EUROPEAN SECURITY COMPLEX

1

• EUROPEAN SECURITY COMPLEX
• December 1st, 2005

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TWO PERSPECTIVES TO THE POST-WAR ATLANTICISM
LIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM
POWER POLITICAL VIEW

• HEGEMONIC
• STABILITY
• HEGEMONIC
• LEADERSHIP
• BANDWAGONING
• PROVOKES
• CHALLENGERS

INSTITUTIONS COLLABORATION CONFLICT
MANAGEMENT COMMON AIMS

• COMMON
• VALUES
• DEMOCRACY
• PEACE
• FREE MARKET

BALANCE OF POWER COMMON ENEMY LEADS TO COMMON
DEFENCE
SOURCE DUFFIELD, 2001
JEAN MONNET CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE UNIVERSITY OF
TURKU

• ESKO ANTOLA, 2005

3
POST-WAR CYCLE OF ATLANTIC HEGEMONY
JEAN MONNET CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE UNIVERSITY OF
TURKU
BRETTON WOODS -COLLAPSED 72 VIETNAM, NIXON
DOCTRINE
x
THE HAGUE 69
MERGER TREATY 67
EEC 57
x
1955
X 1985
SINGLE ACT 87
ECSC 51
MAASTRICHT 93
AMSTERDAM 99
INSTITUTIONALISED HEGEMONY
NICE 2000
NATO, GATT, 0EEC BRETTON WOODS
1945
NEW ATLANTICISM? EQUAL PARTNERS?
ESKO ANTOLA, 2002
4
CYCLES OF US LEADERSHIP

• HEGEMONIC LEADERSHIP (1950S)
• EISENHOWER
• SOCIAL PURPOSE LEADERSHIP (IKENBERRY) 1960S-
  70S
• AMERICAS ABILITY TO REORIENT THE SOCIAL PURPOSE
  OF OTHER NATIONS (KENNEDY)
• AIMS RATHER THAN ARMS
• UNILATERAL LEADERSHIP 1980 - 1992
• UNITED STATES ENJOYS UNRIVALLED POWER WITHOUT
  CHALLENGER (REAGAN)
• ISOLATIONISTIC TENDECIES
• CO-OPTIVE LEADERSHIP 1995-2000?
• WILLIGNESS TO LEAD THROUGH COOPERATION (CLINTON)
• UNILATERAL LEADERSHIP 2000-?
• (BUSH)

JEAN MONNET CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE UNIVERSITY OF
TURKU

• ESKO ANTOLA, 2005

5
AMERICAN MENTAL MAP OF EUROPE

• SECURITY MAP (NATO)
• ECONOMIC MAP (EU)
• CULTURAL MAP (COUNCIL OF EUROPE, LIBERAL VALUES)
• RELIGIOUS MAP (ROMAN VS ORTHODOX)
• GEOGRAPHICAL MAP (WHERE EUROPE ENDS)
• POLITICAL MAP (CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN
  WILLIGNESS TO TRANSFORM)
• Martin Walker, 2000

JEAN MONNET CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE UNIVERSITY OF
TURKU

• ESKO ANTOLA, 2005

6
PHILOSPHICAL CONFRONTATION

• EUROPE KANTIAN VIEW
• WORLD OF LAWS, RULES AND TRANSITIONAL NEGOTIATION
  AND COOPERATION
• PARADOX OF CIVILIAN POWER TRADITION
• EUROPEAN REJECTION OF POWER POLITICS UNDER THE
  AMERICAN PROTECTION IN THE COLD WAR
• MULTILATERALISM
• UNITED STATES POWER POLITICAL VIEW
• RULES AND INTERNATIONAL LAW ARE UNRELIABLE
• GULLIVERS SYNDROME
• UNILATERALISM AS MUCH UNILATRALISM AS POSSIBLE
  - AS MUCH UNILATERALISM AS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL
  TO PROTECT AMERICAN INTERESTS

• ESKO ANTOLA, 2005

JEAN MONNET CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE UNIVERSITY OF
TURKU
7
UNILATERALISM DEFINITION

• THE DOCTRINE THAT NATIONS SHOULD CONDUCT THEIR
• FOREIGN AFFAIRS INDIVIDUALISTICALLY WITHOUT THE
• ADVICE OR INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER NATIONS
• STATE POLICIES ARE UNILATERAL IF THEY
• ARE UNDERTAKEN BY A SINGLE STATE
• HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS ON PEOPLE IN OTHER
  STATES
• ARE NOT GOVERNED BY BILATERAL OR MULTILATERAL
  TREATIES
• ETHICAL DILEMMA EXTERNAL CONSEQUENSES,
  INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL, MAY HARM OTHERS IN
  THE ABSENCE OF AGREEMENT WITH GOVERNMENTS
• JUSTIFIABLE WHEN ACTIONS BENEFIT LARGE POPULATION
  BUT ARE RESISTED BY THE GOVERNMENT (IRAQ?)

JEAN MONNET CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE UNIVERSITY OF
TURKU

• ESKO ANTOLA, 2004

8
MULTILATERALISM DEFINITIONS

• THE PRACTISE OF COORDINATING NATIONAL POLICIES
  IN GROUPS OF THREE OR MORE STATES Keohane,
  Multilateralism An Agenda for Research.
  International Journal, 45 (Autumn, 1990), 731.
• MULTILATERALISM REFERS TO COORDINATING RELATIONS
  AMONG THREE OF MORE STATES ACCORDING WITH CERTAIN
  PRINCIPLES Ruggie, Multilateralism The
  Anatomy of an Institution. International
  Organization, 46, 3, (Summer 1992), 566-68.
• As an organizing principle, the institution of
  mulitlateralism is distinguished from other forms
  by three properties indivisibility, generalized
  principles of conduct, and diffuse reciprocity.
  Indivisibility can be thought of as the scope
  (both geographic and functional) over which costs
  and benefits are preadGeneralized principles of
  conduct usually come in the form of norms
  exhorting general if not universal modes of
  relating to other states, rather than
  differentiating relations case-by-case on the
  basis of individual preferences, situational
  exigencies, or a prior particularistic grounds.
  Diffuse reciprocity adjusts the utilitarian
  lenses for the long view, emphasizing that actors
  expect to benefit in the long run and over many
  issues, rather than every time on every issue.
  Caporaso, International Relations Theory and
  Multilateralism The Search for Foundations.
  International Organization, 46, 3 (Summer, 1992),
  600-601.

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TRANSATLANTIC MISPERCEPTIONS

• Policy-makers will cling to perceptions of
  constant conditions, making it harder to
  recognize change
• Decision-makers often see others behavior as
  more purposeful, planned, and coordinated than it
  is
• Actors tend to exaggerate the role they play in
  others policies, and thus overestimate their
  importance as an influence on others policies
• Cognitive dissonance leads to anti-learning
  failure leads an actor to hold more strongly to
  his policy rather than learn

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ABANDONMENT-ENTRAPMENT CYCLE
SOURCE JANE SHARP, 1987
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NEW ATLANTICISM

• ADAPTATION TO POST-COLD WAR PERIOD
  1989-1994
• THE GULF WAR
• TREATY OF MAASTRICHT 1992
• COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION 1991
• PROLONGED U.S. LEADERSHIP 1995-200?
• DECISION ON NATO ENLARGEMENT (BRYSSEL
  1994)
• NEW TRANSATLANTIC AGENDA NTA
  (MADRID 1995)
• TRANSATLANTIC BUSINESS DIALOGUE TABD
  (ROME 1997)
• NEW TRANSATLANTIC MARKETPLACE NTM
  (COMISSION 1998)
• TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP TEP
  (LONDON 1998)
• THE POSITIVE ECONOMIC AGENDA 2002
• FROM THE U.S. HEGEMONY TO EQUAL PARTNERSHIP ?
• TRANSATLANTIC ECONOMIC COMMUNITY TAEC
  (200?)
• FLEXIBLE DEFENCE COOPERATION
  (200?)
• ESKO ANTOLA, 2005

JEAN MONNET CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE UNIVERSITY OF
TURKU
12
REPUBLICAN FOREIGN POLICY

• RESPECT OF POWER
• BUILDING AND SUSTAINING COALITIONS
• MULTILATERALISM A LA CARTE
• PROMOTING PRIVATE INTERESTS
• FACING ENEMIES
• Robert Zoellick, 2000

JEAN MONNET CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE UNIVERSITY OF
TURKU

• ESKO ANTOLA, 2005

13
AMERICAN NEO-CONSERVATIVE DOCTRINE

• INTERNATIONAL ISSUES SEEN IN MORALLY ABSOLUTIST
  CATEGORIES US HAS THE MORAL POWER
• EMPHASIS ON THE UNIPOLAR NATURE OF AMERICAN POWER
  USE MILITARY POWER IN PRE-EMPTIVE WAYS
• SIDELINE CONVENTIONAL DIPLOMATIC AGENCIES SINCE
  THEY DILUTE THE IDEOLOGICAL CLARITY
• SIDELINE MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS BECAUSE THEY
  DILLUTE AMERICAN VALUES
• MODIFIED FROM HALPER AND CLARKE, 2004.

JEAN MONNET CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE UNIVERSITY OF
TURKU

• ESKO ANTOLA, 2005