goat and sheep diseases (1)

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DiseasesBacterial

• Clostridial Infections
• C. perfringens type C (Enterotoxemia, Struck)
• Common in sheep, goats, and cattle
• Causes fatal hemorrhagic enterocolitis,
  enterotoxemia
• C. perfringens type D (Pulpy Kidney Disease)
• Disease of sheep
• sudden death
• C. chauvoei - Blackleg
• C. septicum - Malignant Edema
• C. novyi - Big Head, Black Disease
• C. hemolyticum bacillary hemoglobinuria,
  redwater
• C. tetani - Tetanus

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DiseasesBacterial

• Clostridial Infections
• Source ubiquitous in environment GI tract
  contaminated feeds
• Transmission ingestion contamination of wounds
• Prevention vaccinate (multivalent vaccine
  available)
• Treatment
• usually futile
• antibiotics
• supportive
• antitoxin for tetanus

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Clostridium Perfringens

• Causative agent Clostridium perfringens (normal
  flora GI sheep)
• Clinical signs
• Type A diarrhea neonates.
• Type B (lamb dysentery endotoxin) acute bloody
  diarrhea young lambs gt high mortality.
• Type C (lamb dysentery endotoxin) diarrhea in
  lambs lt 3 wks. And in adults struck.
• Type D feedlot lambs high concentrate, eat
  excessive feed/ milk. Diarrhea (sheep can die w/o
  diarrhea in goats diarrhea than die),
  incoordination, excitement, circling, head
  pressing, convulsions and sudden death

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Clostridium Perfringens

• Diagnosis Clinical signs or necropsy
• Treatment Penicillin and vaccinate with
  antitoxin in outbreak
• Prevention vaccination, parasite control,
  gradual feed changes

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Big Head

• Causative agent Clostridium novyi, C. sordellii,
  or C. chauvoei (black leg)
• Clinical signs (sheep) Head butting and fighting
  causes bruising or laceration and edematous
  swelling.
• Diagnosis Clinical signs
• Treatment Penicillin, broad spectrum antibiotics
• Prevention Vaccinate 7/8 way - ewe 1 month
  before lambing, lamb 1 month and 2-4 weeks later
  booster

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Black Disease

• Causative agent Clostridium novyi Type B (soil)
• Transmission ingestion of spores, flukes
  predispose them to black disease
• Clinical signs Often found dead (endotoxins)
  respiratory distress, anorexia, and fever
• Diagnosis Necropsy and culture/ gram stain -
  liver
• Hemorrhage of SQ vessels, sub epicardial
  hemorrhage, kidney/liver - autolysis
• Treatment Tetracycline
• Control trematodes e.g. albendazole

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Black disease. Dark brown swollen liver showing
necrotic areas (12 cm) in diameter surrounded by
a zone of hyperaemia Courtesy of FAO
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Tetanus

• Cause infection of open wounds by Clostridium
  tetani
• Symptoms muscle stiffness causing an unsteady
  gait, animal looks anxious, convulsions, death
  results due to the animal being unable to breathe
• Treatment Antibiotics- penicillin and antisera
  can be given but response is poor flush wound
  with hydrogen peroxide and treat with penicillin

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Brucellosis

• Causative agent Brucella ovis and B. melitensis
  (rare abortion) in sheep Brucella melitensis
  and B. abortus (ZOONOTIC) in goats. Gram
  coccobacillus
• Malta fever in humans
• Transmission sheep - veneral and goats
  ingestion of contaminated food, direct contact
  urine, feces, placenta, milk
• Clinical signs
• Sheep Abortion (rare), epididymitis,
• goats abortion storms, lameness, mastitis,
  diarrhea, and depression
• Diagnosis Agglutination tests or complement
  fixation
• Treatment None

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Caseous Lymphadenitis

• Causative agent Corynebacterium
  pseudotuberculosis gram coccoid
• Transmission direct contact with superficial
  wounds, ingestion, inhalation
• Clinical signs Dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, and
  weight loss
• Diagnosis Culture from TTW, radiographs,
  necropsy (hepatic abscess)
• Treatment Isolation, hygiene and vaccine?

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Caseous Lymphadenitis (contd)
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Caseous Lymphadenitis (contd)
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Chlamydophilosis Enzootic abortion ewes (EAE)

• Causative agent Chlamydia psittaci (zoonotic)
  gram -
• Transmission Direct contact uterine discharge,
  fetus, placenta veneral (rams are carriers)
• Clinical signs Abortion (1 cause in goats)
  last trimester, weak or stillborn lambs,
  pneumonia epididymitis, and polyarthritis
• Diagnosis ELISA, fluorescent antibody staining,
  and culture isolation
• Treatment Oxytetracycline females that have
  aborted should be isolated fetal tissue or
  placenta should be burned or buried and
  management
• Prevention vaccine (prevent abortions)

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Joint ill

• Causative agent Kids, Staphylococci,
  streptococci, Corynebacterium spp., Actinomyces,
  and coliform bacteria
• Transmission breaks in skin, umbilical cord, GI,
  respiratory tract
• Clinical signs Warm, painful, swollen joints,
• lameness, fever, umbilical cord abcessation,
• and leukocytosis with left shift
• Diagnosis Clinical signs
• Treatment Penicillin's and joint flushing
  (saline)
• Prevention avoid overcrowding and hygiene at
  partiurition, dipping umbilical cord

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Vibriosis

• Causative agent Campylobacter jejuni and C.
  fetus, gram rod
• Transmission ingestion of organisms (intestines
  of sheep, birds, dogs)
• Clinical signs Late-term abortion (1 sheep),
  stillbirths, and weak lambs
• Diagnosis Culture
• Treatment Antibiotics and vaccination

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Metritis

• Causative agent Clostridium spp. After dystocia,
  retained placenta
• Clinical signs Vaginal discharge malodorous
  brownish-red watery
• Diagnosis Clinical signs
• Treatment Prostaglandins and oxytocin

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DiseasesBacterial

• Anthrax
• Agent Bacillus anthracis
• Animals sheep, cattle, goats
• Transmission abrupt climate changes lead to
  spore release spores ingested by grazing
  animals (sheep cattle more than goats)
• Clinical signs swelling around shoulders,
  ventral neck, and thorax bloody secretions
  death
• Prevention vaccination with Sterne-strain spore
  vaccine
• Zoonotic

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DiseasesBacterial

• Corynebacterium renale group
• C. renale
• Normal inhabitant of bovine genitourinary tract
• acute pyelonephritis in cattle results from
  ascending infection following a compromise of
  protective mechanisms
• Tx penicillin (3 weeks)
• C. pilosum C. cystitidis
• Normal inhabitants of prepuce of sheep and goats
• Posthitis (pizzle rot) and vulvovaginitis
• high-protein diets increase urinary pH ammonia
  irritates prepucial and vulvar skin, increasing
  vulnerability
• Tx decrease dietary protein

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DiseasesBacterial

• Foot Rot of Sheep and Goats
• Cause Fusobacterium necrophorum (normal
  inhabitant) and Dichelobacter nodosus
  (environmental contaminant)
• Most common cause of lameness in sheep
• Prevention
• maintain dry, clean environment
• reject clinical cases at delivery
• vaccinate
• Treatment
• foot baths - 10 formalin or 10 zinc sulfate or
  10 copper sulfate
• penicillin and streptomycin
• trim affected tissue

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DiseasesBacterial

• Tuberculosis
• Cause Acid-Fast Bacteria
• Mycobacterium bovis (sheep, goats, cattle)
• Mycobacterium avium (sheep, goats)
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis (goats)
• Signs
• may be asymptomatic
• dyspnea, coughing, and pneumonia
• diarrhea, bloat, constipation
• Prevention intradermal tuberculin test, cull and
  slaughter
• Treatment None
• Zoonotic

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DiseasesBacterial

• Johnes Disease (Paratuberculosis)
• Chronic, contagious, granulomatous disease of
  adult ruminants
• Cause Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (acid-fast)
• Long incubation period
• Signs chronic wasting, pasty feces, diarrhea
• Transmission direct or indirect contact
• Prevention Test and slaughter
• Treatment None

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DiseasesBacterial

• Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia
• Cause Mycoplasma mycoides biotype F38
• Signs severe dyspnea, nasal discharge, cough,
  and fever
• High morbidity and mortality
• Transmission aerosol
• Prevention vaccinate quarantine
• Treatment Tylosin and Oxytetracycline

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DiseasesBacterial

• Q-Fever
• Highly contagious disease of sheep and goats
• Agent Coxiella burnetti - rickettsial organism
• Transmission
• Ixodid or Argasid ticks
• Ingestion of infected materials (placenta, milk,
  urine , feces, nasal secretions)
• Major cause of late abortion in sheep
• Usually asymptomatic in cattle and goats
• Treatment oxytetracycline
• Zoonotic (single organism shown to cause disease)

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Viral disease
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DiseasesViral

• Bluetongue Virus
• Most common ulcerative disease of sheep in US
  (less common in goats and cattle)
• Cause
• Reoviridae family, Orbivirus genus
• Transmission biting midge (Culicoides
  variipennis)
• Signs
• hemorrhage and ulcers in mouth and nose, cyanosis
  of the tongue, ulcerations of coronary band,
  lameness, pneumonia, abortions, diarrhea, death
• Prevention modified live virus vaccine
• Treatment supportive care
• Reportable disease (resembles FMD)

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DiseasesViral

• Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus
• Most important viral disease of goats
• Cause Lentivirus
• Transmission
• vertical via colostrum and milk
• Signs
• progressive arthritis (six months and older)
• Carpal joint most common, followed by stifle,
  hock, and hip
• neurological symptoms in kids
• pneumonia (older animals)
• mastitis (older animals)
• Prevention
• remove kids at birth test and cull
• Treatment None Infection is lifelong

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DiseasesViral

• Border Disease (Hairy Shaker Disease)
• Primarily a disease of sheep
• Cause Pestivirus closely related to BVD virus
• Transmission PI animals shed virus in urine,
  feces, and saliva
• In Utero infections result in
• early embryonic death
• abortion
• developmental abnormalities - tremor, hirsutism,
  hypothyroidism, CNS defects, joint abnormalities
• Prevention Vaccinate with killed BVDV vaccine
• Treatment supportive care

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DiseasesViral

• Contagious Ecthyma (Orf)
• Viral infection of sheep and goats
• Cause parapoxvirus - capable of surviving for
  years
• Usually seen in young animals
• Signs
• lesions and scab formation around mouth,
  nostrils, eyes, non-wooled areas around mammary
  gland and vulva
• Most commonly at commissures of mouth
• Infected lactating ewes may abandon lambs
• Treatment supportive
• Prevention
• Vaccinate
• Disinfect equipment etc. in between use
• Zoonotic

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DiseasesViral

• Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Virus
• Cause Lentivirus
• Signs
• after long incubation period (up to 2 years)
• progressive weight loss, pneumonia, lameness,
  paralysis, mastitis, death
• Transmission
• horizontal (aerosol)
• vertical - in utero and via infected milk and
  colostrum
• Prevention
• Test and cull
• Remove lambs from ewes at birth
• Treatment none

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DiseasesViral

• Pulmonary Adenomatosis (Jaagsiekte)
• Rare Disease
• progressive respiratory signs (dyspnea,
  hyperpnea) and wasting
• Incubation up to 2 years
• Cause Type D retrovirus
• Transmission aerosol
• Treatment None

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Diseases

• Tranmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
• Caused by prion (nonantigenic replicating
  proteins)
• Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
• Incubation period of years
• Progressive neurological illness
• Scrapie
• More common in sheep than goats
• Affects young animals, but incubation 2-5 years
• Signs excitable, tremors of head and neck
  muscles, uncoordinated movements, bunny
  hopping, severe pruritis, blindness, death
  within 4-6 weeks
• Suffolk especially susceptible Targhee resistant
• USDA prohibits feeding mammalian proteins to
  ruminants
• Reportable

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DiseasesViral

• Vesicular Stomatits
• Agent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Rhabdoviridae)
• Disease of Cattle rarely sheep (also horses
  swine)
• Signs vesicles on oral MM, teats and
  interdigital spaces, ulcers and erosions
  anorexia, salivation
• Transmission secretions spread by fomites, human
  hands, possibly contaminated feed and water, and
  possible some flying insects (mechanical vectors)
• Treatment segregate topical antibiotics for 2o
  infections
• Prevention vaccine during outbreak
• Reportable because similarity to FMD
• Zoonotic flu-like disease in humans

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DiseasesViral

• Viral Diarrhea Diseases
• 1o young animals
• Sheep
• Rotaviruses, Coronaviruses
• Goats
• Rotaviruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses
• Cattle
• Rotaviruses diarrhea is typically distinctive
  yellow may become zoonotoic
• Coronaviruses
• Parvoviruses
• Winter Dysentary diarrhea has distinctive musty
  sweet odor, light brown and bubbly
• Prevention good quality colostrum

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Parasitic diseases
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DiseasesParasitic

• Coccidiosis (protozoa)
• Causes hemorrhagic diarrhea in ruminants
• Transmitted via ingestion of sporulated oocysts
• Treatment
• Coccidiostats preferable to coccidiocidals
  because the former allow development of immunity
• Sulfonamides, amprolium, decoquinate, lasalocid,
  monensin
• Cryptosporidiosis (protozoa)
• Common cause of diarrhea in young ruminants
• Dx oocysts in iodine-stained feces fecal floats
  without sugar
• Tx none - self-limiting
• Zoonotic

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DiseasesParasitic

• Trichomoniasis
• Agent Tritrichomonas fetus (protozoa)
• Signs infertility, pyometras, abortions
• Organism does not interfere with conception
  embryonic death occurs within 2 months of
  infection
• Transmission venereal
• Prevention vaccinate cull chronically infected
  bulls
• Treatment imidazole effective, but cannot be
  used in food animals

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DiseasesParasitic

• Nematodes
• Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm)
• Most important internal parasite of sheep and
  goats
• Anemia, hypoproteinemia, intermandibular and
  cervical edema
• Ostertagia circumcincta (medium stomach worm)
• Sheep and goats
• Ostertagia ostertagia (cattle stomach worm)
• Most pathogenic and costly cattle nematode
• Dictyocaulus (lungworms)
• Various respiratory signs in all ruminants
• Tx Ivermectin, Levamisole

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DiseasesParasitic

• Trematodes
• Fascioliasis (liver fluke disease)
• Agents
• Fasciola hepatica
• Fascioloides magns
• Dicrocelium dendriticum
• Intermediate host usually a freshwater snail
• Signs of acute liver disease related to migration
  of immature flukes through the liver
• Chronic disease from damage to bile ducts and
  cholangiohepatitis
• Predisposes to invasion with Clostridial spp.
• Necropsy livers pale and friable /- migration
  tunnels
• Tx albendazole

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Fungal diseases
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DiseasesFungal

• Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)
• Common fungal infection of cattle
• Trichophyton verrucosum is 1o agent
• Signs multiple, gray, crusty, circumscribed,
  hyperkeratotic lesions around head, neck and ears
• Dx Dermatophyte Test Media (DTM)
• Spontaneous recovery 1-4 months
• Treatment
• Topical 2-5 lime-sulfur solution, 3 captan,
  iodophors, thiabendazole, and 0.5 hypochlorite
• Systemic griseofulvin
• Zoonotic

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Metabolic disease
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DiseasesMetabolic

• Rumen Tympany (Bloat)
• Frothy bloat - excessive ingestion of highly
  fermentable carbohydrates
• Treatment
• Mineral oil, household detergents, or
  anti-fermentatives via stomach tube
• Trocarize rumen
• Free gas bloat
• Interference with normal eructation mechanism
• Esophageal obstruction, vagal nerve paralysis,
  some CNS conditions
• Prevention
• withhold feed for at least 24 hours prior to
  anesthesia, etc.
• Treatment
• pass stomach tube
• trocarize rumen

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Lactic Acidosis (Grain overload)
• Cause excessive ingestion of highly fermentable
  carbohydrates
• Leads to shift from gram-negative rumen bacterial
  population to gram-positive Streptococcus and
  Lactobacillus
• Lactic acid acidifies the rumen leading to
  inflammation
• ? ulcers, liver abscesses, laminitis,
  polioencephalomalacia
• Prevention
• avoid sudden dietary changes
• avoid over feeding of high carbohydrate diets
• Treatment
• IV fluids
• magnesium hydroxide intraruminal Na bicarb IV
• flush rumen or rumenotomy
• transfaunation

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Traumatic Reticulitis-Reticulopertonitis
• Also Traumatic Reticulitis-Pericarditis
• Aka. Hardware disease
• Cattle, rarely small ruminants
• Caused by ingestion of sharp metallic objects
  which drop into the reticulum penetrates the
  reticulum further migrations may lead to
  penetration of the diaphragm and pericardium
• Prevention
• Eliminate sharp objects in food and environment
• Forestomach magnets

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis, Twin Lamb Disease)
• 1o in Sheep and Goats that are overweight or
  bearing twins
• Seen in during late gestation or early lactation
• Signs
• depression, anorexia, weakness, neurologic signs,
  fetal death, ketonuria
• Cause inadequate glucose production secondary to
  increased requirements
• Prevention increase nutrition
• Treatment
• IV fluids, IV glucose, B vitamins, propylene
  glycol, induce abortion or c-section
• Protein Energy Malnutrition in heifer cattle is
  similar, but generally not associated with
  overconditioning or twins

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Hypocalcemia (Parturient Paresis, Milk Fever)
• Sheep overweight ewes during last six weeks of
  gestation or first few weeks of lactation
• Signs muscle tetany, incoordination, paralysis,
  coma, death
• Goats not as common
• Signs bloated, weak, unsteady, recumbent
• Cattle 24-48 hours before/after parturition
• Signs weak, muscle tremors, inability to stand,
  coma, death
• Cause
• calcium needs exceed bodys uptake of calcium
• Prevention
• Maintain proper nutrition during last trimester
• appropriate CaP ratio
• limit Ca intake early on
• Treatment IV calcium borogluconate, calcium gels
  boluses

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Urinary Calculi (Obstructive Urolithiasis, Water
  Belly)
• Rare in ruminants
• Urethral blockage
• male sheep and goats pizzle
• male cattle sigmoid flexure
• Signs
• treading, straining, arched back, raised tail,
  squatting, pizzle may be discolored
• Type 1o struvite
• Prevention
• diet with 21 CaP ratio, ? dietary roughage and
  salt, add ammonium chloride to diet
• Treatment
• surgical - amputate pizzle, perineal urethrostomy

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Copper Intoxication
• 1o a disease of sheep
• Acute hemolytic crisis
• sudden weakness, recumbency, hemoglobinuria,
  intravascular hemolysis, anemia, icterus, sudden
  death
• Cause chronic ingestion of copper
• Feeding cattle feeds and concetrates to sheep
• Copper-containing pesticides
• Soil additives
• Prevention Feed proper ration
• Treatment
• ammonium molybdenate, sodium molybdenate,
  D-penicillamine, transfusion

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Selenium/Vitamin E Deficiency (White Muscle
  Disease)
• A nutritional muscular dystrophy
• Two forms
• Cardiac - seen most often in neonates
• Respiratory difficulty due to damage of cardiac,
  diaphragmatic, and intercostal muscles locomotor
  disturbances and circulatory failure
• Skeletal
• Reluctant to move painful muscles
• Cause Selenium (most common) and/or Vit. E
  Deficiency
• Prevention proper diet awareness of regional
  selenium deficiencies
• Treatment injectable selenium and/or Vitamin E

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DiseasesMetabolic

• Thiamine Deficiency (Polioencephalomalacia)
• Animals affected
• Adult ruminant on high-concentrate diets most
  common
• Ruminants exposed to toxic plants or moldy feed
  containing thiaminases
• Ruminants on high-sulfate feeds
• Signs bruxism, hyperesthesia, involuntary muscle
  contractions, opisthotonus, seizures, wandering
  aimlessly, head-pressing, death
• Prevention provide enough high quality roughage
  to prevent overgrowth of thiaminase-producing
  ruminal flora
• Treatment thiamine hydrochloride

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Managemental disease
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DiseasesManagement-Related

• Failure of Passive Transfer
• Laminitis
• Photosensitization - 2o (liver dz) most common)
• Vaginal Uterine Prolapses
• Rectal Prolapses
• Trichobezoars

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Neoplastic disease
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DiseasesNeoplastic

• Neoplasia and tumors relatively rare in ruminants
• Sheep
• Lymphosarcoma/leukemia results from a virus
  related to BLV
• Pulmonary carcinoma (pulmonary adenomatosis)
• Goats
• Thyloma
• Cutaneous papillomas which may progress to SCC