The chromosomal and genetic abnormalities of cancer: Which one is the cause

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The chromosomal and genetic abnormalities of
cancer Which one is the cause?

• Asilomar, Jan. 7-9, 2007
• Peter Duesberg, Alice Fabarius, Ruediger Hehlmann
  and Ruhong Li

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Cancer a genetic or a chromosomal disease?
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The genetic cancer theory
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The genetic cancer theory
According to the NCI 2-6 mutations cause
cancer NCI Under-standing Cancer Series, 2007.
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The genetic theory turns a blind eye to
cancer-specific aneuploidy
According to the NCI and research supported by
it, mutations cause cancer by changing the cells
morphology and color but not its karyotype.
NCI website 2006 Karyotype normal ca 22
chromosome pairs X,Y
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Karyotype of a human colon cancer Highly
aneuploid, with 15 rearranged marker chromosomes
Yet, the karyotypes of cancers are very abnormal
Karyotype of a diploid human cell (male)
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Karyotype of a breast cancer cell
MDA231-4
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Landmarks of cancer not explained by genetic
theory
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Landmarks of carcinogenesis not explained by
genetic theory
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The genetic cancer theory also has genetic
Achilles heels
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Age-dependent incidence of cancer
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Chromosomal cancer theory
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Carcino-genesis as chain reaction
of aneuploid-izations
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Despite questioning the orthodoxy, I expected a
full absolution for this attractive new cancer
theory as on previous occasions
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Instead The empire strikes back
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Coulter et al. now claim 6 mutations are
sufficient for tumorigenicity
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But Coulter also provides evidence that 6
mutations are not sufficient
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The chromosomal theory offers testable
explanations
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The chromosomes of Coulters converted cells
are unstable
Conclusion Half of cells of Mu6 line are
randomly aneuploid.
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Karyotype of an aneuploid Mu6 cell
Trisomy 7, and a marker derived from Chrom. 1
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Chromosomal theory explains low transformation
rates of converted cells
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By contrast the mutation theory predicts
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Testing spontaneous appearance of 3-dimensional
foci about 1 per 100,000 Mu6 cells
Mu6 monolayer
Mu6 focus
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Clonal aneuploidies of 8 Mu6 foci some stable
others evolving
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Moreover, 3 of 8 foci are intrinsically resistant
to ara-C.Mu6 line is ara-C- sensitive.
Back to Table.
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In sum the 6 mutations were not sufficient.
Instead
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So Which one is the cause?
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END
The chromosomal theory of cancer can be
falsified by diploid cancers.
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Spontaneous focus formation of Mu6 clone 3
Transformation rate 1 per 106 cells