The Modal Memory Model: Sensory Memory and ShortTerm Working Memory

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The Modal Memory Model Sensory Memory and
Short-Term (Working) Memory
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General Plan

• 1960s Many models of memory proposed
• Atkinson Shiffrin (1968)
• Sensory Memory
• Short-term Memory
• Long-term Memory

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William James

• Primary Memory
• Secondary Memory

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Atkinson Shiffrin Model of Memory (1968)
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STM Bottleneck
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Properties of the Different Memory Stores
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Characteristics of the Memory Stores
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Research on the A S Model

• Serial Position Effect
• Recency Effect
• Kintsch Buschke (1969)
• Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence

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Serial Position Effect Demo
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Serial Position Effect Graph
Primacy Effect
Recency Effect
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Rundus (1971)
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Questions

• How could we test the idea that the last few
  items are in STS?
• How can we test that the primacy effect
  represents LTS?

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Eliminating the Recency Effect
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Other Evidence Kintsch Bushchke (1969)
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Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence for the STM-LTM
Distinction

• H.M. - Epileptic
• - Temporal Lobes / Hippocampus
• - STM ---gt LTM disrupted
• K.F. - Damage to Left Cerebral Cortex
• - LTM Normal
• - STM capacity severely limited

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Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence for the STM-LTM
Distinction

• The dog bit the man and the man died.
• vs.
• The man the dog bit died.

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Evidence Against A S

• More recent research challenges the strict coding
  distinction
• Recency Effect challenged
• Neuroscience evidence

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Atkinson Shiffrin Model of Memory (1968)
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The Sensory Store
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Lightning
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Lightning Demo
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Lightning Questions
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Sensory Memory

• Sensory memory or sensory register
• Visual, auditory, touch, taste, smell
• Relatively raw, unprocessed form

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Why Do We Need Sensory Memory?

• Stimuli change
• Maintain for selection and further processing
• Integrate fragments of a stimuli into a single
  unitary perception

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Classic Studies

• Sperling (1960)
• Averbach Sperling (1961)

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A Tachistoscope
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Tachistoscopic Display - Blank
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Fixation Point

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Tachistoscopic Letter Display 1
J Z G B S X P L R M Q
F
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Tachistoscopic Letter Display 1

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Tachistoscopic Display Blank 2
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Fixation Point

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Tachistoscopic Letter Display 2
Y Q C H N D R J V B K S
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Tachistoscopic Letter Display 2

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Schematic of Typical Sperling Exp
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Number of Letters Recalled as a Function of
Technique Delay
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Iconic Memory

• Location
• Usefulness
• Saccades
• Nature of the code

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Letters Numbers (Early vs. Late Processing
Issue)
1 K 5 L H J 3 B 7 D 8
T
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Demo 4.1 Examples of Sensory Memory
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Demo 4.2 Unitary Perception from Fragments
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Auditory Sensory Memory

• Neisser (1967) - Echoic memory and the echo
• Darwin, Turvey, Crowder (1972)
• Differences from iconic memory
• Crowder (1982)

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An Echoic Memory Study
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Darwin, Turvey, Crowder
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Discriminating Between Two Sounds (Crowder, 1982)
Graph
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Short-Term Memory
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Short-Term Memory

• Nature of Forgetting
• Duration
• Nature of Code
• Capacity

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Short Term Memory

• Brown/Peterson Peterson (1959)
• Trigram task

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Trigrams

• K X J
• P L G
• S Y T
• H Z R

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Brown-Peterson Results
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STM--Nature of the code

• Conrad (1964)
• Visual display of letters
• Phonological confusions (D for E but not F
  for E)
• Wickelgren (1965)

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Wickelgren (1965)
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STM Capacity Limited
Long Term Memory
Sensory Memory
STM
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Capacity of STM

• Limited Capacity (7 2)
• Digit Span Task
• Difficulties

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Capacity of STM (cont.)

• Chunking
• Recoding(1 4 9 2 ----gt 1492 Columbus)
• Chase Ericsson (1982)

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SF DIGIT SPAN DEMO
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SF Digit Span Experiment

• Initial Session (8 digits)
• Digit Series 1, 0, 5, 3, 1, 8, 7, 4
• SFs Recall 105
• 31874
• Later Session (11 digits)
• Digit Series 90756629867
• SFs Recall 907
• 566
• 29867
• SFs Report 907 a 2-mile time
• Still Later Sessions (22 digits)
• Digit Series 4131778406034948709462
• SFs Recall 413.1 / 77.84 / 0603
• 494 / 870 / 946.2
• SFs Report 413.1 mile time
• 0603 mile time
• 946.2 2-mile time

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Revisions to the STM Idea
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Brown Peterson Revisited

• Decay vs. Interference
• Waugh Norman (1965) - Probe digit task
• Varying the type of distractor task and stimulus
  material
• Keppel Underwood (1962)
• PI Proactive Interference
• Wickens et. al. - Release from PI

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Digit Probe Task Waugh Norman (1965)

• 16 digits -----gt probe digit
• 5 1 9 6 3 5 1 4 2 8 6 7 3 9 4
• 9 8 3 7 5 7 1 4 9 3 8 6 2 7 5 2

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Effect of Presentation Rate vs. Number of
Interfering Items on Recall (Waugh Norman, 1965)
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Wickens, Born, Allen (1963)
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Release from Proactive Interference
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Release from PI (Evidence for Semantic Codes)
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Release from PI as a Function of Semantic
Similarity (Based on Wickens, et al., 1976)
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Working Memory

• Revision of STM
• 3 part system
• Baddeley
• Dual task paradigm

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Baddeley Working Memory Model
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Reasoning Task with Letter Recall
AB A precedes B? T or F B is preceded by
A . T or F B does not precede A. T or F
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Reasoning Speed and Letter Recall
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Reasoning Times Letter Recall Results
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Bradimonte Et al. (1992)
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Brandimonte (1992)
Condition 1
Condition 2
1. Study 6 pictures
1. Study 6 pictures while saying la, la, la . .
.
2. Create mental image, subtract a specific part,
and name it.
2. Create mental image, subtract a specific part
and name it.
Fish
?
3. Number of correct items 2.7
3. Number of correct items 3.8
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Pronunciation Time Memory Span
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Memory Span and Pronunciation Rate
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Capacity of STM