Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVST): Causes, Risks, Complications, Diagnosis, and Treatment"

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Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVST)
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What is CVST?

• Blood are transported through arteries in brain
  to deliver oxygen and nutrients, after the work
  is done are blood is taken back to the heart by
  small veins released into large veins and then
  from neck to the heart.
• Blood clot in the vein which carries blood back
  from the brain to the heart is called cerebral
  venous sinus thrombosis, in common term as
  cerebral thrombosis.
• There are many names of this disease called by
  doctor such as cerebral venous thrombosis,
  cerebral vein thrombosis etc.

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Symptoms of CVST

• Obstruction of blood flow from a clot in vessels
  lead to back up of blood and increasing blood
  pressure in the blood vessels which can cause
  swelling of the affected area.
• The swelling leads to headache, the pressure can
  damage the blood vessels and show stroke like
  symptoms.
• The increased pressure can also lead to rupture
  of blood vessels and bleeding into the brain.
• The phenomenon is known as Cerebral hemorrhage,
  it can lead to further damage of brain tissue.
• Blurred Vision, Fainting and loss of
  consciousness, Seizures
• Cases of CSVT are very low, as of 5 in 1 million
  people in adults, and 3 in 1 million people in
  childrens under age 18.

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Causes of CSVT

• The major causes of CSVT in the newborns are
  infection. Infection of the inner ear (otitis),
  the bone behind the ear (mastoiditis), the mouth,
  face or neck can be the causes.
• There can be other factors such as hormone
  therapy, birth control pill, certain medications
  can increase the risk of it.
• Pregnancy can also be the cause of CSVT.

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Risk factor of CSVT

• Children Showing major risk factors are-
• Childrens have the major risk of having CSVT in
  the first month of their birth. The disease can
  be inherited from the mother to the child.
• Child with problems with the way their blood
  forms clots such as sickle cell anemia,
  Beta-thalassemia major, chronic hemolytic anemia.
• Heart disease either congenital (born with it)
  or acquired.
• Iron deficiency
• Certain infections
• Head injury

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Continue Risk factor of CSVT

• Risk factors for adults include
• Pregnancy and the first few weeks after delivery
• Problems with blood clotting.
• Cancer
• Collagen vascular diseases like lupus, Wegeners
  granulomatosis, and Behcet syndrome
• Obesity
• Low blood pressure in the brain (intracranial
  hypotension) 
• Pulmonary diseases

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Diagnosis of CSVT

• The first method used to diagnose a clot or
  bleeding in the blood is by CT or MRI scans.
• But in most of the cases the bleeding can be
  missed in these two techniques, so a Venography
  of vein should be done where images of the vein
  are taken are taken to know about any particular
  bleeding in the vein.
• In the condition of deep vein CSVT a MRI venogram
  is more preferred over a CT venogram.
• Certain blood tests can be done to know if any
  infection is present in the body which can lead
  to the condition of thrombosis.

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Treatment of CSVT

• The foremost treatment for CSVT is by giving
  anticoagulant to the patient. Anticoagulant
  dissolves blood clot and avoid from further
  arising of blood clot.
• Anticoagulants such as heparin and other blood
  thinners can help.
• For the thrombosis which is caused by infection,
  antibiotics are given for its prevention.
• Certain severe thrombosis can also lead to coma
  of the patient, in that case keeping the patient
  in intensive care unit and continued monitoring
  of the patient is needed.
• Ant seizures are also provided to reduce any
  seizure in the brain.
• Through CSVT is an uncommon disease, it can be
  very fatal if neglected. Certain severe cases can
  lead to coma or even death. Proper evaluation of
  symptoms and knowing of the risk factors in early
  can stop the condition from getting fatal.

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