Immigration, Urbanization, and Everyday Life - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 75
About This Presentation
Title:

Immigration, Urbanization, and Everyday Life

Description:

Day-care nursery. Legal aid. Health aid. Help find jobs ... Boxing. Spectators from all social levels. Vaudeville, Amusement Parks, and Dance Halls ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:291
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 76
Provided by: black9
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Immigration, Urbanization, and Everyday Life


1
Chapter 19
  • Immigration, Urbanization, and Everyday Life
  • 1860-1900

2
Introduction
  • 1.) How did immigrants help shape the cities?
  • 2.) What were political bosses, and why did they
    gain power in post-Civil War cities?
  • 3.) Why did tensions develop between civic
    reformers and the urban poor?
  • 4.) How did new consumer products and greater
    leisure time reinforce awareness of class and
    ethnic differences?

3
Introduction (cont.)
  • 5.) What was Victorian morality, and why was it
    under attack by the late 19th century?
  • 6.) How did economic and educational
    transformations affect the social roles of women?

4
The New American City
  • Introduction
  • In the post-Civil War years, the U.S. experienced
    rapid urbanization
  • By 1900, 40 of all Americans lived in cities
  • NY, Chicago, and Philly each had more than 1
    million inhabitants
  • Cities attracted thousands from the surrounding
    rural districts and most of the 11 million
    immigrants who arrived between 1870 and 1900
  • Offered work and other opportunities

5
Introduction (cont.)
  • The population growth
  • swamped municipal services
  • caused terrible housing and sanitary conditions
  • aggravated class differences and conflicts
  • The physical deterioration, ethnic diversity, and
    social instability alarmed native-born reforms
    who tried to clean up cities and quickly
    American immigrants

6
Migrants and Immigrants
  • In the post-Civil War years, thousands of young
    people, especially women, moved from farms to
    cities to find employment
  • Between 1860 and 1890 about 10 million Northern
    European immigrants settled in East Coast and
    Midwestern cities
  • Germany
  • English
  • Irish

7
Migrants and Immigrants (cont.)
  • In the late 19th century, new immigrants from
    southern and eastern Europe arrived
  • Italians
  • Slavs
  • Greeks
  • Jews
  • Armenians (from the Middle East)
  • By 1890, the foreign-born and their children
    accounted for 4/5s of the population of Great
    New York

8
Migrants and Immigrants (cont.)
  • Most who disembarked on the East Coast came
    through the immigration reception centers at
    Castle Garden (1855-1890) or Ellis Island (1892
    on)
  • Ellis Island photo albums

9
Migrants and Immigrants (cont.)
  • After 1910, Angel Island in SF served as the main
    West Coast reception center
  • Angel Island photo gallery

10
Migrants and Immigrants (cont.)
  • German and Scandinavian newcomers tended to
    migrate to Midwestern cities and to farms on the
    prairie beyond
  • Italians and Irish took the first jobs they found
    in eastern cities

11
Adjusting to an Urban Society
  • To ease their adjustment, immigrants clustered
    together in ethnic neighborhoods
  • They could speak their native language
  • Buy their traditional foods
  • Celebrate traditional holidays

12
Adjusting to an Urban Society (cont.)
  • The various immigrant groups improved their
    social and economic status at different rates
  • Those who came with a skilled trade or spoke some
    English generally did well
  • The Irish came in such great numbers, that they
    were able to dominate the Democratic Party and
    Catholic Church leadership in NY and Boston
  • They accounted for 16-17 of the population in
    each city

13
Adjusting to an Urban Society (cont.)
  • Nationality groups that had high rates of return
    to their homelands experienced slower upward
    mobility and assimilation
  • Italians
  • Chinese
  • By the end of the 19th century, resentment of the
    newcomers (from whatever country) was growing

14
Slums and Ghettos
  • Neighborhoods deteriorated into slums
  • landlords packed more and more people into their
    buildings
  • The poorer the residents, the greater the
    crowding and the faster the area declined

15
Slums and Ghettos (cont.)
  • Ethnic slum neighborhoods became ghettos when
    discrimination and law kept members of the
    minority group from obtaining housing elsewhere
  • Black ghettos in Chicago and Philadelphia
  • Mexican in Los Angeles
  • Chinese in San Francisco

16
Five Points, New York City
17
Slums and Ghettos (cont.)
  • Slums and ghettos were usually adjacent to
    industrial cities
  • were filled with soot, coal dust, noise, and foul
    oders
  • Pollution and crowding were especially hard on
    the young
  • Had very high infant mortality rates

18
(No Transcript)
19
Fashionable Avenues and Suburbs
  • In contrast to slums, grand millionaires
    mansions lined Fifth Avenue in New York,
    Commonwealth Avenue in Boston, and fashionable
    boulevards in other cities

20
Fashionable Avenues and Suburbs (cont.)
  • The wealthy and the middle class also moved to
    newer, more desirable suburbs on the edges of the
    old, compact cities
  • American cities became increasingly segregated
    along class as well as ethnic and racial lines

21
Middle-and Upper-Class Society and Culture
  • Manners and Morals
  • The 19th century Victorian worldviews preached to
    make personal and national progress an individual
    must
  • work hard
  • exercise self-discipline
  • display good manners
  • cultivate an appreciation of literature and the
    arts

22
Manners and Morals (cont.)
  • To the highly moralistic Victorians, status was
    conferred by possessing abundant amounts of the
    right material goods
  • The Victorian code served to heighten the visible
    gap between classes

23
The Cult of Domesticity
  • Victorian morality assigned a special place to
    women
  • Used the domestic sphere to provide the genteel,
    sensitive, and spiritual influences that moved
    society toward higher civilization
  • They decorated their homes as richly and
    artistically as their means permitted
  • Fostered the familys sense of cultural
    appreciation

24
The Cult of Domesticity (cont.)
  • At not time, however, were all middle-class women
    satisfied with devoting their whole life to this
    cult of domesticity

25
Department Stores
  • Innovative entrepreneurs developed urban
    department stores that appealed particularly to
    the Victorian outlook of the upper and middle
    echelons
  • Rowland H. Macy
  • John Wanamaker
  • Marshall Field

26
Department Stores (cont.)
  • These giant emporiums advertised
  • high-quality goods at low cost
  • encouraged buyers to believe that owning the
    right material possessions contributed to
    civilized living
  • The department stores were designed to look like
    palaces
  • Marble staircases
  • Sparkling chandeliers
  • Thick carpet

27
Department Stores (cont.)
  • For the middle-and upper-classes shopping became
    an adventure, a form of entertainment, and a way
    to affirm their place in society.

28
The Transformation of Higher Education
  • Higher education was still restricted to the
    upper and upper-middle class
  • By 1900, only 4 of youths between 18-21 were
    enrolled in colleges and universities
  • These institutions were seen as the training
    schools for the future business and professional
    elites
  • Wealthy capitalists made large donations to
    already existing universities or started new ones
  • John D. Rockefeller and Leland Stanford

29
The Transformation of Higher Education (cont.)
  • With private contributions and state support,
    more than 150 additional colleges and
    universities were founded between 1880 and 1900

30
The Transformation of Higher Education (cont.)
  • Higher education for upper-and upper-middle-class
    women as grew impressively
  • Some eastern elite universities established
    affiliated schools for women
  • ColumbiaBarnard (1889)
  • HarvardRadcliffe (1894)
  • More all-female colleges were founded
  • Wellesley
  • Smith

31
The Transformation of Higher Education (cont.)
  • By 1900, women made up 1/3 of the nations
    college students
  • In this period, the research university was
    developed and major reforms were instituted in
    medical and other professional training

32
Working-Class Politics and Reform
  • Political Bosses and Machine Politics
  • Urban political machines emerged to govern the
    unwieldy cities and their many competing
    interests
  • Headed by powerful political bosses
  • The machines gave tax breaks and awarded
    contracts to favored businessmen
  • In return received a payoff
  • Machines also gathered the votes of poor
    immigrants
  • Provided them with relief, legal help, and city
    jobs

33
Political Bosses and Machine Politics (cont.)
  • Most famous is Tammany Hall
  • Led by William Tweed
  • Between 1869 and 1871, Tweed gave 50,000 to the
    citys poor and built new school, hospitals,and
    other facilities
  • Tammany Hall cost taxpayers about 70 million
    through graft and padded contracts

34
(No Transcript)
35
Political Bosses and Machine Politics (cont.)
  • Tweed was finally toppled from power with the
    help of Thomas Nasts political cartoons in
    Harpers Weekly

36
Political Bosses and Machine Politics (cont.)
  • By the late 19th century, middle-and upper-class
    good-govt. reformers had begun their drives
    against the bosses
  • The bosses and machines attempted to hold on to
    power by providing more public services and
    improved urban facilities
  • Better sewer systems
  • More parks

37
Battling Poverty
  • Middle-class reformers also set out to relieve
    poverty
  • They often tended to blame
  • the problem on character flaws of the poor
  • self-destructive cultural practices of the
    immigrants
  • Reformers concentrated on moral uplift and
    Americanization campaigns among the needy

38
Battling Poverty (cont.)
  • New York Association for Improving the Condition
    of the Poor
  • AICP
  • Robert M. Hartley
  • New York Childrens Aid Society
  • Charles Loring Brace
  • Founded dormitories, reading rooms, and workshops
    for indigent boys
  • Sent thousands of them to live with and work for
    families in the Midwest

39
Battling Poverty (cont.)
  • Young Mens and Young Womens Christian
    Associations offered rural young people arriving
    in the cities temporary housing, recreation, and
    moral strictures against alcohol and other vices

40
New Approaches to Social Reform
  • By the 1880s, the Salvation Army and Charity
    Organization Society (COS) joined the fight
    against poverty
  • COS preached a tough-minded approach to charity
  • Insisted that the needy must meet the standards
    of responsibility and morality set by the COSs
    friendly visitors to receive aid
  • Critics charged that the COS was more interested
    in controlling the poor than in alleviating
    their suffering

41
The Moral-Purity Campaign
  • Middle-and upper-class reformers attacked what
    they considered urban vice
  • Crusaders demanded that city officials close down
    gambling dens, saloons, and brothels and censor
    obscene publications
  • Anthony Comstock and Charles Parkhurst

42
The Moral-Purity Campaign (cont.)
  • In 1894, the nonpartisan Committee of Seventy
    elected a NYC mayor committed to moral
    purification
  • But within 3 years the effort failed
  • The more tolerant political machine was back in
    power

43
The Social Gospel
  • The Social Gospel movement developed in the
    1870s and 1880s among a small group of
    Protestant clergymen
  • Founded by Washington Gladden
  • Congregational minister

44
The Social Gospel (cont.)
  • The movement preached that urban poverty was
    caused in part by actions of the rich and
    well-born
  • that true Christianity commits men and women to
    fight social injustice head on, wherever it
    exists

45
The Social Gospel (cont.)
  • Walter Rauschenbusch
  • Baptist pastor in NYs Hells Kitchenslums
  • Made the clearest statement on the movements
    philosophy (Christian unity)
  • Led to the founding of the Federal Council of
    Churches

46
The Settlement-House Movement
  • Settlement-House founders blamed poverty not on
    the poor but on social and environmental causes
  • Leaders believed that middle-class relief workers
    must reside among the immigrant masses and learn
    what services they needed
  • Firsthand experience

47
The Settlement-House Movement (cont.)
  • Jane Addams
  • Hull House in Chicago
  • Day-care nursery
  • Legal aid
  • Health aid
  • Help find jobs
  • Offered classes in English and other subjects for
    immigrants

48
Hull House in 1890s
49
Hull House today
50
The Settlement-House Movement (cont.)
  • Settlement-house workers also published studies
    of the terrible housing and corrective laws
  • By 1895, more than 50 settlement houses in
    various cities were training a young generation
    of students
  • Many would become state and local govt. officials
  • Applying the lessons they had learned
  • Florence Kelly became a factory inspector for IL
    in 1893

51
Working-Class Leisure in the Immigrant City
  • Streets and Saloons
  • The neighborhood streets served as the area of
    social life and free entertainment for shop
    girls, laborers, and poor immigrant families
  • For workingmen the saloons offered male
    companionship, reinforced group identity, and
    were centers for immigrant politics

52
The Rise of Professional Sports
  • Baseball
  • Americans were the first to turn what had been a
    childrens game into the professional sport of
    baseball
  • By 1890s, baseball had become a big business
  • It appealed to members of all social groups,
    particularly workers
  • Horse racing
  • often a social event for the rich
  • Boxing
  • Spectators from all social levels

53
Vaudeville, Amusement Parks, and Dance Halls
  • Vaudeville shows, amusement parks and dance halls
    were popular with working-class men and women
  • Coney Island in Brooklyn was most famous
    amusement park of the time
  • Coney Island video--History Channel
  • Coney Island video--History Channel--3 minutes

54
Ragtime
  • The middle class preferred hymns or songs that
    carried a moral lesson
  • The masses became fans of ragtime
  • Originated with black musicians in the saloons
    and brothels of the South and Midwest
  • In the 1890s, honky-tonk players introduced its
    syncopated rhythms to a wide national audience

55
Cultures in Conflict
  • The Genteel Tradition and Its Critics
  • In the 1870s and 1880s a group of upper-class
    writers and magazine editors attempted to set
    standards for fine writing and art
  • Charles Eliot Norton
  • E.L. Godkin
  • They insisted that literature must avoid sexual
    allusions, vulgar slang, disrespect for
    Christianity, and depressing endings

56
The Genteel Tradition and Its Critics (cont.)
  • High-toned journals like The Century and the
    North American Review upheld this genteel
    standard by banishing from their pages authors
    who violated these rules

57
The Genteel Tradition and Its Critics (cont.)
  • Many emerging writers refused to fit into the
    mold
  • Sara Orne Jewett
  • regionalist
  • William Dean Howells
  • realist
  • Stephen Crane
  • Naturalist
  • Mark Twain
  • Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)
  • Theodore Dreiser
  • Sister Carrie (1900)

58
The Genteel Tradition and Its Critics (cont.)
  • Huck Finn and Sister Carrie were both condemned
    by proponents of Victorian ideals

59
The Genteel Tradition and Its Critics (cont.)
  • Socialist scientists criticized the business
    elite and challenged middle-class notions about
    the link between moral worth and economic
    standing
  • Thorstein Veblen
  • W.E.B. DuBois

60
The Genteel Tradition and Its Critics (cont.)
  • The depression and labor unrest of the 1890s
    further undermined the smug Victorian outlook and
    its genteel culture

61
Modernism in Architecture and Painting
  • Some architects and artists began questioning
    Victorian ideals of beauty
  • Modernists architects refused to copy European
    design
  • William Holabird
  • John Wellborn Root
  • Louis Sullivan
  • Frank Lloyd Wright

62
Modernism in Architecture and Painting (cont.)
  • They looked to their vision of the future for
    inspiration and argued that a buildings form
    should follow its function

63
Modernism in Architecture and Painting (cont.)
  • Painters often times rejected sentimentality in
    favor of tough realism
  • Winslow Homer
  • Thomas Eakins
  • Mary Cassat was one of the first American artists
    to paint in the French Impressionist style

64
From Victorian Lady to New Woman
  • Womens Christian Temperance Union
  • Led by Frances Willard
  • WCTU
  • Founded in 1874
  • Broadened the scope of womens social
    responsibilities
  • WCTU.org
  • 150,000 members by 1890

65
From Victorian Lady to New Woman (cont.)
  • WCTU was the first American mass organization of
    women
  • Crusade against liquor
  • Experience as lobbyists, organizers, and lecturers

66
From Victorian Lady to New Woman (cont.)
  • General Federation of Womens Clubs
  • Founded in 1892
  • Middle-and upper-class women
  • Social welfare projects
  • Tenement reform
  • The so-called new woman broke Victorian
    restraints about dress and exercise
  • The most advanced advocated womens economic
    independence from men through work outside the
    home

67
From Victorian Lady to New Woman (cont.)
  • Charlotte Perkins Gilman
  • The new-woman emphasis on economic and social
    independence and equality had little impact on
    the lives of working-class women

68
Public Education as an Arena of Class Conflict
  • In the 1870s middle-class reformers campaigned
  • To expand public schools
  • Bring them under central control
  • Make attendance mandatory

69
Public Education as an Arena of Class Conflict
(cont.)
  • William Torrey Harris
  • Public schools were instruments for
    indoctrinating the masses with middle-class
    values and outlook

70
Public Education as an Arena of Class Conflict
(cont.)
  • By 1900, as a result of the work of education
    advocates, 31 states passed laws requiring school
    attendance for all children from 8-14
  • The illiteracy rate dropped
  • More than 500,000 students were attending some
    5,000 high schools

71
Public Education as an Arena of Class Conflict
(cont.)
  • Centralized urban public-school systems aroused
    opposition from various quarters
  • Poor immigrant parents objected to laws that kept
    youngsters in school beyond the elementary level
  • Needed the wages of their children to survive
  • Catholics disliked the Protestant orientation of
    the public schools
  • Organized their own parochial school system
  • Upper-class parents preferred to send their kids
    to exclusive, private academies

72
Conclusion
  • Between 1860 and 1900 class and ethnic conflicts
    appeared in almost every area of city life
  • To distinguish themselves from the exploited
    working class immigrants, native-born elite and
    middle-class Americans embraced Victorian moral
    codes
  • The upper and middle classes, with their genteel
    Victorian morality and ideals, were dismayed by
    the raucous, vibrant culture of the working masses

73
Conclusion (cont.)
  • Respectable people periodically attempted to
    suppress indecent lower-class enjoyments such
    as gambling gathering in dance halls, saloons,
    and amusement parks, listening to ragtime,
    attending Sunday baseball games, and bare-knuckle
    prizefights

74
Conclusion (cont.)
  • However, Victorian standards of decency were
    weakening by the 1890s as they came under attack
    from
  • younger middle-class writers, artists, social
    scientists
  • new women
  • the working masses
  • the immigrants

75
Conclusion (cont.)
  • By 1900, the 2 cultural traditions were reaching
    an accommodation that blended elements of both
  • National pastimes became highly commercialized
  • working-class amusements of the 19th century
    evolved into the mass culture of sports
    spectaculars, movies, and other entertainments of
    modern America
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com