Energy Independence in SLO County: A Hybrid Solution for a Hybrid Problem

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Energy Independence in SLO County A Hybrid
Solution for a Hybrid Problem
Presents
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Welcome to the year 2050

• The engineers who graduated in the year 2005 are
  reaching retirement.
• What does SLO county look like?
• What are the energy usage needs, and how are they
  being met?

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A Complex Solution to a Complex Problem

• The engineers at the turn of the 21st century
  faced a monumental challenge.
• No Trival fix all solution
• Multifaceted approach
• New technologies for efficient usage
• Clean, renewable and localized generation
• Focus on end use specific energy sources

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The Big Breakthrough

• Engineers of the turn of the century focused on
  searching for a single solution for all energy
  needs.
• Fundamental paradigm shift occurred when
  engineers realized that the solution was to apply
  solutions specific to the energy need

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SLO County in 2050 looks much like Santa Barbara
County did in 2005

• Population doubled to 500,000
• 2.5 people per home gt 200,000 homes
• Small but growing industries
• Extensive agriculture, especially wine
• Busy localized commercial centers
• Transportation along 101 corridor and within town

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Lets take a a closer look around the year 2050 to
see how these needs are being met
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Transforming the Face of Residential Building

• Overview
• Zero Net Energy Buildings
• Building Integrated Photovoltaics and integrated
  Climate Control
• Policy and Business Trends

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Zero Net Energy BuildingsThe mantra of the
2010s

• Incremental improvements in building energy use
  in terms of thermal insulation, lighting and
  appliance efficiency converge with onsite
  generation yielding zero net energy buildings

http//www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/building_amer
ica/pdfs/35851_ba_puts_research.pdf
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Multiple Approaches to reducing Residential
Energy Consumption

• Solar thermal collectors
• Hot water and radiant space heating
• Structurally insulated panels and composite
  materials
• Passive and solid-state lighting

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• PV- Where we stood in 2005
• 2nd generation PV technologies were moving along
  at a rapid clip.
• University and private sector laboratories were
  already demonstrating working examples of 3rd
  generation technologies.
• Thermophotonics
• Enhanced electron-hole generation
• Hot electron carriers
• Organic semiconductors
• We reach the DOE target of 0.33/W by 2014

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Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)

• Cost effective thin-film and organic photovoltaic
  applications drive a whole new technology sector.
• The progression ? solar shingles ? standing seam
  PV panels
• ? entire building skins made entirely BIPV
  material

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Important business trends change the face of
residential homes
In 2018, SLO County Entrepreneurs Winton
Salisbury and Ai Lacson patent a revolutionary
vapor-deposition technique creating a durably
encapsulated organic solar cell that cells for
50 a square meter at 20
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Policy

• California Energy Commission sets the stage with
  the Emerging Renewables program
• The county stimulates this transition with
  regulations and incentives
• PV Cost Profit Share program is a huge success
• Surprisingly, governmental agencies are the first
  to show that PV pays.
• By 2020, virtually all SLO County public schools,
  courthouses and federal buildings are ZNE

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• By 2050, the many communities of SLO County
  eliminate their residences from the larger energy
  burden.

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Unfortunately, by 2050, 70s fashion is backyet
again.
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SLO Business and Offices in 2050
Sourcewww.voicenet.com/ rbbb/aTele.html
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Energy Use in Offices and Retail Stores back in
2005

• Spent nearly ¾ of energy in heating, cooling, and
  lighting
• These are the areas that we needed to work on

2 Energy consumption in retail buildings, by
end use, for climate zone 4 Source NSTAR
http//www.nstaronline.com/
1 Source Laurence Livermore National Laboratory
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Proposed energy solutions for commercial buildings

• Photovoltaic as building material
• Solar water heating
• Geothermal heat pumping
• Cogeneration
• Solid state lighting (LED)
• Energy efficient high performance buildings

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Lets look at following three technologies

• Geothermal heat pumping
• Cogeneration
• Solid state lighting (LED)

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Geothermal Resources

• State of California has a large geothermal
  resource
• The Geysers Plants in Lake county - the largest
  geothermal electricity producer in the world
• SLO county makes direct use of hot springs

California Geothermal Resources Publication No. -
INEEL/MISC-03-01044 Rev. 1 November 2003 The U.S.
Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy Geothermal Technologies
Program
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Types of Geothermal Use

• Geothermal electricity generation
• Large scale power plant exploits heat energy in
  deep underground
• In year 2005, SLO county was not a location of
  pick due to a lack of large high heat reservoir
• But, by year 2050, a technology break through
  made this feasible also in SLO county
• Direct use
• Hot springs, swing pools, and fish farming
• Heating of buildings and green houses
• Geothermal heat pumps
• There is no geothermal reservoir necessary
• Applications for home, businesses, and offices

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Geothermal Heat Pump

• It takes advantage of the stable underground
  temperature (typically 50F 60F) all year around
• The vertical boreholes are typically 100 to 400
  ft. deep
• As a heat source, it warms buildings in winter
• As a heat sink, it cools them in summer

.
Source http//www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/geoheatpu
mps.html
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Geothermal Heat Pump

• Advantages
• 35-50 of electric energy saving compared to
  conventional heating cooling systems
• Because of a closed loop circulation, it saves
  water (that would have evaporated in chilled
  water AC system)
• Heat goes into underground, thus alleviates the
  heat island problem
• No emissions

Source http//www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/geoheatpu
mps.html
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Court St. Downtown Shopping Center

• Copeland Sports Corp
• built a multi-commercial complex (including
  shopping, restaurant, office and parking garage)
  in Downtown SLO in 2005
• Geothermal heat pump (GHP) facility is located in
  the parking garage which was bought by SLO county
• GHP assists heating and cooling needs of office
  spaces
• 16 pumps circulate water through the system of
  looped piping placed in 50 vertically drilled
  boreholes 300 ft deep
• Underground temperature is around 62F all year
  around

Source Mechanical Engineering Magazine, June 2004
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Court St. Downtown Shopping Center

• Economically feasible
• The system cost 218,000, but the annual savings
  made it a 16-year payback
• Environmentally friendly
• Save 20,000 lbs of CO2 in the air annually
• Save18,000 lbs of SO2 in the air annually
• Save about 10,000 gal. of water annually

Source Mechanical Engineering Magazine, June 2004
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Cogeneration

• Also known as CHP (Combined Heat and Power)
• Natural gas turbine turns a generator to produce
  electricity
• High efficiency up to 90 (by reuse of exhaust
  heat)
• 25 electrical generation
• 65 heat generation
• 10 energy loss
• Exhaust heat is be recycled for hot water and
  heating during winter time

Source Building for a Future Magazine,
http//www.newbuilder.co.uk/bffmag/winter03/1-21.
pdf
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County Gov. Campus

• Cogeneration power plant started operating in
  2005
• located in a county administration building in
  Monterey St
• Serves the old courthouse, the annex, and the
  library
• Three 200KW units, fueled by natural gas, provide
  45 to 55 of all electricity needs
• The exhaust heat is reused to provide hot water
  and heating during winter to the campus

Source Mechanical Engineering Magazine, June 2004
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County Gov. Campus

• The system costs 1.7 million
• Public Utilities Commission gave the county a
  500K rebate
• With rebate the payback is 7 to 9 years
• 200K annual saving in electricity bill

Source Mechanical Engineering Magazine, June 2004
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Bio-Cogeneration

• Cogeneration by renewable fuel
• Natural gas is still fossil fuel even though it
  produce less CO2 than oil or coal
• In year 2050, a cogeneration technology of 2005
  was replaced by bio-cogeneration

• Stirling engine
• External (rather than internal) combustion engine
• Capable of using a wide range of different fuels
  hydrogen natural and LP gas bio-gas (methane)
  bio-diesel ethanol woodchip straw or even cow
  dung, with modification of course

Source Building for a Future Magazine,
http//www.newbuilder.co.uk/bffmag/winter03/1-21.
pdf
http//travel.howstuffworks.com/stirling-engine1.h
tm
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Bio-gas from Landfill

• In year 2050, SLO county has more facilities
  producing more bio-gas
• Example Cold Canyon Landfill in 2005
• Collecting gas and selling to a nearby oil field
• The gas consists of 50 methane and 50 CO2
• The oil field facility uses it as fuel for steam
  powered oil pumps
• Replaced about 20 of the fuel used
• The money earned from the sale of the gas is used
  to pay for the gas collection system

Source http//www.coldcanyonlandfill.com/gassyste
m.htm
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Solid State Lighting

• Realistic expectation of 50 reduction in used
  power for lighting, leading to 10 reduction of
  total electricity use
• Significant increase in device lifetime compared
  to incandescent bulbs
• Independent control of mixing colors

http//lighting.sandia.gov/Xlightingoverview.htm
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SLO Business and Offices in 2050

• Photovoltaic in building walls and roofs
• Geothermal heat pumps for heating and cooling
• Bio-cogeneration
• Solid state lighting replaced all incandescent
  and florescence lightings
• Energy efficient high performance buildings

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Agriculture and Manufacturing Industries in 2050
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Agriculture and Manufacturing in 2050

• More people more jobs
• Sources energy biodiesel, geothermal energy and
  photovoltaics.
• Agriculture
• fruit and nut crops
• Vegetable crops
• Field crops (mostly grazing land)
• Animal industry
• Maufacturing
• Over 500 establishments
• Food, printing and related support activities,
  chemical mfg, etc.

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Agricultureenergy usage

• On farm irrigation
• Field equipment
• Tractors, tillage equipment
• Greenhouses
• Heating and cooling systems
• Ranch water hole
• Water pumped from a well

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Agriculture Biodiesel

• Biodiesel
• Farmers use biodiesel to run the field equipment,
  pumping systems for irrigation, and the
  greenhouse cooling and heating systems (in the
  evening).
• Algae
• A portion of the land is used for the algae
  ponds.
• Algae farms are constructed to use waste streams
  (either human waste or animal waste from animal
  farms) and sea water as a food source.
• Nutrients are extracted from the algae for the
  production of a fertilizer high in nitrogen and
  phosphorous.

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Agriculture Biodiesel contd.

• Mustard seed
• Wine producers grow mustard in the off season in
  between the vines.
• A growing demand for organic pesticides provides
  the primary incentive to farmers and crushers.
• The mustard oil is a low value waste product
  because it's inedible.
• Mustard oils contain as much as 90 monosaturated
  fatty acids.

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Agriculture Photovoltaics

• Photovoltaics are a natural fit for agriculture
  due to their existence in rural areas.
• Solar heat collectors are used to dry crops and
  warm homes, livestock buildings, and greenhouses.
  
• Solar water heaters provide hot water for dairy
  operations, pen cleaning, and homes.
• Photovoltaics (solar electric panels) power farm
  operations and remote water pumps, lights, and
  electric fences.

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Manufacturing
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Transportation

• Transportation history (in 2005)
• Need for change
• Alternative Technologies
• Hydrogen fuel cells
• Transportation today (in 2050)

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SLO Transportation in 2005
Nearly half of populationin SLO commute to
work(107,000 people in 2000) http//factfinder.c
ensus.gov
Employees and Students(20,000 people in
2004) http//www.afd.calpoly.edu
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Why change?

• Yesterdays cars relied on gasoline from
  petroleum oil, a fossil fuel
• Became more expensive and less available
• Not sustainable
• Produced toxic emissions
• Transportation accounted for two-thirds of U.S.
  petroleum use
• Driving 14,000 miles in a car getting 20 MPG, the
  average Californian used 700 gallons of fuel
  annually

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Sustainable Alternatives

• Hydrogen Fuel Cell
• Requires hydrogen fuel (natural gas, biomass,
  water)
• 40-60 efficient, twice that of combustion
  engines
• Almost zero toxic emissions
• Bio-Diesel
• Requires bio-fuel (algae, vegetable oil, animal
  fat)
• 35 more efficient than standard gasoline
• Very little toxic emissions
• Electric and Hybrid Cars
• Runs with battery, requires electricity for
  charging
• Almost zero toxic emissions

http//www.eere.energy.gov
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Fuel Cell Technology
Hydrogen containing liquid or gas enters anode
catalyst, and splits into a proton and
electron. Proton passes through electrolyte to
combine with oxygen and form water. Electron
leaves anode in form of electric current.
http//www.greenjobs.com
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Creating Hydrogen Fuel

• Convert natural gas/methane into hydrogen and
  carbon monoxide by catalyst reactions
• Breaks down biomass into hydrogen using
  gasification
• Split water into hydrogen and oxygen
• Electrolysis uses electrical current
• Steam Electrolysis uses heat and electrical
  current
• Thermochemical systems use heat and chemicals
• Photolysis uses photovoltaics and sunlight
• Photobiological systems use microorganisms and
  sunlight

http//www.eere.energy.gov
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Implementing Hydrogen Fuel Distribution System in
SLO

• Storage issues
• Low volumetric energy density
• Flammable
• Delivery issues
• Compressed gas pipeline distribution system
• Gas truck tankers
• Liquid trailers
• Need
• 140 million gallons/year of Hydrogen fuel
• 500,000 people 14,000 miles/person / 50
  miles/gallon

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Cost of Hydrogen Fuel Distribution in 2005
Water Biomass Coal Natural gas
http//www.eere.energy.gov
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SLO Transportation in 2050

• Eco-friendly automobiles
• Hydrogen fuel cell, Bio-diesel Hybrid cars
• Public transportation
• Bio-diesel bus system
• Biking walking
• Extensive biking and walking trail system (the
  weather really is quite nice)

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In Summary

• Residential sector has moved entirely to zero net
  energy buildings.
• Commercial buildings significantly improve
  efficiencies for lighting, heating cooling,
  reducing dependency of the power grid by more
  than 50.

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In Summary

• Industrial Manufacturing Biodiesel
  cogeneration, along with other technologies,
  further reduce dependency on the electrical grid.
• Agriculture local power generation, local fuel
  production, and clever use of local resources
  usher in a new age of large scale sustainable
  agriculture.
• Transportation Hydrogen fuel cells and
  biodesiel eliminate the need for a fossil fuel
  based transportation industry. Significant
  improvements in public transportation a wider
  network of biking/walking routes further reduce
  the need for motorized transport for short
  commutes.

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Additional Larger Scale Generation Sources
Sources Fill The Gaps

• Geothermal Potential in SLO county
• Natural Gas (methane) from the Landfill
• SLO Hydro-Power Plant - 640kW for free
• Microturbines burning biomass fuel

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Public Policy Leads the Way

• Government study to accurately profile how energy
  is used in SLO county
• Offer tax benefits / rebates for new construction
  incorporating green technologies
• Offer information about energy options that are
  best suited for a users needs

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Most importantly!

• Remember and emulate the spirit of those brave
  engineers who, while beginning their careers 45
  years ago in the year 2005, set a local agenda
  that ended up leading the nation towards energy
  independence that we enjoy today in 2050.
• These technologies were developed by them,
  because they were the visionaries who accepted
  the challenge.

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Any Questions?