CREATIVE CITIES AND THE CULTURAL ECONOMY LES VILLES CREATIVES ET LECONOMIE CULTURELLE

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CREATIVE CITIES AND THE CULTURAL ECONOMYLES
VILLES CREATIVES ET LECONOMIE CULTURELLE

• Allen J. Scott,
• University of California,
• Los Angeles

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STRUCTURES DE PRODUCTION ET LES FORMES URBAINES

• 1. Le système de la fabrique (19e siècle) la
  ville classique manufacturière
• 2. La production Fordiste de masse (années 20
  jusquaux années 70) La grande métropole
  industrielle
• 3. Le post-fordisme, la nouvelle économie, le
  capitalisme cognitif-culturel La ville
  créative/créatrice.

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THE COGNITIVE-CULTURAL ECONOMY

• DEROUTINIZATION OF LABOR PROCESSES New division
  of labor Levy and Murnane (2004)
• 1. Digital technologies
• 2. High levels of scientific/technical labor
• 3. Human intermediation of services
• 4. Symbolic outputs
• 5. Aestheticization of commodities
• 6. Engels law

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Specific forms of cognitive-cultural production
and work

• Neoliberal technomanagement
• Innovation-oriented production
• Privatized provision of information/services
• Naturalization of socially-useful aptitudes (e.g.
  in educational institutions, the media)
• Commodification of experiences

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Plus

• Deroutinized low-wage work
• Small-batch assembly
• Machine operation (e.g. sewing machine, vehicle)
• Security and maintenance
• Hotel and restaurant trades
• Janitorial work
• Childcare
• Widening divide

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Attempts to map out social stratification in the
new economy

• Bell Post-industrial society
• Gouldner The new class
• Reich Symbolic workers in the information
  economy
• Sklair Transnational capitalist class
• Castells Network society
• Florida The creative class

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(Flawed?) theorizations of the cognitive-cultural
order

• Managerial discourse flexibility, fast
  capitalism, human capital, empathy, creativity,
  adaptability, etc.
• Urban policy discourse consumer city (Glaeser),
  entertainment machine (Clark), creative city
  (Florida, Landry).

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• TOWARD -- AND BEYOND THE
• CREATIVE CITY
• VERS ET AU DELA -- DE LA VILLE CREATIVE

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Driving forces of urban growth in the era of the
cognitive-cultural economy

• Networks of specialized but complementary
  producers
• Local labor markets skills, socialization
• The creative field learning and innovation, i.e.
  creativity is always mobilized in concrete ways
  (textiles industry, car industry, film industry)
• Regional institutions and social infrastructures
  of the creative economy from protection of
  intellectual property rights (e.g. aoc) to social
  networking

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Regional convergence is a locational strategy by
means of which producers and workers transform
latent benefits into concrete competitive
advantages

• Increasing returns to scale
• Agglomeration economies
• Monopoly powers of place (product differentiation
  and branding Chamberlinian competition)

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Locations of motion picture production companies
and studios in Vancouver.
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A new balance between work, life, and leisure in
the city

• Interpenetration of upgraded production space and
  gentrified social space
• Proliferation of cultural/entertainment
  facilities (Clark Entertainment machine)
• City of the spectacle
• Iconic architecture and recycling of the built
  environment Bilbao Guggenheim,
  Westergasfabriek, Petronas Towers, London
  Docklands.

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The Florida formula for achieving the creative
city

• Attract the creative class by
• Investing in amenities
• Encouraging tolerance, openness and diversity

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BUT ----

• The complex production machinery of the city
• The spiral of cumulative of causation in city
  growth
• The privileged role of productive activity in the
  spiral of interdependencies
• Research shows that qualified workers are
  attracted by job opportunities not amenities.

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THE POLICY PROBLEM

• Bottom up
• Harvest external economies (networks, labor
  markets, innovation)
• Sustain milieu
• Institution-building in the interests of regional
  coordination internalizing externalities

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Functional classification of industrial districts
based on cultural products
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The dark side of the dialectic

• Sweatshops
• Underclass
• Immigrant, often undocumented, labor
• Social segmentation
• Widening divide

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• The decline of community
• The withdrawal of public services
• The retreat of the public sphere

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Beyond the creative city and the creative class
tasks ahead

• From the neoliberal city to the social democratic
  city
• i.e. Prosperity and growth, PLUS
  citizenship,solidarity, sociability, political
  community
• From the creative city of possessive
  individualism and consumer capitalism toward the
  convivial city