Juvenile Justice in America

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Juvenile Justice in America

• CJUS/SOC 106
• Chapter 8 Peers and Delinquency Juvenile Gangs

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• Motorcycle gangs
• - 1945 WW II over
• - 1,000s of veterans return
• - rejected accepted values
• - war exciting / home boring
• a. Ride motorcycles
• - high speed excitement
• - seeking thrills / danger
• - Harley Davidson / Indian power
• - West Coast never seen before

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• - 10 to 30 young men
• - roaming highways / adventure
• - causing problems / crime
• (1) Hollister, CA 1947
• - 4th of July
• - AMA dirt hill climb
• - 100s contestants / 1,000s spectators
• (a) POBOBs
• - Pissed Off Bastards of Bloomington
• - member arrested

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• (b) 7 officer police force
• - 750 bikers
• - tore town apart
• (c) Highly publicized
• - introduced society
• - informed police
• (2) Three important traditions
• - 4th of July run
• - one-percenter image
• - not part of sub-cult citizen

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• (a) 4th of July run
• - AMA hill climb
• - different parts of country
• - gangs make run every year
• - heavily policed
• (b) One-percenter image
• - after Hollister AMA president
• - only 1 of M/C riders
• - violent / criminal acts
• - image stuck
• - M/C gangs one-percenters

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• (c) Bikers get all citizens of Hollister
• - started calling others citizen
• - set themselves apart
• - named those who did not belong
• (3) Riverside, CA 1947
• - 1,000s attended AMA run
• - rioting / destruction / two deaths
• (a) Riverside 1948
• - riders returned
• - another riot occurred

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• (b) Police chief
• - blamed violence
• - visiting outlaws
• - term now applies
• - outlaw motorcycle gangs / OMGs
• (4) After Hollister
• - POBOB enrollment increased significantly
• - new members / new ideas / changes made
• - members voted change club name
• (a) Hells Angels 1950

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• (b) Most fashioned after Hells Angels
• (5) 1950s / 1960s OMGs became symbol
• - younger / rebellious generation
• - good times / general lawlessness
• (a) Hollywood
• - media / movies / music
• - helped mushroom effect
• (b) Hells Angels on Wheels / Easy Rider
• - mostly Wild One (Brando/Marvin)

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• Organizational structure
• - 900 OMGs various cities / states
• - white male members
• - growing black one-percent clubs
• a. National president
• - founder of club
• - resides at / near national club
• - final say
• (1) Territorial / regional representative
• - vice president

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• - handles problems in assigned region
• (2) National secretary/treasurer
• - clubs money
• - collects dues local chapters
• - changes / drafts by-laws
• - records of national meetings
• - usually more educated member
• (3) National enforcer
• - reports to president
• - handles punishments

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• - retrieves colors
• - bodyguard for president
• b. Local clubs
• - own hierarchy
• - similar throughout
• (1) Chapter president
• - strength / leadership / personality
• - claim position / voted in
• - word is law
• - follows national guidelines

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• (2) Vice president
• - hand picked
• - second-in-command
• (3) Secretary/treasurer
• - best handwriting / addition ability
• - records meetings / takes minutes
• - collects dues / pays bills
• (4) Sergeant-at-arms
• - maintains order
• - strongest member / loyal / enforcer

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• (5) Road captain
• - maps runs / fuel stops / food stops
• - carries club money (costs / bail)
• - law enforcement contact
• c. Club members
• - rank and file
• (1) Full member
• - fully accepted / dues paying
• - carry out decisions of leadership
• - sworn to live by club by-laws

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• (2) Probate / perspective member
• - club hopefuls
• - one month to one year on probation
• - prove worth
• - commit a felony
• - nominated by regular member
• - unanimous approval
• (3) Associate / honorary member
• - proven value / usefulness
• - people who help club
• - allowed to party / go on runs

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• (4) Biker women
• - OMGs male dominated / chauvinistic
• - treated as playthings
• - victimized (prostitution / drug dealing)
• - bought / sold / traded / given away
• (a) Mamas / sheep
• - belong to the club
• - do what they want with
• - some allow to wear colors
• - Property of _____ on back

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• (b) Old ladies
• - wife / steady girl of member
• - wear property of colors
• Constitution / by-laws
• - one form or another
• - accepted standards of conduct
• - outlines administrative procedures
• a. Typical by-laws
• - membership requirements
• - fines for misconduct

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• - acceptable behavior during runs
• - similar matters
• (1) Colors
• - proudest possession
• - duty uniform / claim to membership
• - refer to gang emblem / sleeveless denim
• jacket / leather jacket
• - never washed once initiated
• (2) Motorcycle
• - second most important

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• - damage / loss violation
• - minimum 500cc / American made
• - strong bond member / chopper
• (3) Criminal activities
• - motorcycle thefts
• - prostitution
• - narcotics
• - illegal weapons
• - Mafia connections (enforcers)
• (4) Investing illegal profits

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• - mobile catering companies
• - motorcycle repair shops
• - wrecking yards
• - massage parlors
• - investment firms
• - apartment houses
• - resort hotels
• - tow companies
• - bars
• - ice cream shops
• - private residences
• - tanning salons

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• (5) Mobility
• - sophisticated clubs
• - avoid colors
• - cars / business suits
• - greater security
• b. Big Five
• - Hells Angels / Outlaws / Pagans / Bandidos /
• Sons of Silence
• (1) Hells Angels 1950
• - Fontana, CA / formerly POBOBs

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• (a) WW II veterans
• - name of WW II bomber
• (b) Mother chapter
• - San Bernadino, CA
• - moved to Oakland in mid-1960s
• (c) 33 US chapters
• - 18 foreign chapters
• (d) 500 to 600 patch wearing members
• - wealthiest / most powerful

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• (2) Outlaws
• - Chicago 1959
• - largest OMG
• (a) 25 US chapters
• - 6 Canadian chapters
• (b) 1200 to 1500 members
• (c) 15 eastern states
• (3) Pagans

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• - Prince Georges County, Maryland 1959
• - structure slightly different
• - no fixed mother chapter
• - mother club 13 to 18 member heads
• - Northeast
• (a) Philadelphia biggest / powerful chapter
• - well disciplined in criminal activity
• (b) 44 chapters
• - between New York and Florida
• - 700 to 900 members

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• (c) Closest ties to organized crime
• - hit men / enforcers LCN
• (4) Bandidos
• - aka Bandido Nation
• - Houston, Texas 1966
• - Corpus Christi mother chapter
• (a) 26 chapters
• - south / northwest (Washington state)
• (b) 500 members / 2000 associates

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• (5) Sons of Silence
• aka Iron Horsemen
• (a) Southern states to Colorado
• - chapters in 20 states
• (b) European chapter
• - Germany
• (c) 1,000 1,200 members
• c. Additional gangs

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• - 520 smaller gangs
• - 25 chapters in 5 or more states
• - by-laws (examples)
• (1) All persons must be 18 years of age for
  membership.
• (2) All prospective new members must be
• sponsored by an old member.
• (3) All prospective new members must complete a
• probation period.

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• (4) Each new member will pay (club sets fee)
  the
• national headquarters initiation fee.
• (5) Each member will pay monthly dues to his
• chapter, set by the local president.
• (6) No member shall transfer from one chapter
  to
• another without the permission of both
• presidents and pay a transfer fee to the
  national
• treasurer.
• (7) When a member is in another chapters

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• jurisdiction, he will abide by their
  by-laws
• and president.
• (8) Any member caught using the needle will
  lose
• his colors and everything that goes with
  them.
• (9) Harley Davidson or Indian motorcycles will
  be
• the only bike used while in this club.
• Other Street Gangs

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• Black gangs
• - two most notorious Crips / Bloods
• - other major gangs East Coast
• - Vice Lords / Black Disciples / etc.
• a. Beginning
• - late 1960s aware
• - Los Angeles area
• - crossed country today
• - Vice Lords claim first organized black
  gang
• b. Development

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• - youth in neighborhood
• - protection
• - other youth gangs
• c. Los Angeles gangs
• - two separate groups
• - Crips / Bloods (a.k.a. Pirus)
• (1) Further divided into sets
• - identify by local names
• - street names / parks / neighborhoods
• - landmarks in area

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• - call neighborhood hood
• (2) Non-traditional in nature
• - no formal structure
• - older members most influential
• - called OGs original gangsters
• (a) Late 20s to early 30s
• - high rollers access to money / drugs
• - reputation for violence
• (b) Influence over younger members

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• - use to sell drugs
• - commit violent acts
• (3) Early 1900s
• - black youth formed groups
• - express themselves
• - singing / music / dancing
• (a) Involved in local criminal activity
• - beginning of black street gangs
• (b) Free time for youth / young adults

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• d. Todays gangs
• - late 1960s / early 70s
• - police violence between gangs
• - little done to combat
• - society did not care
• - stayed in their neighborhoods
• (1) Primary age group
• - 12 to 20 years old
• - average age 18
• - most violent
• - prove themselves / be accepted

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• (2) Violence level
• - extremely high
• - South Central LA at war
• - fight over turf / insults / looks / etc.
• (3) Cocaine trafficking violence
• - expansion into other areas
• - throughout country
• (4) Changed philosophy
• - first controlling particular neighborhood
• - now making large amounts of money

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• (5) Dress
• - colors
• - Crips blue
• - Bloods red
• - du rag head / out of pocket
• - colorful jackets (sports teams)
• - baggy jeans
• (6) Graffiti
• - not stylish
• - spray can
• - mark territory / make threats

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• Latino / Hispanic gangs
• - first organized turn of century (1900s)
• a. East Los Angeles
• - more Latino than black gang members
• - main concern is territorial
• - called controlling dirt
• b. Leadership
• - handed down
• - fathers to sons
• - family oriented

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• (1) Veteranos
• - long standing gang members
• (2) Machismo
• - major part gang member makeup
• (3) Insult machismo / family
• - direct challenge
• c. Dress
• - Pendelton shirts / baggy cotton pants (tan
  color)
• - slip on leather shoes / hairnets / du rags

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• - tattoos artwork
• - cover their body
• d. Graffiti / Placa
• - highly stylized / mark their turf
• - greeting / threat / challenge / recognition
• Skinheads
• - surfaced in Europe (1970s)
• - white hate group
• - racially motivated crimes
• - based on race / religion

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• a. Throughout US
• - active in northwest
• - Nazi symbols
• - bastardized religious symbols
• - literature / vandalism
• b. Aligned with white supremacist groups
• - White Aryan Nation (WAR)
• - League of Aryan Workers (LAW)
• (1) Dress to intimidate
• - shaved heads / mohawk / close cropped

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• (a) Bomber style jacket / green flight jacket
• / spiked black leather jacket
• (b) Braces (suspenders)
• (c) T-shirts
• - pride logos
• (d) Doc Marten boots
• - steel tipped
• (e) Army fatigues / blue jeans

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• - pant legs rolled up
• - show combat boots
• (f) Colored shoelaces
• - white / red supremacists
• - yellow recently injured someone
• (2) Identify with white supremacy philosophy
• - seen through dress
• (a) Swastika tattoos
• - indicate beliefs

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• (3) Groups are small
• - disorganized
• - supremacist groups capitalize
• - WAR / LAW / KKK / Aryan Nation
• c. Criminal activity
• - racially motivated extremist groups
• - serious assaults / malicious harassment
• (1) Who is recruited?
• - the nobodies

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• - individuals who feels set apart
• - believe they have nothing / no-one
• (a) Targeted audience
• - Pacific Northwest
• - blue collar white male youth
• - blame others for troubles
• (b) Low income / low income families
• - single parent
• - strong work ethic

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• (c) Recruitment
• - schools / literature / dances
• - hope gain superiority / power
• - through intimidation
• (2) Initiation
• - ritual act of jumping in
• - 4 to 12 of strongest members
• - fists / feet beat for set period of time
• (a) Newbe
• - cannot hold own not admitted

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• (b) At-risk factors
• - academic problems
• - alienated from family / society
• - all income levels
• - male / female
• - 12 to 25
• - drug / alcohol abusers
• - physically / sexually abused (victims)
• - loners
• - feelings of anger / hate / injustice
• - hate all types of authority

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• (3) Oregon / Washington
• - WAR Skins White Aryan Resistance
• - Southeast Boot Boys
• - American Front
• - National Aryan Front
• - National Socialist Front
• Satanic cults
• - Satanism
• - worship of the devil
• - teen dabblers / public worship / secretive
  cults
• - involved in criminal activity

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• a. Teen dabblers
• - great concern police / youth counselors
• - mental / physical harm to selves / others
• (1) Exhibit obsessions
• - movies / videos / posters / books
• - heavy metal music
• - violence / rape / death / demonism
• (a) Dungeons and Dragons
• - occult attraction
• - social concern

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• (b) Designed to attract people
• - primarily youth
• - into supernatural world
• - closer Satanism / demons / witches
• / warlocks
• (2) Identifying Satan worshippers
• - satanic symbols doodled on notebooks
• - wear symbols as jewelry / on t-shirts
• - decorate room
• - draw / tattoo on body
• - prefer color black

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• (a) Possessions
• - candles / incense / knives / bells /
• chalice / bones / herbs
• (b) Body decorations / mutilations
• - blacken all fingernails
• - middle / little finger of left hand
• - signs of self-mutilation
• (c) Consistent wearing of black clothing
• - combined with symbols
• - major warning signs

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• b. Profile of Satan worshippers
• - satanic alters hidden from view
• - black candles / skull and bones
• - satanic symbols
• (1) Satanic diaries
• - Personal Book of Grimories
• (a) Focus of diaries
• - satanic rituals / group activities
• - talk of suicide
• - mutilations

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• (b) Contract with Satan
• - list / talk about thoughts of death
• (2) Heavy metal bands
• - favored by teens / young adults
• - Iron Maiden / King Diamond / KISS /
• WASP (We Are Satans People)
• (3) Children as victims
• - satanic cults brain wash youth
• - control minds / wills / subject to cruelty

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• (a) Beatings / starvation / electric shock /
• sexual assault / living in darkness /
  eating
• human flesh
• (b) Ritual takes place
• - child born again to Satan
• - married to Satan
• c. Five types of Satan worship
• (1) Religious
• - recognized as a religious church

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• - publicly reject criminal activity
• - tax exempt status
• (2) Adolescents
• - dabblers
• - adopt certain symbols
• (3) Self-styled
• - use own fetishes
• - usually loners
• - obsessed with satanic themes

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• (4) Criminal satanic cults
• - criminal activity through Satan
• - Satanism is their lifestyle
• - involvement in sacrifices
• (5) Generational
• - two / three generations involved
• - secretive
• - criminal ritual activities
• d. At-risk factors
• - all income levels

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• - male and female
• (1) Academic problems
• - alienated from family / peers
• - ages 12 to 24
• - drug / alcohol abuse
• - generally Caucasian
• - low self-esteem
• - strives for power / control
• - heavy metal music obsession
• - fantasy role-playing (games)
• - lack of humor

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• - negative feelings about school / future
• - high tolerance for pain / deviance
• - frequent thoughts of suicide / death
• - secretive
• (2) Be alert to
• - drug use
• - backward writing
• - cruelty to animals
• - false sense of well-being
• - clandestine / secretive behavior
• - drop in grades

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• - loss of interest in friends / activities
• - exaggeration of emotions
• - preoccupation with death
• - black bedrooms / clothing
• - self-mutilation
• (3) Important dates of Satanic calendar
• - January 17 Satanic Revels
• - February 2 Candlemas
• - March 20 Spring Equinox
• - April 30 Valpurgisnacht
• - June 21 Feast Day

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• - September 7 Marriage to the Beast
• Satan
• - October 31 All Hallows Eve
• - December 22 Winter Solar Solstice
• Asian gangs
• - early members US refugees
• - 1985/86 influx gangsters to Pacific
  Northwest
• a. Defining Asian gangs
• - three types
• - casual / informal / formal

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• (1) Casual
• - group of friends
• - commit crimes
• - operate by consensus no leadership
• - participate in most violent crimes
• (2) Informal
• - a charismatic leader
• - membership fluctuates
• - transient in nature
• - in and out of gang
• - move between gangs

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• (3) Formal
• - defined leadership
• - chain of command
• - members loyal
• - no moving in and out / between gangs
• - primary crime extortion
• b. Understanding Asian culture
• - strong emphasis on family
• - emphasis on education
• - mistrust of police / government agencies
• - generational conflicts traditional vs.
  popular

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• (1) Information received by police
• - ages of youth not always accurate
• - look younger give false age
• - say juvenile avoid arrest / ticket
• (2) Family names
• - often same / similar
• - many same first / last name
• - middle name different
• (a) Chang Low Ngai vs. Chang Lei Ngai
• - run last, first, middle initial

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• - give false DOB (cousin)
• (b) Culture
• - called Ngai Low / Ngai Lei
• - Chang family name
• c. Crimes committed
• - primarily prey on own community
• - extortion / assault / residential
  robbery/burglary
• - robbery jewelry / grocery / convenience
  stores
• (1) Primary involvement

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• - drug trafficking
• - stolen weapons obsessed
• - auto theft
• - car stereos favorite target
• (2) Very mobile
• - travel I-5 pipeline
• - California / Oregon / Washington
• - weapons martial arts / knives / guns of
• all types / nunchakus
• d. Gang identifiers

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• - using gang names / identifiers / graffiti
• (1) Washington / Oregon names
• - Viet Crips / V Boys / HK Homies
• - Oriental Boys / Solo Boys / Red Cobras
• - Cambodians With An Attitude
• (2) At-risk factors
• - similar to other gangs some unique
• (a) Alienated from family / society
• - male or female

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• (b) Ages 12 to 25
• - cultural conflict family and youth
• - divided from family (US / other)
• (c) Immigrated without family
• - no education
• - Amerasians especially
• (d) Anger with government agencies
• - language / cultural barriers
• - seek immediate gratification (money)
• - hanging with known gang members

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• (3) Behavior / dress
• - typical gangster not distinctive in dress
• - difficult to identify
• - effort dress conservatively
• (a) Black baggy pants
• - jacket / white shirts favored
• - Red Cobra red clothing
• - CWA black hats / initials
• (b) New wave hair styles popular

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• (c) Long black coats
• - tattoos
• - intimidate / impress
• - military theme