Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in infants

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Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
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Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)

• Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic
  respiratory disease that most often occurs in
  low-weight or premature infants who have received
  supplemental oxygen or have spent long periods of
  time on a breathing machine (mechanical
  ventilation), such as infants who have acute
  respiratory distress syndrome. The disease can
  also occur in older infants who experience
  abnormal lung development or some infants that
  have had an infection before birth (antenatal
  infection) or placental abnormalities.

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Causes of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia  is caused by damage
  to the delicate tissue of the lungs. This damage
  is most often occurs in infants who have required
  extended treatment with supplemental oxygen or
  breathing assistance with a machine (mechanical
  ventilation) such as infants who are born
  prematurely and have acute respiratory distress
  syndrome. When infants receive mechanical
  ventilation, a tube is inserted through the
  windpipe and the machine pushes air into the
  lungs, which are often underdeveloped in
  premature infants. In some cases, the levels of
  oxygen required for an affected infant to survive
  are higher than normally would be found in the
  air we breathe. Over time, the constant pressure
  from the ventilator and the excess oxygen levels
  can damage the delicate tissues of an infants
  lungs causing inflammation and scarring.

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Causes of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
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• The exact, underlying mechanisms that cause
  classic or new Bronchopulmonary dysplasia are
  complex and not fully understood. The causes of
  Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in one infant may be
  different from the causes in another. Most
  likely, multiple different environmental and
  genetic factors all play a role in the
  development of the disorder.

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Symptoms

• Some infants who develop bronchopulmonary
  dysplasia have a condition called respiratory
  distress syndrome (RSD), which is a breathing
  disorder that affects some premature infants
  immediately after birth. It is characterized by
  rapid, shallow breathing and leads to the need
  for oxygen and respiratory support in the first
  days of life. Affected infants may also exhibit
  shortness of breath, a chronic cough, flaring of
  the nostrils when breathing, and bluish
  discoloration of the skin due to low levels of
  oxygen in the blood.In most cases, infants with
  bronchopulmonary dysplasia recover fully and
  damage to the lungs progressively improves with
  growth. In a few rare cases, BPD can cause
  life-threatening complications during infancy
  such as high blood pressure of the main artery of
  the lungs (pulmonary hypertension) and failure of
  the right side of the heart.

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Treatments

• The treatment for infants with Bronchopulmonary
  dysplasia is geared toward minimizing damage to
  the lungs and providing enough support to allow
  an affected infants lungs heal and grow. The
  specific therapies used may change as an affected
  infant grows and the clinical picture
  changes. Newborns with bronchopulmonary
  dysplasia usually receive care in the hospital.
  Treatment may include mechanical ventilation.
  Ventilators are only used when absolutely
  necessary and affected infants are taken off as
  early as possible. Some infants may require
  supplemental oxygen after being taking off
  mechanical ventilation. Proper nutritional
  management is also necessary to ensure the proper
  growth and development of the lungs. Some
  affected infants may require the insertion of a
  gastrointestinal (GI) tube directly into the
  stomach to ensure the sufficient intake of
  calories and nutrients. Because infants with BPD
  are at risk for the accumulation of excess fluid
  in the lungs, daily fluid intake may be monitored
  and adjusted.

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Treatments
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• Infants with BPD remain at a greater risk of
  developing respiratory infections and pneumonia
  than the general population. They should avoid
  individuals who have upper respiratory
  infections. In some cases, affected infants may
  receive preventive therapy with palivizumab, an
  antibody that protects against respiratory
  syncytial virus (RSV) infection. RSV is a common
  and contagious winter infection that can
  potentially cause pneumonia.

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