Wireless Technology and Your Mobile Device Michael Wakefield OEM Technical Account Manager Microsoft

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Wireless Technology and Your Mobile Device
Michael WakefieldOEM Technical Account
ManagerMicrosoft Services for PartnersMicrosoft
Corporation
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Objectives

• Overview of wireless technologies and
  connectivity scenarios using Microsoft mobile
  device platforms
• Discuss the following wireless technologies
  Bluetooth, Infrared (IrDA), WiFi (802.11b),
  802.11a, 802.1x, GPRS/GSM, and CDMA/1xrtt
• Demonstrate and discuss connectivity scenarios
  using these wireless technologies with existing
  Microsoft mobile device platforms

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Agenda

• Bluetooth Overview and connectivity scenarios
• IrDA Overview and connectivity scenarios
• WiFi (802.11b), 802.11a, and 802.1x Overview
  and 802.11b connectivity scenarios
• GSM/GPRS and CDMA/1xrtt Overview and GSM/GPRS
  connectivity scenarios

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BluetoothOverview

• Short-distance radio-based technology that
  operates at 2.4 GHz on the ISM (industrial,
  scientific, medical) band.
• Same unlicensed frequency used by 802.11
• Free and unlicensed spectrum throughout the world
• Eliminates the need for cables, ports, and
  settings required to communicate between
  devices.
• The maximum operating range is about 10 meters.
  In the future, new specifications will provide
  ranges up to 100 meters.
• Bluetooth supports data speeds of up to 721 Kbps
  (more than six times faster than a serial cable).
• Not line-of-site like Infrared (IrDA)
• Bluetooth technology also uses a fast
  frequency-hopping technique and provides
  security.
• Enables a wireless phone as a wireless modem for
  your Pocket PC. Allows hands-free use of phones
  and an internet connection.

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Bluetooth (2)Overview

• Bluetooth specification requires profiles that
  are used to define the services of a Bluetooth
  device
• Supported application profiles in Bluetooth v1.1
• Service discovery application (what can a
  Bluetooth device do?)
• Cordless telephony (make calls on cell phone)
• Intercom (walkie-talkie)
• Serial port (serial cable replacement)
• Headset (ultimate headset)
• Dial-up networking (like a PC modem dial-up
  session)
• Fax (fax from a cell phone)
• File transfer (transfer files)
• Synchronization (synchronize data)

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Bluetooth (3)Overview

• Additional profiles
• Basic Printing Profile (BPP) V0.95a (printing)
• Hands-Free Profile (HFP) V0.96 (cell phones work
  with hand-free controls in car)
• Human Interface Device Profile (HID) V0.95c (use
  a mouse and keyboard)
• Personal Area Networking Profile (PAN) V0.95a
  (ad-hoc networking)
• Basic Imaging Profile (BIP) V0.95c (transfer
  pictures from digital camera)
• Audio Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) V0.95b
  (audio/video interoperability)
• SIM Access Profile (SAP) V0.95c (access SIM card
  in your GSM cell phone)

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BluetoothConsiderations

• For Compaq Bluetooth-enabled iPAQs
• Make sure you using the latest Bluetooth device
  drivers (on your PC) and the updated Compaq
  Bluetooth Manager (available from Compaq)
• If this still does not solve connection issues,
  contact Compaq support at [phone]
• Use only Bluetooth devices that are on Compaq's
  approved list, for example
• 3Com Wireless Bluetooth PC Card (use latest
  drivers)
• TDK PC Card
• Reference
• http//www.compaq.com/products/wireless/wpan/btcom
  pmatrix.html
• http//www.bluetooth.org/
• Troubleshooting
• For troubleshooting your connections, install
  vxUtil (see http//www.cam.com/), which lets you
  test pings and browse to Internet sites to test
  connectivity through your Bluetooth connection

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BluetoothPrerequisites

• A Bluetooth-enabled phone
• Ericsson T39 and T68
• Motorola Timeport 260 and 280
• Nokia 6210 and 6310
• A SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) that is
  activated with the GPRS service (T-Mobile, ATT,
  Cingular)
• Note It is important to write down the GPRS
  settings on the phone because some settings will
  be used when setting up PPC GPRS connection
• For Bluetooth-to-phone connections, you will need
  one of the following combinations
• Pocket PC Compaq iPAQ 3870 or 3970 with built-in
  Bluetooth
• Compaq Bluetooth/CF Expansion Pack for use with
  Compaq iPAQ PPCs
• Pocket PC 2002 device with a CompactFlash (CF)
  slot
• Socket Bluetooth CF card
• Pocket PC with SDIO (SD input/output) capable
  slot
• See manufacturer for hardware capabilities
• Toshiba e570 with Toshiba Bluetooth SD card

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BluetoothHow To

• Click Start, click Settings, click Connections,
  and then click the Connections icon.
• Click the Dialing Locations tab.
• Click New.
• Create a new location called GPRS
• Click Dialing Patterns.
• Make sure each entry is set to G.
• Click OK.

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Bluetooth (2)How To

• Click the Connections tab.
• Click Modify (under Internet Settings).
• Create a new dial-up connection with the
  following settings (depends on the Bluetooth
  hardware used).
• Pictures here show modem, phone, and IrDA setups.
• Click Next.

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Bluetooth (3)How To

• Note There may be a need to configure static
  DNS addresses as some carriers may not support
  DHCP. Ask your carrier for details as required.
• Enter the dialing string shown in this figure.
  Replace the number 2 with the CID value you
  noted previously when setting up your phone with
  your carrier.
• Click Next.
• Click Finish.
• Click OK.
• Click OK.

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Bluetooth Devices and Connection Scenarios
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WiFi (802.11b) Overview

• What can I do with WiFi?
• Surf the Web!
• Wirelessly sync up with your desktop
• Check your e-mail
• 802.11b is widely adopted. It operates in the 2.4
  GHz frequency band (can conflict with other users
  of the 2.4 GHz frequency band such as Bluetooth,
  microwaves, cordless phones the conflict with
  Bluetooth is being resolved).
• Supports bandwidths of up to a maximum of 11 MB
  with a range of about 150 feet (bandwidth
  decreases with the range).

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WiFi (802.11b)Prerequisites

• 802.11b WiFi PC Card with Pocket PC drivers (Card
  Bus is not supported)
• Compaq PC Card Expansion Pack for iPAQs or PC
  Card adaptor for other devices, if available
• Built-in CompactFlash (CF) Card slot or CF Card
  adaptor for device, if available
• CompactFlash 802.11b network card
• Agere
• Symbol
• Socket
• Dlink
• Built-in WiFi module in device
• Toshiba e740

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WiFi (802.11b) (2)Prerequisites

• Install the network card driver provided for your
  hardware as required
• Make sure that the hardware is working according
  to the manufacturer. If you have problems, call
  the manufacturer to make sure your hardware is
  installed correctly and working properly.

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WiFi (802.11b) How To

• Click Start, click Settings, and then click the
  Connections tab.
• Click the Connections icon in the upper-right
  corner of the screen.
• In the first drop-down box, select Internet
  Settings.
• In the third drop-down box, select The Internet.
• Click OK in the upper-right corner of the screen.
• Now start any application that uses a network
  connection to verify your wireless connection.

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WiFi (802.11b) Hardware
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WiFi (802.11b) How To

• If you want to connect your Pocket PC to your
  desktop computer or laptop using a network
  (Ethernet) card, you have at least two options
• You can set up a WINS (Windows Internet Name
  Service) service on your PC and use the network
  card configuration in your Pocket PC
• You can use Marc Zimmermann's Pocket Hosts
  utility to create a host entry in your Pocket PC
  registry with your desktop computer name and IP
  address
• The first time you set up a partnership between
  your Pocket PC and your computer, you have to use
  a COM port (serial cradle), a USB (cradle), or an
  infrared connection

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WiFi (802.11b) (2)How To

• Using WINS
• When you have set up a WINS service on your
  computer, you have to enter the IP address of
  your computer in the WINS field in the network
  card settings dialog box.
• Click Start, click Settings, click the
  Connections tab, and then click Network Adapters.
• Select a network adapter (see manufacturer
  instructions as needed).
• Click Properties.
• Click the Name Servers tab, and enter the IP
  address of the desktop computer in the WINS field
  (see figure).

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WiFi (802.11b) (3)How To

• Using Pocket Hosts
• Another way is to install Marc Zimmermann's
  Pocket Hosts (http//www.zimac.de/cestuff.htm)
  utility.
• It allows you to create a host entry with your
  computer's name and IP address (see figure).
• Both figures use a sample IP address (10.0.10.1),
  and this figure uses a sample name for the
  computer (mypcname).
• You should supply your own information or that of
  your network (contact your network administrator
  as needed).

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WiFi (802.11b) Hardware (CompactFlash)
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WiFi5 (802.11a)Overview

• Based on IEEE 802.11a standard that rates 54
  megabytes per second (MBps)
• New name WiFi5
• 5-GHz radio spectrum
• Range of about 150 feet (bandwidth decreases
  with the range similar to 802.11b)
• Note For Europeans, the 5-GHz radio spectrum is
  not freely available today in the European Union
  (EU) therefore, using WiFi5 equipment is
  forbidden and punishable in EU
• 802.11a is certified only for indoor use because
  satellites use the same frequency band
• Important 802.11b and 802.11a are not
  interoperable or compatible

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WiFi5 (802.11a)Considerations

• 802.11a supports a higher bandwidth than the
  802.11b.
• 802.11a is aimed at next generation applications
  such as real-time video and multimedia
  conferencing.
• It is not widely deployed yet 802.11a equipment
  is just staring to become available. It will be
  more expensive than 802.11b equipment.
• To enable your Pocket PC to use 802.11a hardware,
  it must support CardBus PC Cards. At this time,
  none of the Pocket PCs support CardBus PC Cards. 
• This is because of the design of the Intel
  StrongARM and XScale chipsets that support only
  PC Cards, CompactFlash, or SD/MMC peripherals.
• 802.11a also requires more power to operate and
  might not have acceptable battery performance on
  mobile devices.

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802.1xOverview

• What is 802.1x?
• IEEE 802.1X is an IEEE-certified data link layer
  protocol that enables a machine and the network
  to authenticate each other and generate a per
  session/user key for encrypting data on the
  wireless link.
• Within the 802.1X implementation, this
  implementation supports the Extended
  Authentication Protocol for encapsulating
  Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) as an
  authentication protocol. In EAP-TLS, the wireless
  client and a back-end authentication (RADIUS)
  server conduct a TLS handshake that enables
  certificate-based mutual authentication and
  subsequent key generation for the encryption of
  all data packets.
• Authentication can be handled using the RADIUS
  protocol for easy integration into most networks
• Enhances security by blocking any networking
  activity until a successful user authentication
  is performed
• Wired Equivalent Protocol encryption keys are
  managed and rotated on a per session basis

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802.1xSupport for Pocket PC 2002

• Support provided by independent hardware vendors
  (IHV) bundled with hardware
• Agere
• Toshiba (e740 PPC)
• Symbol
• Socket
• The IHVs will bundle Microsoft infrastructure
  code with their driver and settings user
  interface (including certificate enrollment
  tools). The IHVs will distribute and support the
  802.1x software.
• Microsoft plans to provide support for the
  Protected EAP (PEAP) authentication scheme
  defined within the 802.1X implementation, but
  this support will not be provided in this Pocket
  PC 2002 release.
• Note There is a registry key that can be used to
  disable server validation. However, server
  validation cannot be disabled for PEAP because
  the users ID and password are transmitted during
  the PEAP authentication.

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802.1x (2)Support for Pocket PC 2002

• How will we support 802.1x in Pocket PC 2002?
• We will support EAP TLS
• Our EAP (Extended Authentication Protocol)-TLS
  (Transport Layer Security) support includes
  verification of both the client and the
  server. The user enrolls for a Client
  Authentication certificate using the enrollment
  tool on the device. The enrollment tools are
  installed with the IHV drivers for the network
  card.
• Certificate enrollment will require a PC
  connection through ActiveSync with desktop
  pass-through enabled to connect to the network.
• You will also need to retrieve a root
  certificate, which is used for server
  authentication. At the time of authentication,
  the client requests the certificate of the
  authorization server. If that certificate does
  not chain to a trusted root certificate on the
  device then the client will assume the server is
  being spoofed and will terminate the connection.
• Note There is an option (registry key) to
  disable server validation for TLS.

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802.1xDiagram
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802.1xConsiderations

• When roaming between WiFi access points,
  auto-reauthentication will take place.
• You do not roam seamlessly between subnets in
  this
  release. You must
  unplug/reinsert the card or soft reset the
  device.
• It is best that enterprise networks not enable
  multiple TCP/IP wireless subnets in a single
  building/roamed area because roaming between
  subnets is not supported in this release.
• SSN (Safe Secure Networking) authentication (all
  the security of 802.1x with NO servers involved)
  is not part of this release.
• This is emerging technology from the Microsoft
  Windows development group.
• 802.1x will probably be supported natively in the
  next major Pocket PC release (but this is not
  guaranteed).
• IHVs are expected to release their 802.1x
  hardware/software solutions in November 2002.

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Infrared (IrDA)Overview

• A cordless data connection using infrared light.
• Types of Infrared
• FIR (fast infrared) has the capability to
  transfer data up to 4 megabits per second (Mbps).
• Some of the Handheld PC Pro units can communicate
  at up to 4 Mbps.
• SIR (serial infrared) has the capability to
  transfer data at 115 Kbps.
• Each Pocket PC can use Infrared Data
  Association-compliant (IrDA) communications for
  data transfer. Some are Consumer IR (infrared
  remote control) capable.
• Operating systems that support IrDA
• Windows 98 Second Edition, Windows Millennium
  Edition, Windows 2000, and Windows XP
• Distance and lighting can prevent two units from
  talking. 
• Most units do not work reliably beyond 12 to 24
  inches.

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Infrared (IrDA)What You Need

• A desktop computer or laptop with a built-in or
  add-on infrared port and IrDA driver.
• If you have a desktop computer without an
  infrared port, you can install an adapter that
  converts your serial or USB port into an
  IrDA-compatible infrared port.
• Extended Systems JetEye PC or Access USB IrDA
  adapter
• ACTiSYS IrDA USB adapter
• For computers running Microsoft Windows NT,
  Extended Systems offers IrDA support for Windows
  NT with QuickBeam Suite.
• ActiveSync software.

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Connect to ActiveSync Using IRPocket PC

• Select the infrared connection by clicking
  ActiveSync from the Start menu.
• From the Tools menu (bottom-left corner), click
  Connect via IR.
• Now line up those infrared ports and synchronize
  without wires!

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Exchanging Data Via Infrared (IrDA)Pocket PC

• Transfer a contact
• Open Contacts.
• Click and hold a highlighted contact.
• Select Send via Infrared on the menu that
  appears.
• Wait for confirmation that the data has
  transferred to the other device.
• Receive a contact
• Line up the infrared ports of the two devices,
  and the contact will begin copying.
• When the contact has been received, you will see
  an icon at the top of the screen and hear a
  sound.
• Click this icon to see the message.
• Click Yes to add it to your Contacts list.

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IrDA Devices and Connection Scenarios
34
GSM/GPRSOverview

• GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications
• GSM is an open, standards-based system that is
  constantly evolving.
• GPRS
• The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new
  non-voice data service that permits information
  to be sent and received across a mobile telephone
  network. Theoretical maximum speeds of up to
  171.2 Kilobits per second (Kbps) are achievable
  with GPRS using all eight timeslots at the same
  time.
• GSM/GPRS Carriers
• ATT Wireless
• Cingular
• T-Mobile (formerly VoiceStream)

35
GSM/GPRSPreparation

• Connecting to GPRS is fairly easy.
• The ETSI specifies how a mobile phone connects to
  the GPRS network. Typically, the European
  Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
  establishes the GPRS standard.
• If you have all of this required information from
  your carrier, you can connect your Pocket PC
  within minutes.

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GSM/GPRS (2)Preparation

• Before you can set up your Pocket PC to use GPRS,
  find out how many Access Point Names (APNs) your
  carrier uses and what their names and numbers
  are.
• Some networks use additional APNs for different
  services, such as Internet access or Wireless
  Application Protocol (WAP).
• You will also need the DNS used by your carrier,
  if required. Ask your carriers customer service
  for this information.

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GSM/GPRSPhone/Carrier Considerations

• GPRS/VPN connections to the Internet
• Some carriers permit VPN connections, others do
  not. First, contact the carrier to see if their
  connection supports VPN. If not, customers might
  be able to request setup for VPN.
• How Pocket PC Talks with a Cell Phone
  http//www.microsoft.com/mobile/pocketpc/columns/p
  pcomm.asp
• How to Connect to GPRS Cell Phone via IrDA
  http//www.ppcw.net/stories.php?story01/10/19/520
  5351
• Connect a GSM Mobile Phone via Infrared for Using
  Circuit Switched Data network http//www.ppcw.net/
  stories.php?story01/10/19/5044495
• Connect a GSM Mobile Phone via Infrared for Using
  High Speed Circuit Switched Data
  http//www.ppcw.net/stories.php?story01/10/19/514
  6335

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GSM/GPRS (2)Phone/Carrier Considerations

• The following modem initialization string might
  help to reduce the time that it takes to log on
  to the GPRS network from well above 30 seconds
  (sometimes a lot more) to less than 10!
• What you are doing is selecting a UDI circuit
  setup that is the native ISDN-like format on most
  GSM networks
• Insert the following string in the modem setup
  cbst71,0,1
• Note This may not work on non-GSM networks

39
GSM/GPRSHow To

• Click Start, click Settings, and then click the
  Connections tab.
• Click the Connections icon.
• Click Modify to open the dial-up networking file.
• Click New.
• Enter a connection name (in this case, GPRS
  Connection).
• Connect using a modem (usually the Generic IrDA
  modem).
• Now set up the baud rate (suggested rate 57600
  I had the best results with this speed using
  different mobile phones).

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GSM/GPRS (2)How To

• Click Advanced, and then click the Name Servers
  tab.
• Type the DNS and Alt DNS addresses, if your
  carrier requires this (see figure).
• Click OK, and then tap Next.

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GSM/GPRS (3)How To

• Enter the phone number your Pocket PC must dial
  (this is where it differs from dialing a regular
  ISP)
• Typically, the Pocket PC must dial 99, which is
  a GSM code telling the network that this call is
  not a regular voice call, but a GPRS call
• On most phones, you will also need the APN
  (Access Point Name) number that you want to
  access
• In this figure, the APN number that is dialed is
  99APN number

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GSM/GPRS (4)How To

• Click Next, and clear Wait for dial tone before
  dialing.
• Click Finish.
• Your Pocket PC is now ready to connect to GPRS.
• Note If your mobile phone does not support the
  ETSI dial string, 99APN number (the Motorola
  Timeport 260 does not, for example), just enter
  99 as the phone number, and then click Next
  (see figure).

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GSM/GPRS (5)How To

• Again, clear Wait for dial tone before dialing.
• Type the APN name in the Extra dial-string modem
  commands box.
• INTERNET, in this figure, is the APN name used
  by your network operator.
• This will look like cgdcont1,"IP","INTERNET.
• Click Finish.
• You can now connect your Pocket PC to the
  Internet using your mobile phone.

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GSM/GPRSPhone Edition - GPRS

• Click Start, click Settings, and then click the
  Connections tab.
• Click the Connections icon.
• Click Modify (under Internet Settings).

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GSM/GPRS (2)Phone Edition - GPRS

• Click New on the Modem tab
• On the Make New Connection screen, type a name
  for the connection
• This example uses GPRS Connection
• Select a modem Cellular Line (GPRS)
• Select a baud rate Use the default setting

46
GSM/GPRS (3)Phone Edition - GPRS

• Click Advanced, and complete the following
• TCP/IP tab Select Use server-assigned IP
  address or type information provided by your
  carrier

47
GSM/GPRS (4)Phone Edition - GPRS

• Name Servers tab Select Use server-assigned IP
  address or type information provided by your
  carrier in these fields
• DNS
• Alt DNS
• WINS
• Alt WINS
• Click OK, and then click Next.

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GSM/GPRS (5)Phone Edition - GPRS

• Here you will be asked to provide an APN (Access
  Point Name) for your carriers internet portal
• This example uses internet..com
• Click Finish

49
GSM/GPRSHardware
50
GSM/GPRSApplications for Pocket PC Phone Edition

• Applications to monitor GPRS data usage on Pocket
  PC Phone Edition devices
• ALL-locations GPRS Traffic Counter -
  http//www.pocketgear.com/software_detail.asp?id3
  964associateid18
• Spb GPRS Monitor 1.5 - http//www.pocketgear.com/s
  oftware_detail.asp?id5351associateid18

51
CDMA/1xrtt

• What is CDMA?
• CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
• Currently, there is only one commercial system
  that uses CDMA, covered by the specifications
  IS-95 and J-STD-008. The term CDMA is often used
  to refer to that system. CDMA was designed by
  QUALCOMM in the United States.
• IS-95 is a standard that describes a cell system
  that uses a CDMA link and operates at 800 MHz.
  Sometimes the term is also used to describe 1900
  MHz CDMA, which is covered by J-STD-008. This
  explains why most CDMA phones operate on 800- to
  1900-MHz frequencies.
• History note CDMA technology was first used by
  the military in WWII against jamming.

52
CDMA/1xrtt (2)

• What is 1xrtt?
• Enhancing CDMA cellular technology data
  capabilities is the 1xrtt CDMA standard. This
  first phase of CDMA2000, called 1xrtt, is
  designed to double current voice capacity and
  support always-on data transmission speeds ten
  times faster than is typically available today
  (some are 144 Kbps).
• CDMA/1xrtt carriers
• Verizon Wireless
• Sprint

53
CDMA/1xrtt (3)

• CDMA FAQ
• http//cellphones.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm
  ?sitehttp3A2F2Fdenbeste.nu2Fcdmafaq2F
• About.com What is CDMA?
• http//www.cellphones.about.com/library/glossary/b
  ldef_cdma.htm
• Focus on CDMA
• http//www.cellular.co.za/cdma.htm

54
Additional Resources

• Microsoft Pocket PC Web site
• http//www.microsoft.com/mobile/pocketpc/default.a
  sp
• Microsoft Mobile Devices Web site
• http//www.microsoft.com/mobile/
• Microsoft Smartphone Web site
• http//www.microsoft.com/mobile/smartphone/default
  .asp
• Mobilize Yourself! The Microsoft Guide to Mobile
  Technology, Microsoft Press book
• http//www.microsoft.com/MSPress/books/5589.asp
• The IEEE 802 Web site
• http//www.ieee802.org/
• Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA)
• http//www.wi-fi.org/OpenSection/index.asp
• Introduction to IrDA
• http//www.hw.cz/english/docs/irda/irda.html

55
KB Articles

• Terminal Services client and VPN
• Q314537, HOW TO Use a Handheld PC or a Pocket
  PC as a Mobile Terminal
• Connecting and configuring
• Q312896, HOW TO Use Dial-Up Networking to
  Access a Corporate Network with a Pocket PC
• Q313296, HOW TO Connect to Peripheral Devices
  with IrDA
• Q168688, How to Connect to the Internet Using a
  Proxy Server
• Q312901, HOW TO Configure a Pocket PC Device to
  Access the Internet Through a Computer That Is
  Running ICS

56
Web Site Articles

• Configuring Your Dial-up Connection
• http//www.microsoft.com/MOBILE/pocketpc/stepbyste
  p/connection.asp
• Pocket PC VPN client does not support IPSec or
  L2TP VPNs (resolution). Use a third-party client
  for IPSec or L2TP VPN connectivity.
• Movian is a company that has a VPN client for
  IPSec that runs on the Pocket PC. For more
  information, visit http//www.movianvpn.com/produ
  cts/products_vpn.html
• The third-party products discussed in this
  message are manufactured by vendors independent
  of Microsoft. Microsoft makes no warranty,
  implied or otherwise, regarding these products'
  performance or reliability.

57
Glossary

• SSN Safe Secure Networking
• APN Access Point Name
• PC Card PCMCIA
• SD Secure Digital card
• MMC Multimedia Card
• CF Compact Flash
• Carrier Used in place of a cellular service
  provider

58
Glossary (2)

• BluetoothBluetooth is a low power radio
  technology being developed with the objective of
  replacing the wires currently used to connect
  electronic devices, such as personal computers,
  printers, and a wide variety of handheld devices,
  such as palm top computers and mobile
  phones.The development of Bluetooth began in
  early 1998 and was led by a number of
  telecommunications and computer industry leaders.
  The Bluetooth specification will be open and
  royalty-free, and available to anyone who wishes
  to use it in their products.Bluetooth operates
  in the 2.4GHz ISM (industrial, scientific,
  medical) band, and devices equipped with
  Bluetooth should be capable of exchanging data at
  speeds up to 720 Kbps at ranges up to 10 meters.
  This is achieved using a transmission power of
  1mW and the incorporation of frequency hopping to
  avoid interference. If the receiving device
  detects that the transmitting device is closer
  than 10 meters, it will automatically modify its
  transmitting power to suit the range. The device
  should also shift to a low-power mode as soon as
  traffic volume becomes low or ceases altogether.

59
Glossary (3)

• GPRS - GSM Packet Radio ServiceGPRS, which has
  been standardized by ETSI (European
  Telecommunications Standards Institute) as part
  of the GSM Phase 2 development, represents the
  first implementation of packet switching within
  GSM, which is essentially a circuit switched
  technology. Instead of sending a continuous
  stream of data over a permanent connection,
  packet switching only uses the network when there
  is data to be sent. Using GPRS will permit users
  to send and receive data at speeds of up to 115
  Kbps.The implementation of GPRS will bring
  tremendous benefits to GSM network operators. It
  brings Internet Protocol (IP) capability to the
  GSM network for the first time and enables
  connection to a wide range of public and private
  data networks using industry standard data
  protocols, such as TCP/IP. GPRS is extremely
  efficient in its use of scarce spectrum resources
  and permits GSM operators to introduce a wide
  range of value-added services for market
  differentiation. GPRS is ideal for bursty type
  data applications, such as e-mail or Internet
  access, and can also enable virtual permanent
  connection to data sources, allowing information
  to arrive rather than being sought. This cannot
  be achieved using standard circuit-switched
  networks.
• WAP - Wireless Application ProtocolThe
  development of WAP is being driven by the WAP
  Forum, initially founded by Motorola, Nokia,
  Ericsson and Unwired Planet. Since its inception
  the WAP Forum has grown dramatically and now
  comprises of over 80 members drawn from the
  worlds leading telecommunications and software
  companies.WAP is a technology designed to
  provide users of mobile terminals with rapid and
  efficient access to the Internet. WAP is a
  protocol optimized, not only for use on the
  narrow band radio channels used by second
  generation digital wireless systems, but also for
  the limited display capabilities and
  functionality of the display systems used by
  todays mobile terminals. WAP integrates
  telephony services with micro browsing and
  enables easy-to-use interactive Internet access
  from the mobile handset. Typical WAP applications
  include over-the-air e-commerce transactions,
  online banking, information provisioning and
  messaging. Further information
  http//www.wapforum.org/.

60

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