artificial agents are only prima facie agents.
  They are basically patients of human moral (and
  technical) agency. (Capurro 2009)

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Being-in-the-world with robots

• In contrast, the question of what kind of
  transformation is being operated in human
  societies when millions (and soon also billions)
  of human beings interact in digital networks that
  are interwoven with their bodies is highly
  relevant today and in the future. (Capurro 2009)

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Being-in-the-world with robots

• There is a common ground or a common life, so to
  speak, a basic interrelationship between all
  living beings, not dissimilar to what Kant writes
  that we are originally owners of the common
  earth. This original ownership can be reversed
  natural and/or artificial beings are owned
  originally by nature. Nature owns us. (Capurro
  2009)

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Being-in-the-world with robots

• ICT and biotechnology invite us to re-invent
  ourselves practically as moral agents and
  patients, not only poietically as technical
  ones, in an interplay with nature and technology
  becoming more and more aware of the
  interrelationship of all things, living and non
  living ones which is a key insight of Buddhist
  thinking. This kind of practical thinking on what
  can be good for our lives as a whole was called
  by Aristotle practical philosophy and by Kant
  practical reason. (Capurro 2009)

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Being-in-the-world with robots

• What is it like to be a robot? Wittgensteins
  famous dictum that if a lion could speak, we
  would not understand him (Wittgenstein, 1984, p.
  568) points to the issue, that human language is
  rooted in what he calls forms of life. Humans
  and lions have orthogonal forms of life, i.e.,
  they construct their reality based on systemic
  differences. What is it like to be a human?
  (Capurro Nagenborg 2009)

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Being-in-the-world with robots

• Intercultural roboethics is still in its infancy
  no less than intercultural robotics. (Capurro
  Nagenborg 2009)

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Ethics and Robots East and West

• Rougly speaking
• Europe Deontology (Autonomy, Human Dignity,
  Privacy, Anthropocentrism) Scepticism with
  regard to robots
• USA (and anglo-saxon tradition) Utilitarian
  Ethics will robots make us more happy?
• Eastern Tradition (Buddhism) Robots as one more
  partner in the global interaction of things

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Ethics and Robots East and West

• Morality and Ethics
• Ethics as critical reflection (or
  problematization) of morality
• Ethics is the science of morals as robotics is
  the science of robots

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Ethics and Robots East and West

• Different ontic or concrete historical moral
  traditions, for instance
• in Japan Seken (trad. Japanese morality), Shakai
  (imported Western morality) and Ikai (old
  animistic tradition)
• In the Far West Ethics of the Good (Plato,
  Aristotle), Christian Ethics, Utilitarian Ethics,
  Deontological Ethics (Kant)

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Ethics and Robots East and West

• Ontological dimension Being or (Buddhist)
  Nothingness as the space of open possibilities
  that allow us to critizise ontic moralities
• Always related to basic moods (like sadness,
  happiness, astonishment, ) through which the
  uniqueness of the world and human existence is
  experienced (differently in different cultures)

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Ethics and Robots East and West

• A future intercultural ethics of robots (IER)
  should reflect on the ontic and ontological
  dimensions of creating and using robots in
  different cultural contexts and with regard to
  different goals.

72
Bibliography

• AP-CAP 2009 5th Asia-Pacific Computing
  Philosophy Conference
• http//bentham.k2.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ap-cap09/program
  .php
• Anderson, Michael Anderson, Susan Leigh
  Machine ethics Creating an ethical intelligent
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• Capurro, Rafael (2009). Towards a Comparative
  Theory of Agents http//www.capurro.de/agents.html
  
• Capurro, Rafael and Nagenborg, Michael (Eds.)
  (2009), Introduction. In ibid. Ethics and
  Robotics. Berlin Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft
  (in print).
• Capurro, Rafael Ethics and Robotics (2007)
  http//www.capurro.de/ethicsandrobotics.html
• Cerqui, Daniela Weber, Jutta Weber, Karsten
  (Guest Editors) (2006) Ethics in Robotics,
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• http//www.i-r-i-e.net/issue6.htm

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