Age of Growth and Disorder, 18771910s

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Age of Growth and Disorder, 1877-1910s

• Naming
• Robber Barons, Gilded Age
• Industrialism Triumphant
• Examine from several POV G D
• What
• 2nd Industrial Revolution
• Increase in production
• 2nd Wave of Immigration
• Increase in SE European / Catholics, Jews
• Increase in poverty, crime, violence
• Historical significance / change
• Anglo-Am. ask Who is White? American?
• Can democracy co-exist with unregulated
  capitalism?

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Harmony of Labor Capital

• Agrarian Republic (Thomas Jefferson)
• No permanent wage/working class
• Go West!
• Homestead Act 1862
• 2nd Industrial Revolution
• Growth of capital goods
• Growth of mergers
• Solidified permanent working class
• Open immigration
• Low wages
• How will labor and capital respond?

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Production of capital goods doubles every decade,
1870-1910
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• Numbers in the thousands 1870 12,925
  12,925,000 workers.
• 1870 to 1910 U.S. changed from primarily an
  agricultural nation to non-agricultural
• Workforce (laborers) more than doubled
  12,925,000 to 37,480,000.
• Immigration

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Second Wave of Immigration 1870-1914

• First Wave 1840s Irish potato famine
• Second Wave of Immigrants
• SE Europe
• Dark skin
• Catholic
• Jewish

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What does increased immigration with low wages
and monopolized wealth look like?

• Options to viewing the following slides in class
• Slide show before class begins
• Or view these websites for homework
• Summer Cottages and homes photos and building
  details
• http//www.newportmansions.org/page7016.cfm
• http//discover-net.net/dchs/history/exwp.html
• Conditions in the cities
• http//xroads.virginia.edu/MA01/Davis/photography
  /slideshows/slideshows.html , click on Jacob
  Riis photographs and view the slide show. Note
  the photo titles.

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Workplace ConditionsDisorderSweatshops
ca.1900Immigrant women
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Homework / Evening Work
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• Pennsylvania
• Coal sorters
• Child labor
• No Health Care
• Black Lung

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Meat packing / Dangerous, Unsanitary
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Lower ManhattanPrivatized city servicesNot
part of urban machine, ward politicsJane
Addamsdug out several feet of compacted
garbageNote open-air food vendors on the
sidewalks
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Womens Lodging Room Jacob Riis, Police
photographer, Tenement Reformer
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5 cent lodging / Housing Shortage
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American Aristocracy?
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Big Themes to Think About

• Can industrial capitalism fairly distribute
  wealth among workers?
• Can industrial capitalism co-exist with
  democracy?
• Why did some American-born workers take up ideas
  of socialism?
• Why did English iron workers have a longer
  life-expectancy than American iron workers?

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Workers Solutions to G D

• 1877, The Great Strike
• National / use of police, militia, federal troops
• Private property vs. democracy in workplace
• 1886, Haymarket Bombing
• Knights of Labor / Christian community / 8 hr day
• Free speech vs. death for political beliefs
  (anarchists)
• 1892, Homestead Strike
• Union contract / private property
• Self-defense vs. private army (Pinkertons)
• 1894, Pullman Strike (RR unions/military)
• Company town / Long Depression / Wage cuts
• Federal power vs. workers rights (socialism)
• 1909 Uprising of 20,000 (ILGWU)
• Working women middle-class suffragettes vs. men
• 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

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Describe what you see.
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The Great Strike, 1877Feed them a diet of lead
Is this America?
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• Document1 1878 Wendell Phillips
• Document2 1877 Letter to Scott
• Document3 1877 News Editorial
• Blame foreigners, especially Germans Bohemians
• What would you do as a business owner?
• Take a look at what Scott did!
• Whats a Gatling gun? Describe.

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Gatling Gun
Reread Document 2
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Haymarket Bombing, 1886Knights of Labor, AFL,
Anarchists
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• Whos to blame for the bomb? Those shot?
• Following days, 8 anarchists arrested
• Only 1 had been at Haymarket
• All found guilty
• 4 killed, 1 suicide
• 3 pardoned (but got life in prison)
• No evidence to convict them
• Convicted for their political beliefs
• Test of democracy

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Homestead, 1892UnionizedPinkertons Private
Armies
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Homestead Strike, 1892

• Andrew Carnegie, steel AAISW
• 1889 contract wages relative to price of steel
• 1892 depression
• Business is no business of the workers
• To Frick I approve of whatever you do
• Henry Clay Frick, manager
• Cut wages (Carnegie vacated to castle)
• Fort Frick
• 3 mile fence, rifle holes, barbed wire
• Barge of Pinkertons / private army
• Battle 3 Pinkertons and 9 workers dead
• Gov calls in state militia

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Alexander BerkmanWhat do you see? Do you know
her?
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Pullman, 1894Model Town Democracy?
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Pullman Strike, 1894Pullman Co. sole profitable
RR
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Workers POV? Middle-class POV?

• 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act
• Stop Rockefellers secret monopoly
• Acquired 90 of oil production
• Horizontal and vertical integration
• 1905 Lochner v. NY
• State 10 hour work day unconstitutional
• Interferes with workers freedom
• How do workers and middle-class view government
  big business?

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Who gets blamed?

• Leon Czolchoz
• Assassinated President McKinley, 1901
• Who is he?
• Document 4 1903 Immigration Act

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On whose side will middle-class fall?
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1909 Uprising of 20,000

• ILGWU
• Womens Trade Union
• Suffragists join workers
• 52 hr/week
• No bathroom break
• Jewish and Italian women
• Ok to beat them until they understand

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Note policemen looking up at falling bodies.

• March 25, 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company

Men and women, boys and girls were of the dead
that littered the street that is actually the
condition -- the streets were littered."
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30minutes for fires to consume 8th,9th,10th
floors 146 women and girls dead
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• Doors locked
• Keep women and girls at their machines
• Keep them from stealing
• Fire escapes too few and blocked with material
• 30 minutes, 8-10th floors consumed
• 146 dead, many littering the sidewalks
• Company agrees to ILGWU laws

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Next The Progressive Era

• Scientific Management
• or the Age of Corporate Reform
• Time study, collect statistics, create a uniform
  model, hire a manger to enforce it
• Standardize!
• Regulate mergers, RR, workplace
• Regulate elections, civil service, govt
• Regulate housing, public services, education,
  immigrants
• But dont forget ....

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Land of Opportunity

• Birds of Passage
• 40 leave U.S.
• 10 worker mortality rate
• Underestimated
• U.S. Iron workers life expectancy 37
• In England 51
• We are descendants of survivors
• More died or returned to Europe than survived in
  the U.S.

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Relevance to present day?

• Global economy
• Average wage for managers in China 50/hr
• Child labor
• Illegal sweatshops in U.S.
• Modern day slavery