Amphibians and Reptiles

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Amphibians and Reptiles

• Of the Amazon Basin

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Animal Kingdom

• INVERTEBRATE CLASSES
• Sponges
• Coelenterates
• Worms
• Mollusks
• Echinoderms
• Anthropods

• VERTEBRATE CLASSES
• Fish
• Amphibians
• Reptiles
• Birds
• Mammals

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Madre de Dios is 1 of Amazon Basin but contains
30 of the species of amphibians and reptiles
known from the entire basin
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Amphibian Orders

• GymnophionaCaecilians
• Caudata Salamanders
• Anura Frogs and Toads

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Hyla boans
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Lithodytes lineatus
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Bufo marinus
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Edalorhina perezin years ago
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Order Gymnophonia Caecilians

• Live undergound (fossorial) or in water
• Covered in slime
• Essentially blind
• Use tentacles to find insects, worms
• Internal fertilization with live young

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Amazonian Caecilian
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Order Caudata Salamanders
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Two species in lowlands, one to 1000m. The three
species in Peru belong to the family
Plethodontidae, the lungless salamander family.
Breathe through skin only. Salamanders look like
lizards but have skin kept moist by
mucous. Nocturnal, active on or near the ground.
Eat insects and other small, moving prey. Sit and
wait predators. Male spermatophores, internal
fertilization
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Anurans Frogs and Toads
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Reproductive Strategies of Frogs
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External fertilization Amplexus
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Lithodytes lineatus
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Scinax ictericus
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Eggs over stream
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Foam nest
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Eleutherodactylus peruvianus Direct
development
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Gastric breeding frogs
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Activity affected by

• Rainfall
• Moonlight
• temperature

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Some Common Frog Families

• Bufonidae
• Hylidae
• Dendrobatidae
• Leptydactylidae

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Bufo marinus
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Bufo margaritifer complex
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Bufo margaritifer complex
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Hyla calcarata
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Hyla granosa
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Phyllomedusa vaillanti
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Phyllomedusa vaillanti
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Phrynohyas venulosa
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Colostethus marchesianus
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Epidobates pictus
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Dendrobates biolat
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Ceratophrys cornuta
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Edlaorhina perezi
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Eleuthrodactylus ockendeni
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Reptiles
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Reptile Orders

• Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators, caimans)
• Chelonia (turtles and tortoises)
• Squamata (lizards, amphisbaenia, snakes)
• Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)

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Characteristics of Reptiles

• Skin covered in scales
• Efficient circulatory system
• Egg with amnion
• Claws on feet, if present
• Ectothermic

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Courtship
Anolis fuscoauratus
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Reptile reproduction

• Internal fertilization
• Hemipenis in Sauria
• Most are oviparous
• Sex of depends on temperature

Mabuya bistriata -- a skink
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Oviparity Viviparity

• Almost all reptiles oviparous
• Most abandon eggs
• Viviparous snakes produce more young than
  oviparous

Eunectes murinus
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Turtles in Peru

• Found in ocean and fresh water habitats
• 16 species in Peru
• Eggs and adults eaten by people

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Chelonia Body Plan

• Carapace composed of bone covered with scales
• Highly mobile necks
• Four limbs, sometimes modified to flippers
• Plastron is name for ventral section of body

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Phrynops gibbus
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Platemys platycephala
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Podocnemis unifilus
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Chelus fimbriatus Matamata
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Geochelone denticulata Yellow-Footed Tortoise
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Geochelone denticulata Yellow-Footed Tortoise
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Family Alligatoridae

• Four species in South America
• All carnivorous
• Most active at night
• Bask during day
• Parental care of nest
• Adults with few predators except man

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Caiman crocodilus Spectacled Caiman
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Caiman crocodilus Spectacled Caiman-juvenile
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Melanosuchus niger Black Caiman
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Squamata

• Lizards
• Snakes
• Amphisbaenians

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Amphisbaena alba Giant Amphisbaenian (Brazil)
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Amphisbaena alba Giant Amphisbaena
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Lizards
Polychrus mamoratus Common Monkey Lizard
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Gonatodes humeralis Amazon Streak Lizard (male)
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Thecadactylus rapicauda Turnip tailed Gecko
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Mabuya bistriata Two lined Skink
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Tropidurus flaviceps
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Ameiva ameiva
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Snake Structure

• No eyelids, no legs
• Jacobsons organ in mouth (like lizards)

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Snake Feeding

• Sit and wait predators active searchers
• Moveable jaw
• Constrictors
• Venom to subdue prey
• Grab and swallow

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Families of Snakes

• Colubridae
• Elapidae
• Viperidae
• Boidae

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Family Colubridae
Drymarchon corais Common Cribo
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Oxybelis aenus Brown Vine Snake
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Clelia clelia Musarana

• Colubridae
• Change color with age
• Diet includes snakes
• Mexico to Argentina

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Imantodes cenchoa Blunt headed Tree Snake
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Family Elapidae

• Generally venemous
• Small fangs
• Coral snake Micrurus
• Includes cobras, mambas seasnakes

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Micrurus surinamensis Aquatic Coral Snake
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Family Viperidae

• Venomous- hemotoxic
• Hollow, foldable fangs
• Loreal pits
• 15 species in Peru
• Found worldwide
• Vertical pupils

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Bothriopsis bilineata
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Bothrops atrox Fer de Lance
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Bothrops atrox Fer de Lance
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Lachesis muta Bushmaster
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Family Boidae
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Boa constrictor Red-Tailed Boa
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Epicrates cenchria Rainbow Boa
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Eunectes murinus Green Anaconda