Command and Control

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Process of Naval Command and Control
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Process of Naval Command and Control

• Learning Objectives
• Know the concept of naval command and control and
  be able to define the terms.
• Know the essential elements of command and
  control
• Know the decision and execution cycle
• Understand the command and control organization.
• Know the basics of C4I

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Naval Command and Control

• What is it ?
• What does it do ?

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Command and Control

• Foundation upon which planning and execution of
  naval operations are built
• from peacetime to crisis response to global war
• Tool used by naval commander to cope with
  uncertainty in combat and direct his forces as
  necessary to accomplish assigned mission
• Key to exploiting capabilities at critical times
  to ensure military success
• NDP - 6
• discusses naval doctrine providing basis for
  tactics, techniques, and procedures

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What is Command?

• Principle element of Command and Control
• Function of authority, responsibility, and
  accountability
• Definition Authoritative act of making
  decisions and ordering action
• Responsibility for health, welfare, morale, and
  discipline of assigned personnel
• Implies leadership art of motivating people
  towards a common objective

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What is Control?

• Definition Act of monitoring and influencing
  this action
• Means in which commander guides the conduct of
  operations

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What is Control?

• Feedback a vital element
• gives commander a way to monitor events
• adapt to changing circumstances
• adjust allocation of resources
• harmonize efforts of the force
• Directive but seek cooperation vice coercion

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Complexity of warfare increasing dramatically
throughout time, placing greater demands on our
ability to command and control forces

• 1805 - Battle of Trafalgar, ADM Horatio Nelson
  used 3 signal flag hoists to coordinate movements
  of British Fleet
• 1991 Operation Desert Storm, Gen. Schwarzkopf
  used 700,000 phone calls and 152,000 radio
  messages per day to coordinate U.S. and Coalition
  forces.

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Command and Control

• Definition in Joint Pub 1-02 the exercise of
  authority and direction by a properly designated
  commander over assigned and attached forces in
  the accomplishment of the mission
• It is the process and system by which a commander
  decides what needs to be done
• Process includes planning, directing,
  coordinating and controlling
• System includes personnel, equipment,
  communications, facilities, and procedures
  employed by commander
• Commander ultimately responsible and accountable
  for success of mission

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Command and Control

• Enables the naval commander to
• understand the situation in his battlespace
• Select a course of action
• Issue intent and orders
• Monitor the execution of operations
• Evaluate the results

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Naval Command and Control

• Prime tool used to cope with the disorder and
  uncertainty of warfare
• Command and control is a system a naval commander
  uses to
• collect information
• process information
• disseminate information
• protect information

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How does C2W work?

• Comparison to functioning of bodys central
  nervous system
• sensory nerves detect whats happening
• send information to the brain
• brain interprets sensations
• compares existing/desired situations
• decides a course of action
• sends appropriate signals to the muscles

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Environment of Command and Control

• CC is shaped by two factors that define the
  environment of every military operation

1. Uncertainty 2. Time
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Uncertainty

• Definition difference btwn what we know and what
  we want to know about any situation
• Forms of unknowns of adversary, intentions,
  environment, our forces
• How do we reduce uncertainty?
• Gathering of information
• increase knowledge of situation but will never
  remove all unknowns
• Function of Knowledge, not information
• information - raw material from which knowledge
  is generated
• knowledge - results from people adding meaning to
  information through the process of cognition
• Derived from experience, intuition, and judgment

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• Therefore decreasing uncertainty is based on two
  factors
• quantity of information
• value of information and abilities of person
  using it

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Time

• Gathering and processing of information takes
  time
• three concerns
• information gathered is perishable
• opposing willsenemy taking new actions and
  changing the situation
• rapid tempo of modern operations
• ensure decision making and execution swifter than
  that of enemy

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Decision and Execution Cycle

• Command and control is a continuous, cyclical
  process by which a commander makes decisions and
  exercises authority over subordinate commanders
  in accomplishing assigned mission
• (Observe-Orient-Decide-Act) OODA Loop - four
  phases
• applies to any two-sided conflict

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OODA LOOP
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OODA Loop

• Decision maker is the crucial element of command
  and control process
• Observe -
• environment to collect data about surroundings
  and status of enemy/friendly forces
• fused and displayed in a common tactical picture
• Orient -
• forms mental picture of situation by converting
  data into judgments about whats happening
• Intelligence process plays key role here
• Derives basic situational awareness of
  battlespace

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OODA Loop

• Decide -
• comes up with plan for course of action
• Action -
• sets forth intent and issues orders to put the
  plan into action
• Continually monitors execution of operations and
  gauge results bringing him in full circle to
  observation phase

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Orientation

• Decision making based on orientation to the
  situation
• definition result of a cognitive process that
  turns data gathered from environment into
  knowledge and understanding
• Key to decision and execution cycle influences
  how we observe, decide and act
• Absolute importance of generating tempo
• rapid tempo requires seniors to have accurate
  image of battlespace and make effective decision
• subordinates must have seniors intent

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Cognitive Hierarchy

• Understanding - desired end state of orientation
  phase of OODA loop
• True understanding should be the basis for
  commanders decisions
• Four steps towards gaining understanding

DATA process INFORMATION cognition KNOWLED
GE judgement UNDERSTANDING
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Cognitive Hierarchy

• DATA
• first step towards understanding is gathering of
  data
• bytes transferred btwn computers
• transmissions sent by telephone, radio, fax
• undeveloped film
• next step is to process the raw data so it can be
  understood by people who must use it
• organizing, formatting, filtering, plotting to
  turn data into information

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Cognitive Hierarchy

• Information - data collected from the environment
  and processed into usable form
• report from RECON team
• Information allows us to generate knowledge
  through cognition
• cognition act of learning, integrating various
  pieces of processed data

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Cognitive Hierarchy

• Knowledge - results from analyzing, correlating,
  and fusing data that have been processed and
  evaluated as to reliability, relevance, and
  importance.
• Naval Intel to build picture of situation
• identify with uncertainty
• In applying judgment, transform knowledge into
  understanding
• judgment human skill of experience, expertise
  and intuition

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Cognitive Hierarchy

• Understanding - distilled from knowledge that has
  been synthesized and applied to a specific
  situation to gain a deeper level of awareness
• knowledge of situations inner workings
• situational awareness of battlespace
• ie patterns, consequences of actions, etc...

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Decision Making Theory

• Key objective in CC process making sound and
  timely decisions
• first take enemy opposition into account
• win advantage by making sound, timely decisions
  faster
• military decision - intuition and analysis of
  problem in which devise practical solution
• no perfect solution for any problem in military
  operations
• all decisions made in face of uncertainty and
  unique
• adopt promising COA with acceptable degree of risk

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Decision Making

• Two processes
• 1. Analytical
• several options generated
• weigh advantages/disadvantages of each
• tends to be thorough but time consuming
• experience vs. reasoning power
• 2. Intuitive
• relies on experience of commander
• finds first solution rather than waiting for
  best solution
• if defective, move on to find another solution
• Which is better???
• Depends on nature of situation - time and info
  available

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Methods of Control

• Balance between commander directing operations
  and granting freedom to subordinates
• Detailed control (tight reign)
• CC is centralized
• Explicit orders/commands
• vertical information and order flow
• Mission control (loose reign)
• decentralized and flexible
• horizontal information flow
• Subordinates have understanding of mission
  requirements.allowing them freedom of action
• Which is better?

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Centralized - Which is better?

• Advantage
• prevents unit commanders from doing anything that
  they shouldnt
• ie escalation
• Disadvantage
• prevents unit commanders from acting on their own
• Technology makes centralized CC easier

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Decentralized - Which is better?

• Advantages
• subordinates have understanding of mission and
  freedom of action
• spontaneous cooperation of elements
• tempo of operations heightened
• ability to deal with changing situations

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Command and Control

• Three components
• Command and control organization
• Information - key
• Command and control support
• Structure by which naval commanders exercise
  command and control
• Includes people, equipment, and facilities that
  provide information

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Naval Forces

• Organized in a way that clearly defines structure
  of authority and responsibility
• Task-organizing forces into capable subordinate
  elements
• task forces, task groups

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Combatant Command

• Combatant Command - command with a broad,
  continuing mission under a single commander
• may be either a unified command, composed of
  forces of two or more services
• or specified command, composed of forces from a
  single service
• Have a geographic area of responsibility, ie.
  Theater

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• COMBATANT COMMAND ORGANIZATION

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C4ISR and Information Warfare
Information systems, equipment, software and
infrastructure that enable the commander to
exercise authority and direction over assigned
forces
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Putting It All Together - C4ISR
Command
Computers
C4ISR
Surveillance
Reconnaissance
Control
Intelligence
Communications
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Putting It All Together - C4ISR

• Command
• The exercise of authority based upon certain
  knowledge to attain an objective.
• Control
• The process of verifying and correcting activity
  such that the objective or goal of command is
  accomplished.
• Communication
• Ability to exercise the necessary liaison to
  exercise effective command between tactical or
  strategic units to command.

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Putting It All Together - C4ISR

• Computers
• The computer systems and compatibility of
  computer systems. Also includes data processing
• Intelligence
• Includes collection as well as analysis and
  distribution of information

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Why We Need C4ISR

• Faster response times required.
• Joint Operations require high levels of
  coordination.
• More sophisticated weapons require more
  information.

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Functions of C4I

• Creates a common tactical picture. Ensures all
  information is available to operators
  commanders.
• Ensures connectivity and information exchange.
• Sends information directly from sensor to
  shooter.
• Support and uses information warfare (IW).

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Command and Control Warfare
Objectives
1. Defeat the enemy by destroying its C2W
systems. 2. Separate the enemys command
structure from its forces. 3. Protect
ones own C2W forces. 4. Connect commanders and
forces.
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Characteristics of C4I

• Reliable
• Secure
• Timely
• Flexible
• Interoperable
• Survivable

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C4ISR Supports At All Levels

• Watchstanders
• Composite Warfare Commander
• Commander of the JTF
• The Shore Commanders
• NCA

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Command and Control Warfare Objectives

• 1. Defeat the enemy by destroying its C2W
  systems.
• 2. Separate the enemys command structure from
  its forces.
• 3. Protect ones own C2W forces.
• 4. Connect commanders and forces.

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Tools to Achieve C2W Objectives

• Operational Security
• Military Deception
• Psychological Operations
• Electronic Warfare
• Physical Destruction

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C2W Decision Making Cycle
Observe
Orient
Act
Decide
(OODA loop)
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Intelligence
Product of collecting, exploiting, processing,
integrating, analyzing and interpreting informati
on.
Types
1. Strategic Intelligence 2. Operational
Intelligence 3. Tactical Intelligence
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Function of Intelligence

• Prepare the Battlespace
• Define environment or physical characteristics.
• Evaluate the threat and the threats course of
  action.
• Provide Early Warning
• Evaluate the situation (current actions changes)

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Function of Intelligence cont.

• Identify and Target the Enemys Vulnerabilities
• Assess Battle Damage (own and enemys)
• Manage Intelligence Information
• Prevent Enemys Intelligence Efforts (Offensive
  Defensive)

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Information Warfare (IW)
IW is action taken to preserve the integrity of
own information systems from exploitation,
disruption, and destruction while achieving an
information advantage over the enemy.
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IW Tools

• Surveillance Systems
• Satellites
• Electronic Warfare and Signal Intelligence
• Human Intelligence
• Communications Systems
• Tactical Network
• Computers
• Database management

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Advanced Combat Direction System

• Follow on to NTDS
• Incorporates various communication circuits into
  one unified system

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Communications Security
Protection resulting from all measures designed
to deny unauthorized persons information and the
possession of telecommunications data. Called
CMS.
Elements
Crypto Security Transmission Security Emission
Security Physical Security
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Computer Requirements

• Sort, process, organize, correlate, and
  disseminate information in near real-time.
• Blend critical tactical, operational and
  administrative data to meet tactical objectives.
• Present information in a multi-media format to
  best suit the operator or equipment
• Have a standardize equipment to reduce training
  and increase proficiency
• Have standardized hardware design to allow
  upgrade and additions to equipment.

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Navy Tactical Data System (NTDS)
Interceptor
Interceptor
Early Warning Aircraft
Link 4A
Link 4A
Link 11
Link 11
Link 14
NTDS Ship
Non-NTDS Ship
NTDS Ship
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NTDS

• Navy Tactical Data System
• Purpose
• Allows data collected from multiple platforms to
  be shared
• Users Ships, planes, shore stations
• Link 11
• Link 16

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NTDSShared Info

• Contact info
• Type of contact
• ID / Track
• Course / Speed
• Altitude
• IFF Mode
• Weapons / sensor status of others

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How Does it Work?

• It takes sensor data from each user and creating
  a common picture and distributes the info to all
  users
• Requires constant human interface, especially in
  ID (identifying) contacts

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Symbology

• Once the identification process has been
  completed, corresponding symbology is placed on
  the track so everyone can know the ID.

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Symbology

• Surf Friend
• Surf Unk
• Surf Host

• Air Friend
• Air Unk
• Air Host

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Symbology

• Sub Friend
• Sub Unk
• Sub Host

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Optasks

• Optasks are governing instructions used by a
  battle group. Tell you how to conduct business
• Optask for each warfare area
• Differ in every area of the world based on
  geopolitical situation

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Identification

• Hardest part
• Optask ID contains template / flowchart for
  identifying contacts as friendly, unknown, or
  hostile.
• Based on some of the following
• IFF, Altitude, Profile, Where it came from, Com
  air routes, VID

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IFF

• Identification friend or foe
• M 1 - Mission
• M 2 - Squadron
• M 3 - General squawk, all have it
• M 4 - US or allied (encrypted)
• Transponder on aircraft / ship sends and receives
  IFF signal

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Technology Trends

• Decreased time from ID to engagement
• Improved precision and rates of fire
• Improved Situational Awareness
• Massing of troops being replaced by Massing of
  firepower

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IW uses in the Navy

• Slow influence the enemys d-making cycle
• Prepare the battle space before the start of open
  hostilities
• Dictate the battle on our terms

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Functions of C4IIW C2W

• Employed before and during hostilities
• Pre hostilities
• IW seeks to avoid hostilities
• Gain Info advantage
• During Hostilities
• Disrupt the adversarys D-making process (OODA
  loop)

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Inherent Problems With Automated Systems
1. Evaluation 2. Orientation 3. Cost 4.
Decision Making 5. Discipline 6. Survivability
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QUESTIONS ?