Steelhead male

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Steelhead male
Sockeye male
Pink male
Cutthroat Salmon
Pink female
Sockeye female
Coho male
Chum male
Chinook male
Chinook female
Chum female
Coho female
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Eyed Eggs
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Eyed Eggs Salmon are born in gravel beds in
streams 10 to 700 miles (16 to 1200 km) from the
sea. Laid in the fall, the eggs incubate over the
winter, frequently under several feet (more than
a metre) of snow and ice. Their pink eggs are
always covered from direct sunlight. About a
month after they have been deposited in the
gravel, eyes begin to show. This normally happens
in late November or early December. It is
essential during this time that water flow and
temperature are suitable. The period of greatest
mortality in the salmon's life cycle is in the
egg-to-fry stage.
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In the late winter, the eggs hatch into alevins,
tiny creatures with huge eyes bright orange
yoak sacs. They grow rapidly under the gravel for
three to four months. The orange yolk sacs
contain a completely balanced diet of protein,
carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The
vitelline vein, running through the center of the
sac, picks up oxygen from the water. The fish at
this stage are totally protected from predators
and other hazards. Good flow of pure water is
critically important to survival of Alevins.
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Newly Emerged Fry
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Newly Emerged Fry Alevins lose their sacs, and
emerge from the gravel as fry in May and June.
About an inch (2.5 cm) long, they are free
swimming, and are easy prey for larger fish. In
the river, or a nearby lake, depending on the
species, they feed and grow for periods ranging
up to a year or more. (Sockeye fry move into a
lake for a year, although pink and chum fry swim
directly to the sea.)
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Fingerlings
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Fingerlings In spring, they head downstream to
the sea. They are called fingerlings during this
phase of their lives, and are up to four inches
(10 cm) long. In the sea they spend up to five
years, eating greedily and growing rapidly in the
bountiful ocean feeding grounds. In the early
summer of their maturing year, they begin to head
back to their home streams. Scientists are
uncertain as to how salmon navigate back to their
spawning grounds.
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Estuary Utilization by Juvenile Chinook Salmon
Tidal channels in the estuarine emergent marsh
provide food and habitat for juvenile chinook
salmon. Little is known about estuarine habitats
for juvenile chinook salmon, hence managers are
uncertain of the appropriate levels of protection
for such habitats as the Skagit River. For the 2
years analyzed, juveniles rearing in the estuary
were the predominant type among salmon caught in
Puget Sound. Residency time within the estuary
varied, however, at least 70 of all fish rearing
in the estuary resided there for a month or
longer. The variation in residency between years
is suggestive of density dependence and habitat
limitation. In the year of high juvenile density,
residency time was shortened and growth limited.
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Adult Spawners
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Adult Spawners Salmon stop feeding as they
enter fresh water, living on stored body fats.
They struggle for weeks against rapids, falls,
obstructions in the form of fallen logs and rocks
until, bruised and travel-worn, they reach the
placid waters of the spawning river where they
were born. Sockeye and chinooks are the most
hardy of the Pacific salmon family, traveling as
far as 1,000 miles upstream to spawn. Chums, coho
and pinks spawn closer to the sea.
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With her tail the female digs a nest, or redd, in
the gravel, hollowing out a cavity up to 18
inches deep. She prefers a place in a riffle,
where the fast-running water will provide an
ample supply of oxygen for the eggs. When the
nest is ready, the female lays up to 8,000 eggs
in the gravel. The male fertilizes them by
covering them with a milky substance known as
milt. After fertilization, the female covers the
eggs with gravel, and remains on the redd until
death several days later. Pacific salmon, unlike
Atlantic salmon, die once spawning is complete.
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Chinook male
female
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Chinook The biggest of the five species is the
Chinook, or King salmon, which in Canada are also
called Springs, Tyees (when over 30lbs), and
Smileys (when over 20lbs).Normal migrating
Chinook spend from three to seven years in the
sea before returning to their native river to
spawn. Chinook have been reported to grow as big
as 100lbs, but the majority of returning fish are
under 30lb. Some hatchery-raised Chinook are
purposely kept in net pens and delayed-released
into the saltwater. These fish never migrate far
out to sea, but stay resident to coastal waters.
These are the fish we fish for in the winter, and
these are called blackmouth. Blackmouth are
normally from five to 15lbs, and a 20lb'er is a
trophy. Blackmouth are normally found right on
the bottom, (within 10-15 feet of the bottom), at
around the 120 foot depth.
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Chum male
female
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Chum Chum salmon are also known as Dog or Keta
salmon. Chum salmon live three to five years,
and are normally 10 to 15 pounds, sometimes
larger. In most Puget Sound waters, the chums
are the last fish to return to the rivers to
spawn.
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2001 It was a good year for chum, with the
highest returns in Piper's Creek (total of 142
chum carcasses, and a peak count of 136 live chum
on 12/3/01). There were also chum recorded for
the first time in three years of surveys in
Longfellow Creek (a total of 68 chum carcasses,
and a peak count of 48 live chum on 12/4/01), in
Thornton Creek (3), and at the mouth of
Fauntleroy Creek (1).
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Coho male
female
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Coho The Coho or Silver salmon look similar to
Chinook, except they are normally smaller. An
important distinction is that Coho have white
gums at the base of their teeth, while a
Chinook's gums are black. Coho usually live
about three years, and grow exceptionally fast in
the third year. They range in size from four to
about 20lbs. The Washington state record coho set
this year was around 25lbs. Returning coho are
not as structure-oriented as Chinook, and are
normally found in more open water than Chinook.
Coho are caught primarily in the top 50 feet of
water, and close to the edges of tide rips. If
you find bait on the edges of tide rips, and
troll a lure near the surface, you will catch
coho.
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Piper's Creek (15 weekly surveys) had a total
carcass count of 117 coho and 142 chum. Coho were
sighted from 10/8 until 12/7, with a peak count
of 70 (live fish and carcasses) on 11/5, and chum
were sighted from 10/22/01 through 1/9/02, with a
peak count of 167 (live fish and carcasses) on
12/3. At least one coho adult and 16 chum adults,
and 5 redds (2 coho, 3 chum) were found in Venema
Creek, and a total of 11 chum adults and 3 chum
redds were recorded in Mohlendorph Creek. Of a
total of 117 coho carcasses in Piper's Creek, 20
were spawned or half-spawned, 47 were unspawned,
and spawning success could not be determined for
33 due mostly to predation. Of a total of 142
chum carcasses, 71 were spawned, 3 were
unspawned or half-spawned, and 26 were
undetermined due mostly to predation. 
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Pink male
female
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Pink Pink salmon are also known as Humpies.
Pinks only live two years, and are about 4-6
pounds, sometimes larger. Pinks In Puget Sound,
the majority of the pink runs happen every other
year on the odd-numbered years. When the humpies
are in, they are easy to catch. They also taste
good, but it's important to clean them
immediately and care for them correctly.
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Sockeye male
female
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Sockeye Sockeye salmon normally live about four
or five years. Sockeye are also called Red
salmon. They are usually between 4 to 7 pounds,
but can grow bigger. Sockeye normally only come
from river systems that have freshwater lakes as
part of the system. The Lake Washington sockeye
run is a good example of this.
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Oct. 20, 2004News Release Big sockeye return
expected to draw plenty of Cedar River Salmon
Journey visitors One of the largest sockeye
salmon runs in a decade means Cedar River salmon
watchers are in for a real treat this fall.
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Steelhead male
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What is a Steelhead? Steelhead, the anadromous
form of the rainbow trout, is also a prized game
fish. A Steelhead is a sea run Rainbow Trout,
native to the lakes and streams of the western
United States and introduced widely throughout
the world. A Steelhead spends 2 to 4 years in
the ocean before returning to it's birthplace to
spawn. As a result these fish endure many
hardships along the way.
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Cutthroat Salmon
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SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER Thursday, February 6,
2003 Our Troubled Sound Spawning coho are dying
early in restored creeks City officials have
forked out millions of dollars and volunteers
have donated countless hours to lovingly restore
Seattle-area creeks.
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The culprit appears to be the stormwater gurgling
off streets, parking lots and roofs, carrying
with it oil, grease, pesticides and other
pollutants, say federal scientists who conducted
the study.
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Surface water pours into the creek from this
plastic pipe. (February 06, 2003) Credit Scott
Eklund/Seattle PI
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When hit by a flush of it, coho are immediately
disoriented. They roll to their sides. Some do
what scientists dubbed "the Jesus walk,"
skittering across the top of the water in a
final, desperate burst of energy. All this
happens within hours when the salmon enter local
creeks -- killing 88 percent of the fish in the
study last fall.
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An unusually large number of females were still
full of eggs males were full of sperm. "When you
find a carcass like that, obviously they haven't
spawned, and that's a real concern," he said.
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They found significant numbers of prespawn
mortalities. -- about half the coho in
Fauntleroy Creek in 2001, nearly three-quarters
in Kelsey Creek in 2000 and 2001.
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At the rural stream, just one of the 115 female
coho died before spawning. But at Longfellow, 56
female coho perished in a matter of hours, some
even before turning from their saltwater silver
hues to their spawning shade of red. Only eight
fish survived to spawn. The Longfellow fish were
tested for disease, but nothing was found that
would trigger the speedy deaths. The situation is
reminiscent of what would happen if there were a
toxic chemical spill.
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Every day, residents contribute to stormwater
pollution dousing yards with chemicals to kill
bugs driving vehicles leaking antifreeze and
oil coating roofs with herbicide to beat back
moss. When it rains, these pollutants wash off
streets and yards into storm drains, many of
which flow directly into creeks. Last fall was
unusually dry, allowing pollutants to build up on
the ground. When it finally rained, scientists
suspect that the arriving coho were hit by a
lethal dose.
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University of Washington environmental engineer
who studies stormwater says the new information
about coho deaths, while important, is not a sign
that people should stop trying to improve the
health of local creeks.
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Limits imposed on pesticidesJudge orders
chemical-free buffers near streams to protect
salmon Jan 04, By LISA STIFFLE, SEATTLE P-I The
use of pesticides near salmon-bearing rivers and
streams in the Northwest was banned yesterday by
a federal judge, who also required retail stores
in urban areas to post warnings about the most
commonly used and potentially dangerous
chemicals. The ruling, which covers Washington,
Oregon and California, was hailed by
environmentalists, who cited research showing
that pesticides are washing into streams and that
even low levels can harm protected salmon runs.
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Feb. 9, 2004 King County's pesticide-free yard
care message at Northwest Flower Garden Show
Educational Exhibit Booth won awards for its
message promoting a pesticide-free path to a
beautiful yard and garden. The King County booth
received a second place Educational Exhibit Award
of Merit at the show at the Washington State
Convention Center in Seattle. King County has
promoted Natural Yard Care for years because
pesticides can harm salmon, wildlife and
beneficial bugs, and even put children and pets
at risk.
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• Of the 54 pesticides the EPA is reviewing, 34
  compounds have been screened. Half "possibly or
  likely harm" one or more of the salmon species.
• Carbaryl -- insecticide in products including
  Adios, Bugmaster, Septene and Sevin moderately
  toxic to aquatic life.
• 2,4-D -- herbicide in Barrage, Lawn-Keep, Savage,
  Salvo and Weed Feed, Weedone used on broadleaf
  weeds can be highly toxic to fish
• Diazinon -- insecticide in Gardentox, Knox Out
  and Spectracide kills cockroaches, ants and
  fleas highly toxic to fish

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• Malathion -- insecticide in Celthion, Fyfanon and
  Maltox kills mosquitoes, flies and lice can be
  highly toxic to fish
• Triclopyr BEE -- herbicide in Access, Crossbow,
  Garlon and Redeem used on woody and broadleaf
  plants low toxicity for fish
• Trifluralin -- herbicide in Trefanocide, Treficon
  and Trust kills annual grasses and broadleaf
  weeds highly toxic to fish aquatic organisms
• Diuron -- herbicide in Direx and Karmex used on
  mosses broadleaf and grassy weeds moderately
  toxic to fish, highly toxic to aquatic
  invertebrates

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Research suggests exposure of fish to EDCs mimics
estrogen and lead to changes in sex ratios,
feminization of male fish, production of
viltellogenin (the protein precursor to egg
production in female fish) by male fish, and
changes that may affect reproduction or overall
health.
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The endocrine system is a complex network of
glands and hormones that regulate functions such
as growth, reproduction and the way body organs
work in humans, wildlife and aquatic organisms.
Concerns emerged more than a decade ago in
Europe when scientists found fish with altered
reproductive systems in rivers with high amounts
of wastewater effluent. Earlier, scientists
thought low levels of EDCs presented little risk
to the environment or humans. Now, even low
levels of some of may affect endocrine systems.