Chapter 9 Structured Cabling Project

1
Chapter 9 Structured Cabling Project
2
Lecture Objective (Week 10)

• After finishing this lecture, students should be
  able to
• Identify documents needed for network
  installation
• Describe work flow procedure, and cable laying
  technique
• Understand the safety procedure
• Acquire knowledge to solve electricity problems
  on signals

3
Network Documentation

• The following list includes some of the
  documentation that you should create while you
  are in the process of planning/designing your
  network
• engineering journal
• logical topology
• physical topology
• cut sheets
• problem-solving matrices
• labeled outlets
• labeled cable runs
• summary of outlets and cable runs
• summary of devices, MAC addresses, and IP
  addresses

4
Network Installation Teams

• project manager responsibilities include
• implementing safety procedures
• ensuring the documentation of materials and
  activities
• keeping other team members focused on their tasks
  
• communicating with the instructor
• materials and tools manager - responsible for
  tool kits, cable, connector, and testers
• cable runner - responsible for planning and
  running cable safely and according to
  specifications, and for testing the cable run
• jack and patch panel terminator - responsible for
  performing quality punch downs and for installing
  and testing jack installations

5
Work Flow

• The flowchart should include the following tasks
  
• installing outlets
• installing jacks
• running cables
• punching cables into patch panels
• testing cables
• documenting cables
• installing NICs
• installing hubs, switches, bridges, and routers
• configuring routers
• installing and configuring PCs
• You should plan, and then gather, all the
  materials that you will need well ahead of the
  projected start date.

6
RJ-45 Jack and Outlet Installation

• Surface-mounted jacks
• 2 types of box
• screw-mounted box
• adhesive-backed box
• easier to install
• may also be the only choice in some situations
• Flush- mounted jacks
• the type of wall material affect your work (cut
  into drywall differ from those that you use to
  cut into plaster or wood surface).
• determine whether the jack is to be mounted in a
  box, or whether it's to be mounted in a
  low-voltage mounting bracket.

7
Procedures

• Flush Mounting a Jack in a Wall
• Procedure for Placing the Copper Wires Into a
  Jack
• Procedure for Punching Wires Down Into a Jack

8
Basics of Installing UTP Cable

• If you must bend the cable in order to route it,
  be sure to maintain a bend radius that is four
  times the diameter of the cable. Never bend cable
  to the extent that it exceeds a 90º angle.
• Avoid stretching cable when you are handling it.
  If you exceed 11.3 kg of pull, the wires inside
  the cable can untwist, and as you have already
  learned, that can lead to interference and
  crosstalk.
• If multiple cables must run over the same path,
  use cable ties to cinch them together. Position
  the ties at random intervals, then tighten them
  carefully. Never tighten the ties too much, as
  that can damage the cables.
• Minimize the twisting of the cable jackets. If
  you twist them too much, the jackets may tear.
  Never allow cables to be pinched or kinked. If
  this occurs, data throughput will be reduced, and
  the LAN will operate at less than optimal
  capacity.

9
Basics of Installing UTP Cable

• Never be stingy when determining the amount of
  cable that you will need for running cable. It is
  important to leave ample slack. Remember, a few
  feet of extra cable is a small price to pay to
  avoid having to redo a cable run because of
  problems caused by stretched cable. Most cable
  installers avoid this problem by leaving enough
  slack for the cable to reach the floor, and
  extend another 60-90 cm at both ends. Most
  installers follow the practice of leaving what is
  called a service coil, which is simply a couple
  of extra meters of cable left coiled up inside
  the ceiling, or in another out-of-the-way
  location.
• When securing the cable, use appropriate and
  recommended techniques for using cable ties,
  cable support bars, wire management panels, and
  releasable Velcro straps. Never use a staple gun
  to position cables. Staples can pierce the
  jacket, causing loss of connection.

10
Documenting Cable Runs

• cut sheet
• is a rough diagram that shows the locations of
  the cable runs.
• also indicates the numbers of the classrooms,
  offices, or other rooms, to which the cables have
  been run.
• TIA/EIA-606 specifications
• each hardware termination unit have some kind of
  unique identifier. This identifier must be marked
  on each termination hardware unit, or on its
  label.
• When identifiers are used at the work area,
  station terminations must have a label on the
  faceplate, the housing, or the connector itself.
• All labels, whether they are adhesive or
  insertable, must meet legibility, defacement, and
  adhesion requirements as specified in UL969.

11
Types of Labels

• Many network administrators incorporate room
  numbers in the label information. They assign
  letters to each cable that leads to a room.
• in very large networks, also incorporate color
  coding. For example, a blue label might identify
  horizontal cabling at the wiring closet only,
  while a green label might identify cabling at the
  work area. 
• To understand how this works, imagine that four
  cables have been run to room 1012. On a cut
  sheet, these cables would be labeled as 1012A,
  1012B, 1012C, and 1012D. The faceplates, where
  the cables 1012A, 1012B, 1012C, and 1012D connect
  to the work station patch cords, would also be
  labeled to correspond to each cable.
• You should also label each cable connection at
  the patch panel in the wiring closet. Place the
  connections so that the labels are arranged in
  ascending order.
• And, finally, label the cables at each end.

12
Easiest Procedure for Routing Cable

• The easiest way to route cable is to mount it on
  a wall.
• To wall mount cable you need tie-wrap to secure
  it to a wall.
• adhesive tie-wrap.
• a tie-wrap, with holes punched in it
• use electric drill for holes smaller than 9.5 mm
  in diameter
• use hammer drill for holes larger than 9.5 mm in
  diameter
• Never use staples to attach cable to walls. The
  use of staples to secure cable does not conform
  to TIA/EIA-568A specification.

13
Mounting Cable in Raceway

• Raceway is a wall-mounted channel that has a
  removable cover. Raceway can be made of either
  plastic or metal, and can be mounted with
  adhesive backing or with screws.
• decorative raceway - presents a more finished
  appearance. Decorative raceway is used to enclose
  cable on a wall inside a room where it might
  otherwise be visible.
• gutter raceway - a less attractive alternative to
  decorative raceway. Its primary advantage is that
  it is big enough to hold several cables.
  Generally, the use of gutter is restricted to
  spaces such as attics and spaces created by
  dropped ceilings.
• after you mount the raceway, lay the cable inside
  it, and attach the top. This will help to protect
  the cable.
• cables can be routed in existing raceways except
  those raceways currently containing power or
  electrical cables.

14
Safety Rules for Installing Cable

• Whenever you work in walls, ceilings, or attics,
  the first thing you should do is turn off power
  to all circuits that might pass through those
  work areas! Never, ever, touch power cables!
• Before you begin work, learn the locations of all
  fire extinguishers in the area.
• Wear appropriate clothing. Long pants and sleeves
  help protect your arms and legs. Avoid wearing
  excessively loose or baggy clothing. If it is
  catches on something, you could be injured.
• If you anticipate working in a dropped ceiling
  area, survey the area. You can do this by lifting
  a few of the ceiling tiles and looking around.
  This will help you locate electrical conduit, air
  ducts, mechanical equipment, and anything that
  might possibly cause problems later.
• If you need to cut or saw, protect your eyes with
  safety glasses. It's also a good idea to wear
  safety glasses when you work in a crawl space or
  above a dropped ceiling.
• Consult the building's maintenance engineer to
  find out if it there is asbestos, lead, or PCB
  where you will be working.
• Keep your work area orderly and neat.

15
Building Safety

• Always find out in advance what the local codes
  are. Some building codes may prohibit drilling or
  cutting holes in certain areas such as fire walls
  or ceilings.
• The site administrator or facility engineer will
  be able to help you determine which areas are off
  limits.
• When you install cable, if you find damaged
  insulation, do not run cable into that area.
• In some situations, if you drill through walls,
  you may have to fill holes completely with a
  non-combustible (meaning cannot catch on fire)
  patching compound.
• if you find that you must route cable through
  spaces where air is circulated, you will need to
  use a fire-rated cable.

16
Supporting Horizontal Cabling

• When running cable in attics or dropped ceiling
  spaces , never lay the cable on top of the
  ceiling. You must provide some other means of
  support for the cable.
• wall-mounted gutter offers one option for
  supporting the cable.
• Another option is to attach tie-wraps to the
  wires that suspend the dropped ceiling.
• A third option for supporting the cable is to use
  a ladder rack. Ladder racks are hung from the
  ceiling and provide the best type of support for
  networking cable.
• A telepole offers make the working in attics or
  dropped ceiling spaces more easy. A telepole is
  nothing more than a telescoping pole with a hook
  at one end to hold the cable. It is used to
  string cable across a dropped ceiling or attic
  quickly.

17
Stringing, Running, and Mounting Cable

• Fishing Cable From Above a Wall
• Fishing Cable From Below a Wal

18
Wiring Closet

• A wiring closet serves as a central junction
  point for the wiring and wiring equipment used to
  connect devices in a local area network (LAN).
  Normally, the equipment in a wiring closet
  includes
• patch panels,,wiring hubs, bridges, switches
  routers

19
Patch Panel

• A patch panel is an interconnecting device
  through which horizontal cabling runs can be
  connected to other networking devices, such as
  hubs and repeaters.
• A patch panel acts as a switchboard, where
  horizontal cables coming from workstations, can
  connect to other workstations to form a LAN.
• In some instances, a patch panel can also provide
  locations for devices to connect to a WAN, or to
  the Internet. This connection is described by
  TIA/EIA-568-A as a horizontal cross-connect
  (HCC).
• Laying Wires in a Patch Panel
• Read it by yourself
• See the Lab Demo by your tutor

20
Mounting a Patch Panel

• mount patch panels on walls
• stand them in racks
• place them in cabinets (equipped with interior
  racks and doors).
• place them in cabinets distribution rack.
• a distribution rack is a simple skeletal frame
  that holds equipment such as patch panels,
  repeaters, hubs, and routers that are used in the
  wiring closet.
• The advantage of a distribution rack is that it
  allows easy access to both the front and the back
  of the equipment. To ensure stability, a floor
  plate attaches the distribution rack to the
  floor.

21
Network Operation Testing

• If your network passes IEEE / TIA/EIA test and is
  certified as meeting the standards, you can use
  this measurement as an established baseline.
• The baseline is a record of your network's
  starting point or newly installed performance
  capabilities.
• Repeated testing of your network, and comparisons
  against its baseline, will help you spot specific
  network problems that may be caused by aging,
  poor maintenance practices, weather, or other
  factors.
• One example of an all-purpose tool for testing
  the baseline health of a network is Fluke
  Networks' NetTool
• NetTool (or equivalent) connects between the PC
  and the wall jack. Once connected, the NetTool
  listens, collects, and organizes information
  regarding the following
• the network resources available,
• the network resources the PC is configured to
  use, and
• the health of the network segment - including
  errors, collisions, utilization, and the health
  of the PC NIC card and the local network.
• You can also use NetTool (or equivalent) to
  perform basic cable tests to detect opens,
  shorts, split pairs, length to the open on any
  RJ45-terminated cable, and pin-to-pin wiremap
  tests on installed wiring or patch cables.

22
Tests Performed by Cable Testers

• Cable testers can perform tests that measure the
  overall capability of a cable run. Examples
  include the following
• determine cable distance
• locate bad connections
• provide wire maps for detecting crossed pairs
• measure signal attenuation
• measure near-end crosstalk
• detect split pairs
• perform noise level tests
• trace cable behind walls

23
Cable Testers and Distance Measurements

• Cable testers, sometimes referred to as time
  domain reflectometers (TDRs), measure the
  distance to open-ended, or shorted cable.
• They do it by sending an electrical pulse through
  the cable. The devices then time the signal's
  reflection from the end of the cable.
• This test is called time domain reflectometry,
  and can provide distance readings that are
  accurate to within 61 cm.

24
Wire Maps

• a wire map indicates which wire pairs connect to
  which pins, on lugs and sockets.
• The test indicates whether the installer properly
  connected the wires of a plug or jack, or whether
  he/she connected them in reverse order.
• When wires are connected in reversed order, they
  are referred to as crossed pairs.
• When crossed pairs are detected in UTP LAN
  cabling systems, the connections are not good,
  and must be redone.

25
Split Pairs

• shielding effect can only occur if the wires in
  the pair are part of the same circuit.
• When wires split, they are no longer part of the
  same circuit. Consequently, the signals are not
  protected. Eventually, near-end crosstalk will
  become a problem.
• A wire map cannot detect a split pair condition,
  because in split pairs, a circuit is still
  present.
• Visual inspection and crosstalk measurements are
  the only ways to detect a condition known as
  split pairs.

26
Signal Attenuation Crosstalk

• Various factors can reduce the power of a signal
  as it passes through the copper wires used in UTP
  cables. This reduction in the power of a signal
  is called attenuation.
• A cable tester can measure the reduction in power
  of a signal received from a device known as a
  signal injector
• common causes of near-end crosstalk
• crossed pairs.
• twisted pairs that have become untwisted after
  being attached to cross-connect devices that have
  patch cords that are untwisted
• cables that have been pulled too tightly around
  sharp corners, causing pairs to change position
  inside the cable jacket.
• If you measure near-end crosstalk, you should do
  a visual check of the horizontal cabling, in
  order to rule out any of these possibilities. If
  you find nothing, then split pairs have most
  likely caused the problem.

27
Problem Detected by a Noise Level Test

• Some examples of sources that can produce outside
  signals that can interference the UTP cable
  include
• florescent lights, heaters, radios, air cleaners
• televisions, computers, motion sensors
• radar, motors, switches, auto ignitions
• electronic devices of all kinds
• signals produced by these outside sources often
  occupy specific frequencies. This enables an
  electrical noise level test can narrow the range
  of possible sources that produced them.
• To use a cable tester to take a noise reading on
  a cable, you should disconnect all cables from
  the computer equipment.
• High reading levels usually indicate a problem.
• A simple way to locate the precise source is to
  unplug each electrical device until the source of
  the noise is found.