Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that occurs as a resul

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Learning is defined as a relatively permanent
change in behavior or knowledge that occurs as a
result of experience.
What is Learning???
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The 4 Factors That Form The Definition of
Learning

• learning is inferred from a change in
  behavior/performance
• learning results in an inferred change in memory
• learning is the result of experience
• learning is relatively permanent
• This means that behavior changes that are
  temporary or due to things like drugs, alcohol,
  etc., are not "learned".

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One type of learning is Classical
Conditioningaka Associational Learning
ConditioningLearning
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Classical Conditioning is learning that takes
place when an originally neutral stimulus comes
to produce a conditioned response because of its
association with an unconditioned stimulus.
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• Pavlov believed in contiguity - temporal
  association between two events that occur closely
  together in time. The more closely in time two
  events occurred, the more likely they were to
  become associated as time passes, association
  becomes less likely.

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Diagram of Classical Conditioning

• Unlearned S-R
• UCS UCR
• (association formed/pairing made)
• CS CR
• Learned S-R

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

• What can a UCS be?

• It can be any stimulus that creates an
  autonomic/automatic/reflexive response in an
  organism
• Examples anyone??????

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Unconditioned Response (UR)

• What can a UR be?

• A UR can be any unlearned response that can be
  elicited from an organism.
• (note this word, elicit will be important)
• Examples anyone??????
• HR increasing
• Sweat
• Vomit/nausea
• Tears, etc.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

• What can be a CS?

• Anything that can be perceived (heard, smelled,
  felt, seen, tasted)
• Virtually anything can be paired up with a UCS to
  become a CS.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

• What can become a CR?

• Anything that can be a UCR/UR can become a CR.
• The UCR/UR is ALWAYS the same as the CR

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Diagram of CC-Lets look again

• Unlearned S-R
• UCS UCR
• (association formed/pairing made)
• CS CR
• Learned S-R

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Lets look at the diagramand some examples
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Little Albert Example of CC

• Unlearned S-R
• UCS UCR
• Loud Noise fear/crying
• (association formed/pairing made)
• Rat or Rabbit fear/crying
• CS CR
• Learned S-R

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Pavlovs Dog Example of CC

• Unlearned S-R
• UCS UCR
• Food presented dog salivating
• (association formed/pairing made)
• Bowl or steps dog salivating
• CS CR
• Learned S-R

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Remember that Little Albert generalized his fear
of rats into fear of anything with white fur,
including a Santa Claus mask, a rabbit, etc.
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Example of Classical Conditioning

• Unlearned S-R
• UCS UCR
• Flu Bug vomiting
• (association formed/pairing made)
• Restaurant of Choice vomiting
• CS CR
• Learned S-R

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Example of Classical Conditioning

• Unlearned S-R
• UCS UCR
• Sadness over breakup crying
• (association formed/pairing made)
• Song that meant a lot to relationship crying
• CS CR
• Learned S-R

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Example of Classical Conditioning

• Unlearned S-R
• UCS UCR
• No food/low blood sugar hunger pains
• (association formed/pairing made)
• Clock/particular time hunger pains
• CS CR
• Learned S-R

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Typically, the CS occurs slightly before the
UCS.There are types of conditioning that change
this order and overlappingits in a handout for
next time.
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Extinction

• A procedure that leads to the gradual weakening
  and eventual disappearance of the CR
• Involves repeatedly presenting the CS without
  pairing it with the UCS

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Spontaneous Recovery

• Occurs when a previously extinguished CR
  reappears after a period of no training.
• Will often result from non-recognized factors not
  previously identified

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Generalization
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Discrimination
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Classical Conditioning in Real World

• CC does occur in the real world as you no doubt
  have figured out by now. The problem is the
  overlap with operant conditioning.
• We will examine Operant Conditioning next time in
  Module 21.

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Examples from the Net

• If you have pets and you feed them with canned
  food, what happens when you hit the can opener?
  Sure, the animals come running even if you are
  opening a can of green beans. They have
  associated the sound of the opener with their
  food.

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Examples from the Net

• Classical conditioning works with people, too. Go
  to K-Mart and watch what happens when the blue
  light turns on. Cost conscious shoppers will make
  a beeline to that table because they associate a
  good sale with the blue light. (And, the research
  proves that people are more likely to buy the
  sale item under the blue light even if the item
  isn't a good value.) (note this is not TRUE
  classical conditioning)

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Advertising

• Many beer ads prominently feature attractive
  young women wearing bikinis. The young women
  (Unconditioned Stimulus) naturally elicit a
  favorable, mildly aroused feeling (Unconditioned
  Response) in most men. The beer is simply
  associated with this effect. The same thing
  applies with the jingles and music that accompany
  many advertisements.

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Crime reaction

• when a prof was in college he was robbed at gun
  point by a young man who gave him the Choice
  ("Your money or your life.") It was an unexpected
  and frightening experience. This event occurred
  just about dusk and for a long time thereafter,
  he often experienced moments of dread in the late
  afternoons particularly when he was just walking
  around the city. Even though he was quite safe,
  the lengthening shadows of the day were so
  strongly associated with the fear he experienced
  in the robbery, that he could not but help feel
  the emotion all over.

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An Auntie

•  I liked my aunt, she always made me feel warm
  and wanted. She always wore a particular perfume.
  When I smell the perfume now, I immediately feel
  warm and wanted.

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Another cat example

• In order to be able to punish my cat even when
  I'm not near enough to reach him, I have paired
  the sound of a clicker with getting squirted with
  water. Now the sound of the clicker causes him to
  startle.
• The click is developing the same aversive
  properties as the water through Classical
  Conditioning. The Unconditioned stimulus is the
  water the Unconditioned response is the "jump"
  as in startle. The click starts our as a neutral
  stimulus, but becomes the Conditioned stimulus
  capable of producing the Conditioned "jump"
  response.

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The smell of fresh bread baking makes my mouth
water.

• This is probably the result of Classical
  conditioning. In the past the smell of the fresh
  bread immediately preceded putting a piece in my
  mouth, which causes salivation. Through the
  mechanism of Classical conditioning the smell
  itself comes to elicit salivation.

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After the bad car accident we had last year, I
cringe and break into a sweat at the sound of
squealing brakes.

• This is Classical conditioning. The cringing,
  which is an unconditioned response to pain or
  fear, was produced by the accident and its
  accompanying pain. That accident was probably
  preceded by the sound of squealing brakes, which
  became a conditioned stimulus for the conditioned
  response of cringing.

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Alcoholics 1

• To treat alcoholics, we sometimes put a chemical
  in their drinks that makes them sick. Eventually
  the taste of alcohol become aversive.

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Alcoholics 2

• Another way to treat alcoholics is to have them
  take a drug called anabuse. If they ingest any
  alcohol at all, the will have serious vomiting
  issues. The desire is to pair the vomiting with
  the alcoholic drink.

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• Anna learns to blink when she sees her father
  hold the camera to his eye.
• US
• UR
• CS
• CR

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• Mark has to get a shot once a week at the
  doctor's office. The shots are somewhat painful,
  and are administered by a nurse. Mark cringes
  every time the nurse inserts the needle into his
  arm. After a couple of weeks, Mark finds that he
  is tense the minute the nurse walks in the room
  to give him the shot
• US
• UR
• CS
• CR

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• Rita was in a car accident on the interstate. She
  did not get seriously injured but the accident
  terrified her. Now she avoids the interstate,
  because driving on it makes her too tense and
  nervous.
• US
• UR
• CS
• CR

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"fear of bridges"

• -fear of bridges can develop from many different
  sources. For example, while a child rides in a
  car over a dilapidated bridge, his father makes
  jokes about the bridge collapsing and all of them
  falling into the river below. The father finds
  this funny and so decides to do it whenever they
  cross the bridge. Years later, the child has
  grown up and now is afraid to drive over any
  bridge. In this case, the fear of one bridge
  generalized to all bridges which now evoke fear.

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• Advertising - modern advertising strategies
  evolved from John Watson's use of conditioning.
  The approach is to link an attractive US with a
  CS (the product being sold) so the consumer will
  feel positively toward the product just like they
  do with the US.

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Your Examples???
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Your Examples???
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Your Examples???
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Your Examples???
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Your Examples???
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Your Examples???