Title: Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Ben Shneiderman (ben@cs.umd.edu) Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies
1Leonardo's Laptop Human Needs and the New
Computing Ben Shneiderman (ben_at_cs.umd.edu)Foun
ding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer
Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of
Computer ScienceMember, Institutes for Advanced
Computer Studies Systems ResearchUniversity
of Marylandben_at_cs.umd.edu
2Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Interdisciplinary research community -
Computer Science Psychology - Information
Studies Education
(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
3Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly)
- Specify users and tasks
- Predict and measure
- time to learn
- speed of performance
- rate of human errors
- human retention over time
- Assess subjective satisfaction
(Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) - Accommodate individual differences
- Consider social, organizational cultural
context -
4Design Issues
- Input devices strategies
- Keyboards, pointing devices, voice
- Direct manipulation
- Menus, forms, commands
- Output devices formats
- Screens, windows, color, sound
- Text, tables, graphics
- Instructions, messages, help
- Collaboration communities
- Manuals, tutorials, training
www.awl.com/DTUI usableweb.com hcibib.org
useit.com
5Library of Congress
- Scholars, Journalists, Citizens
- Teachers, Students
6Visible Human Explorer (NLM)
- Doctors
- Surgeons
- Researchers
- Students
7NASA Environmental Data
- Scientists
- Farmers
- Land planners
- Students
8Bureau of Census
- Economists, Policy makers, Journalists
- Teachers, Students
9NSF Digital Government Initiative
- Find what you need
- Understand what you Find UMd UNC
www.ils.unc.edu/govstat/
10Information Visualization
- The eye
- the window of the soul,
- is the principal means
- by which the central sense
- can most completely and
- abundantly appreciate
- the infinite works of nature.
- Leonardo da Vinci
- (1452 - 1519)
11Information Visualization Using Vision to Think
- Visual bandwidth is enormous
- Human perceptual skills are remarkable
- Trend, cluster, gap, outlier...
- Color, size, shape, proximity...
- Human image storage is fast and vast
- Opportunities
- Spatial layouts coordination
- Information visualization
- Scientific visualization simulation
- Telepresence augmented reality
- Virtual environments
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13Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry
14Current Research - TimeSearcher
- Time series
- Stocks
- Weather
- Genes
- User-specified patterns
- Rapid search
15Leonardos Laptop
The old computing is about what computers can
do, The New Computing is about what people can
do
mitpress.mit.edu/leonardoslaptop www.cs.umd.edu/h
cil/newcomputing
16An Inspirational Muse Leonardo da Vinci
(1452-1519)
- Renaissance Man
- Combined science art
- Integrated engineering esthetics
- Balanced technology advances human
values - Merged visionary practical
17Goals for The New Computing
- 1) Usable Reliable comprehensible
- 2) Universal Diverse users varied
equipment - 3) Useful In harmony with
human needs
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing
181) Usable Ending User Frustration
- Goal - make computer usage less frustrating
- Identify top ten frustrations
- Measure severity frequency in lost time
- Determine if the situation is improving
- Related areas
- Errors
- Time delays
- Emotional reactions
191) Frequent frustrating experiences
Networking Web
20Application System Crashes
1) Frequent frustrating experiences
211) Time diary study
- Self reports observations (64 UMD 47 Towson)
- Pre-session survey
- demographic information
- computer experience and attitudes
- level of computer anxiety, mood
- Users spent 1 hour report their frustrating
experiences - Post-session survey
- assess mood after the session
- overall frustration level
- loss of time
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing
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231) Results
241) Minutes lost UMD Towson
Total minutes 9485
Total minutes lost 4250
568
UMD
902
877
7968
3652
1513
294
Towson
353
251) Next Steps
- Validate results with other users
- professional
- elderly
- novice
- Develop more precise monitoring software e.g.
www.bugtoaster.com - Explore ways to improve
- Online help help desks
- Customer service online communities
- Education training
- Software interface re-design
-
26- 2) Universal Digital Divide Remains Troubling
Percent of Internet Use by Educational Attainment
U.S. Department of Commerce www.ntia.doc.gov/nti
ahome/dn/
272) Universal Usability in Practice
www.otal.umd.edu/uupractice/
28 2) Universal Diverse Users Varied Equipment
- User diversity Accommodate users with
different skills, knowledge, age, gender,
disabilities, disabling conditions
(mobility, injury, noise, sunlight),
literacy, culture, income, etc. - Technology variety Support broad range of
hardware, software, and network access - Gaps in user knowledge Bridge the gap
between what users know and what they need
to know
Communications of the ACM, May 2000
293) Useful Generative Theories
Predictive explanatory theories are useful, but
the big step forward will be ?
generative theories Theories of human needs to
guide our invention of new technologies
30 3) Theories of Human Needs
- Jefferson Life, Liberty the Pursuit of
Happiness - Roosevelt Freedom of speech expression,
religion, from want, from fear - Maslow Hierarchy of human needs
- Physiological
- Safety
- Love
- Esteem
- Self-Actualization
- Covey Living, Loving, Learning Leaving a
legacy
313) Human Needs for Relationships
- Relationships
- Self working on your own
- Family Friends 2-50 close intimates
- Colleagues Neighbors 50-5000 acquaintances
- Citizens Markets 5000 and more
-
32 3) Human Needs for Activities
- Activities
- Collect Information
- Relate Communication
- Create Innovation
- Donate Dissemination
333) Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
Activities Collect Relate Create
Donate
- Relationships
- Self
- Family Friends
-
- Colleagues Neighbors
-
- Citizenry Markets
-
Skeptics corner - Are relationships more
complex? - Are these useful activities?
34Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
Activities Collect Relate Create
Donate
- Relationships
- Self
- Family Friends
-
- Colleagues Neighbors
-
- Citizenry Markets
-
Identicam PhotoDiary
PhotoFinder PhotoMesa Album sharing StoryStarter Family photo history
PhotoFinder Kiosk PhotoWall
PhotoFinder Webstarter PhotoQuilt Photo sharing
35Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
Activities Collect Relate Create
Donate
- Relationships
- Self
- Family Friends
-
- Colleagues Neighbors
-
- Citizenry Markets
-
Medical log Diary
Find-a- Friend MusicLists Family vacation history
InfoDoors GatherEmail Send-a-Link
WebBushes WorldWide Med Million person communities Medical diagnosis Tourist sharing
363) Future Directions
- E-learning The new education
- E-business The new commerce
- E-healthcare The new medicine
- E-government The new politics
- Mega-creativity
- Grander Goals The Next Leonardo
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing
37Getting to the Golden Age of Usability
- Action Items
- Developers Apply usability guidelines
testing methods - Web producers Develop UU statements
- Managers Provide responsible leadership
- Journalists Raise public expectations
- Policy makers Raise clarify requirements
- Funders Expand research on usability
- Educators Disseminate scientific results
- Researchers Explore bold new visions
38Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
- Three lessons
- 1) Usable Reliable comprehensible
- 2) Universal Diverse users varied
equipment - 3) Useful In harmony with
human needs
39The old computing is about what computers can
do, The New Computing is about what people can
do
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory 20th
Anniversary May 29-30, 2003
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil