The Transitional Metals

1
The Transitional Metals

• Chapter 4 Notes (pp. 87-95)
• The Transitional Metals
• All groups in section B are the elements called
  transition metals. The actinide series and the
  lanthanide series are called the
  ________________________metals. They are also
  called the rare earth metals and most of them are
  manmade

2
The Transitional Metals

• Physical Properties
• They are the typical metals with high density
  and considerable ___________________. They have
  a shiny_____________ , conduct well, and show
  ductility and malleability. Most of the metals
  are solid with the exception of
  _______________which is a liquid at room
  temperature.

3
The Transitional Metals

• Chemical Properties
• The unreactive elements like silver, gold and
  platinum resist _________________. Others like
  iron, and copper corrode in moist air. The
  chemistry of the transition metals have many
  exceptions to common periodic trends.

4
The Transitional Metals

• Uses
• Electrical wires, I-beams in sky-scrapers, hip
  joints, chrome finishes, jewelry, and coins. The
  human body requires many of the transition metals
  in trace amount. These are _____________,
• _______________,_______________,and_______________
  .

5
The Post-Transition Metals and the Metalloids

• Post-transition metals follow the series of
  transition metals on the periodic table. They
  are found in groups ___________, __________, and
  _________. This group of metals includes
  well-known elements such as tin, lead, and
  aluminum as well as obscure elements like
  thallium, indium, and gallium. Metalloids have
  properties of both _______________ and
  ________________.

6
The Post-Transition Metals and the Metalloids

• Physical Properties
• --Metalloids have a ________________ luster.
• --They can conduct electricity but not very well.
  Therefore are called __________.

7
The Post-Transition Metals and the Metalloids

• Chemical Properties
• --Aluminum is too reactive too be found free in
  nature. Usually bonded to oxygen.
• --Aluminum oxide is used to coat metals such as
  iron to prevent rusting and corrosion.
• --Silicon does not ____________ with air, water,
  or acids at low temperatures.
• --Arsenic my act as a metal and form oxides or
  chlorides, but like nonmetals it can form acids.

8
The Post-Transition Metals and the Metalloids

• Uses
• --Silicon is used in computer microchips.
• --Germanium is used as a semiconductor in
  electronic transistors and circuits.
• --Arsenic is used in the preserving of animal
  skins, the manufacturing of glass, and sometimes
  medicines.

9
Carbon Charcoal, Diamonds, and Graphite

• --Carbon comes from the latin word carbo
  meaning coal, charcoal or ember.
• --Carbon compounds are so numerous and important
  that science devotes an entire branch of
  chemistry to the study of this elementorganic
  chemistry.

10
Carbon Charcoal, Diamonds, and Graphite

• Physical Properties
• --The carbon atoms in _______________ are
  covalently bonded in a tight, interlocking
  pattern. This makes diamonds very brittle and
  the hardest substance known to man.
• --Diamonds do not conduct ____________________.
• --In __________________ the atoms are arranged in
  layers that slide across one another very easily.
• --Sheets of molecules make graphite soft and
  slippery. Graphite also conducts electricitya
  rare property for a nonmetal.

11
Carbon Charcoal, Diamonds, and Graphite

• Chemical Properties
• --Carbon, when found in diamonds and graphite, is
  relatively ________________. Graphite, however
  does oxidize slowly in the presence of nitric
  acid and sodium chlorate.
• --Charcoal is also rapidly oxidized by the above
  chemical mixture.

12
Carbon Charcoal, Diamonds, and Graphite

• Uses
• --Valuable cut diamonds are used in jewelry,
  whereas the worthless ones are used in cutting
  tools and abrasives.
• --Graphite is useful in making electrodes for
  industrial reactions because of its low cost and
  its resistance to heat and reaction.
• --Charcoal is placed in water and air filters to
  strain out organic impurities that give foul
  smells and tastes.

13
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Group VA

• --Nitrogen accounts for nearly 78 of the earths
  atmosphere
• --Phosphorus is named from a Greek word meaning
  light bearer.

14
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Group VA

• Physical Properties
• --Nitrogen normally exists as diatomic N2
  molecules in the gaseous state.
• --Nitrogen is odorless, tasteless, and colorless.
• --Phosphorus exists in one of _________ forms due
  to the arrangement of atoms. All the forms are
  solids but they have different colors.

15
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Group VA

• Chemical Properties
• --Nitrogen compounds rarely enter into chemical
  reactions because of a very hard to break bond
  between the two nitrogen atoms.
• --Phosphorus is so ___________________ that it
  cannot be found in nature.

16
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Group VA

• Uses
• --Plants and animals require a constant supply of
  nitrogen atoms.
• --Both nitrogen and phosphorus compounds form a
  variety of gaseous compounds.
• --Ammonia, _______, can be used as a refrigerant
  or as a cleaner.
• --Phosphine, _______, is a colorless,
  foul-smelling poison that was used in WWI.

17
Oxygen and Sulfur Group VIA

• --Oxygen was discovered in 1774 by Joseph
  Priestly.
• --Sulfur is mentioned numerous times in the Bible
  as brimstone.

18
Oxygen and Sulfur Group VIA

• Physical Properties
• --Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless
  gas that is slightly ______________ in water.
• --Atmospheric oxygen occurs in two forms O2 gas
  and ozone, O3.
• --Sulfur exists in a variety of forms. Native
  sulfur is a ____________ solid, but when heated
  to 113oC, it melts into a straw-colored liquid
  that can be crystallized into another form.

19
Oxygen and Sulfur Group VIA

• Chemical Properties
• --Oxygen is one of the most reactive elements,
  forming compounds called ______________ with all
  other elements except those in group VIIIA.
• --Sulfur is reactive at room temperature, but it
  does not match the reactivity of oxygen. Metals
  such as zinc, calcium, and iron react with sulfur
  to form __________________.

20
Oxygen and Sulfur Group VIA

• Uses
• --Oxygen fuels combustion and supports life on
  earth.
• --Ozone kills bacteria and shields the earth from
  UV rays from the sun.
• --Sulfur bonded to rubber enables it to be strong
  and pliable.
• --The majority of sulfur used in industrial
  countries goes into the production of sulfuric
  acid.
• --Sulfur compounds are responsible for the
  phenomenon of acid rain.

21
Halogens Group VIIA

• --Group VIIA elements carry the name halogens
  because they become _________ when they reacts
  with active metals.
• --Contains the element fluorine which is the most
  electronegative element on the periodic chart and
  of the group VIIA elements.

22
Halogens Group VIIA

• Physical Properties
• --The halogens show a definite trend in their
  physical properties.
• --As their atomic numbers increase, their
  densities, ______________________, and boiling
  points increase and their _____________ exhibit
  increasingly darker hues.
• --Fluorine is a pale ___________ gas with a low
  density, chlorine is a ___________ yellow gas,
  bromine is a deep, ______________ brown liquid,
  and iodine is a grayish ____________ crystalline
  solid.

23
Halogens Group VIIA

• Chemical Properties
• --Halogens have relatively high reactivities
  because of their strong _____________.
• --Each element exists as a diatomic molecule when
  it is pure and forms an ________ when it reacts
  with hydrogen.
• --They all forms _________ when they react with
  metals.
• --Fluorine is extremely reactive and ignites many
  substances on contact.
• --Large halogens react in the same way but not as
  violent.
• NOTE the most reactive nonmetals are those whose
  atoms are _____________ the most reactive metals
  are those who atoms are _______________. This
  difference is due to the fact that metals usually
  react by ________________ electrons and nonmetals
  usually react by _________________ them.

24
Halogens Group VIIA

• Uses
• --The human body benefits from small amounts of
  halogens, but larger doses are harmful and most
  of the time lethal.
• --Fluorine compounds help develop decay-resistant
  teeth, and chlorine kills algae and bacteria in
  drinking water and pools.

25
Noble Gases Group VIIIA

• --Noble gases do not normally react with other
  elements. Argon was the first noble gas to be
  discovered and is found in small percentages in
  the air we breathe.

26
Noble Gases Group VIIIA

• Physical Properties
• --All the noble gases are colorless, odorless,
  and tasteless.
• --Extremely low boiling points and freezing
  points indicate that the individual atoms of
  these gases have little _____________________ for
  each other.

27
Noble Gases Group VIIIA

• Chemical Properties
• --Under normal conditions noble gases do not
  react with other elements. However, scientists
  have been able to force only xenon, radon, and
  krypton to bond with elements such as fluorine
  and oxygen.

28
Noble Gases Group VIIIA

• Uses
• --Baloonists prefer helium as the source of
  lifting power because it has an extremely low
  density and does not react with oxygen (as
  hydrogen does).
• --Deep-sea divers use helium in their scuba tanks
  to dilute the amount of nitrogen in the air they
  breathe. This prevents a condition known as the
  bends which occurs when the diver rapidly comes
  up for air.
• --Many advertising signs use neon as a source of
  colored light.
• --High speed photographic bulbs rely on krypton
  and xenon.