Title: Lecture Presentation Software to accompany Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management Seventh Edit
1Lecture Presentation Software to
accompanyInvestment Analysis and Portfolio
ManagementSeventh Editionby Frank K. Reilly
Keith C. Brown
Chapter 17
2Passive versus Active Management
- Passive equity portfolio management
- Long-term buy-and-hold strategy
- Usually tracks an index over time
- Designed to match market performance
- Manager is judged on how well they track the
target index - Active equity portfolio management
- Attempts to outperform a passive benchmark
portfolio on a risk-adjusted basis
3An Overview of Passive Equity Portfolio
Management Strategies
- Replicate the performance of an index
- May slightly underperform the target index due to
fees and commissions - Costs of active management (1 to 2 percent) are
hard to overcome in risk-adjusted performance - Many different market indexes are used for
tracking portfolios
4Index Portfolio Strategy Construction Techniques
- Full replication
- Sampling
- Quadratic optimization or programming
5Full Replication
- All securities in the index are purchased in
proportion to weights in the index - This helps ensure close tracking
- Increases transaction costs, particularly with
dividend reinvestment
6Sampling
- Buys a representative sample of stocks in the
benchmark index according to their weights in the
index - Fewer stocks means lower commissions
- Reinvestment of dividends is less difficult
- Will not track the index as closely, so there
will be some tracking error
7Expected Tracking Error Between the SP 500 Index
and Portfolio Samples of Less Than 500 Stocks
Expected Tracking Error (Percent)
Exhibit 17.2
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
500
400
300
200
100
0
Number of Stocks
8Quadratic Optimization (or programming
techniques)
- Historical information on price changes and
correlations between securities are input into a
computer program that determines the composition
of a portfolio that will minimize tracking error
with the benchmark - This relies on historical correlations, which may
change over time, leading to failure to track the
index
9Methods of Index Portfolio Investing
- Index Funds
- Attempt to replicate a benchmark index
- Exchange-Traded Funds
- EFTs are depository receipts that give investors
a pro rata claim on the capital gains and cash
flows of the securities that are held in deposit
by a financial institution that issued the
certificates
10An Overview of Active Equity Portfolio Management
Strategies
- Goal is to earn a portfolio return that exceeds
the return of a passive benchmark portfolio, net
of transaction costs, on a risk-adjusted basis - Practical difficulties of active manager
- Transactions costs must be offset
- Risk can exceed passive benchmark
11Fundamental Strategies
- Top-down versus bottom-up approaches
- Asset and sector rotation strategies
12Sector Rotation
- Position a portfolio to take advantage of the
markets next move - Screening can be based on various stock
characteristics - Value
- Growth
- P/E
- Capitalization
- Sensitivity to economic variables
13Technical Strategies
- Contrarian investment strategy
- Price momentum strategy
- Earnings momentum strategy
14Value versus Growth
- Growth stocks will outperform value stocks for a
time and then the opposite occurs - Over time value stocks have offered somewhat
higher returns than growth stocks
15Value versus Growth
- Growth-oriented investor will
- focus on EPS and its economic determinants
- look for companies expected to have rapid EPS
growth - assumes constant P/E ratio
16Value versus Growth
- Value-oriented investor will
- focus on the price component
- not care much about current earnings
- assume the P/E ratio is below its natural level
17Style
- Construct a portfolio to capture one or more of
the characteristics of equity securities - Small-capitalization stocks, low-P/E stocks, etc
- Value stocks appear to be underpriced
- price/book or price/earnings
- Growth stocks enjoy above-average earnings per
share increases
18Does Style Matter?
- Choice to align with investment style
communicates information to clients - Determining style is useful in measuring
performance relative to a benchmark - Style identification allows an investor to
diversify by portfolio - Style investing allows control of the total
portfolio to be shared between the investment
managers and a sponsor
19Determining Style
- Style grid
- firm size
- value-growth characteristics
- Style analysis
- constrained least squares
20Benchmark Portfolios
- Sharpe
- T-bills, intermediate-term government bonds,
long-term government bonds, corporate bonds,
mortgage related securities, large-capitalization
value stocks, large-capitalization growth stocks,
medium-capitalization stocks, small-capitalization
stocks, non-U.S. bonds, European stocks, and
Japanese stocks
21Benchmark Portfolios
- Sharpe
- BARRA
- Uses portfolios formed around 13 different
security characteristics, including variability
in markets, past firm success, firm size, trading
activity, growth orientation, earnings-to-price
ratio, book-to-price ratio, earnings variability,
financial leverage, foreign income, labor
intensity, yield, and low capitalization
22Benchmark Portfolios
- Sharpe
- BARRA
- Ibbotson Associates
- simplest style model uses portfolios formed
around five different characteristics cash
(T-bills), large-capitalization growth,
small-capitalization growth, large-capitalization
value, and small-capitalization value
23Timing Between Styles
- Variations in returns among mutual funds are
largely attributable to differences in styles - Different styles tend to move at different times
in the business cycle
24Asset Allocation Strategies
- Integrated asset allocation
- capital market conditions
- investors objectives and constraints
- Strategic asset allocation
- constant-mix
- Tactical asset allocation
- mean reversion
- inherently contrarian
- Insured asset allocation
- constant proportion
25Asset Allocation Strategies
- Selecting an allocation method depends on
- Perceptions of variability in the clients
objectives and constraints - Perceived relationship between the past and
future capital market conditions
26Using Futures and Options in Equity Portfolio
Management
- Systematic and unsystematic risk of equity
portfolios can be modified by using futures and
options derivatives - Selling futures on the portfolios underlying
assets reduces the portfolios sensitivity to
price changes of the asset - Options do not have symmetrical impact on returns
27The Use of Futures in Asset Allocation
- Allows changing the portfolio allocation quickly
to adjust to forecasts at lower transaction costs - Futures can maintain an overall balance in a
portfolio - Futures can gain exposure to international
markets - Currency exposure can be managed using currency
futures and options
28Using Derivatives in Passive Equity Portfolio
Management
- Futures and options can help control cash inflows
and outflows from the portfolio - Inflows - index contracts allow time to make
investments - Outflows - large planned withdrawal is made by
selling securities, which causes an increase in
cash holdings futures can counterbalance this
until the withdrawal - Options can be sold to reduce weightings in
sectors or individual stocks during rebalancing
29Using Derivatives in Active Equity Portfolio
Management
- Modifying systematic risk
- Modifying unsystematic risk
30The InternetInvestments Online
- www.russell.com
- www.firstquadrant.com
- www.wilshire.com
- www.fool.com
- www.dailystocks.com