J2EE Interview Questions And Answers

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The Best J2EE Interview Questions Answers
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Interview questions for J2EE
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J2EE Interview Questions

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• If you're looking for J2EE Interview Questions
  for Experienced or Freshers, you are at right
  place. There are lot of opportunities from many
  reputed companies in the world. According to
  research J2EE has a market share of about 7.0.
  So, You still have opportunity to move ahead in
  your career in J2EE Development. Mindmajix o?ers
  Advanced J2EE Interview Questions 2018 that helps
  you in cracking your interview acquire dream
  career as J2EE Developer.
• Enthusiastic about exploring the skill set of
  J2EE? Then, have a look at the J2EE TRAINING
  COURSE (https/ mindmajix.com/j2ee-training)
  together additional knowledge.
• Q. What is the Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition
  (J2EE)?
• The Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition (J2EE) is
  a set of coordinated speci?cations and practices
  that together enable solutions for developing,
  deploying, and managing multi-tier server-centric
  applications. Building on the Java 2 Platform,
  Standard Edition (J2SE), the J2EE platform adds
  the capabilities necessary to provide a
  complete, stable, secure, and fast Java platform
  to the

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enterprise level. It provides value by
signi?cantly reducing the cost and complexity of
developing and deploying multi-tier solutions,
resulting in services that can be rapidly
deployed and easily enhanced. Q. What are the
main bene?ts of the J2EE platform? The J2EE
platform provides the following Complete Web
services support. The J2EE platform provides a
framework for developing and deploying web
services on the Java platform. The Java API for
XML-based RPC (JAX-RPC) enables Java technology
developers to develop SOAP based interoperable
and portable web services. Developers use the
standard JAX-RPC programming model to develop
SOAP based web service clients and endpoints. A
web service endpoint is described using a Web
Services Description Language (WSDL) document.
JAX-RPC enables JAX-RPC clients to invoke web
services developed across heterogeneous
platforms. In a similar manner, JAX-RPC web
service endpoints can be invoked by heterogeneous
clients. For more info, see HTTP/
JAVA.SUN.COM/WEBSERVICES/. It provides faster
solutions delivery time to market. The J2EE
platform uses containers to simplify
development. J2EE containers provide for the
separation of business logic from resource and
lifecycle management, which means that
developers can focus on writing business logic
their value add rather than writing enterprise
infrastructure. For example, the Enterprise
JavaBeans (EJB) container (implemented by J2EE
technology vendors) handles distributed
communication, threading, scaling, transaction
management, etc. Similarly, Java Servlets
simplify web development by providing
infrastructure for component, communication, and
session management in a web container that is
integrated with a web server. It provides
freedom of choice. J2EE technology is a set of
standards that many vendors can implement. The
vendors are free to compete on implementations
but not on standards or APIs. Sun supplies a
comprehensive J2EE Compatibility Test Suite
(CTS) to J2EE licensees. The J2EE CTS helps
ensure compatibility
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among the application vendors which helps ensure
portability for the applications and components
written for the J2EE platform. The J2EE platform
brings Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA) to the
server. It provides simpli?ed connectivity.
J2EE technology makes it easier to connect the
applications and systems you already have and
bring those capabilities to the web, to cell
phones, and to devices. J2EE o?ers Java Message
Service for integrating diverse applications in a
loosely coupled, asynchronous way. The J2EE
platform also o?ers CORBA support for tightly
linking systems through remote method calls. In
addition, the J2EE platform has J2EE Connectors
for linking to enterprise information systems
such as ERP systems, packaged ?nancial
applications, and CRM applications. By
o?ering one platform with faster solution
delivery time to market, freedom of choice, and
simpli?ed connectivity, the J2EE platform helps
IT by reducing TCO and simultaneously avoiding
single-source for their enterprise software
needs. Q. Can the J2EE platform interoperate
with other WS-I implementations? Yes, if the
other implementations are WS-I compliant. Q.
What technologies are included in the J2EE
platform? The primary technologies in the J2EE
platform are Java API for XML-Based RPC
(JAX-RPC), JavaServer Pages, Java Servlets,
Enterprise Java Beans components, J2EE Connector
Architecture, J2EE Management Model, J2EE
Deployment API, Java Management Extensions (JMX),
J2EE Authorization Contract for Containers, Java
API for XML Registries (JAXR), Java Message
Service (JMS), Java Naming and Directory
Interface (JNDI), Java Transaction API (JTA),
CORBA, and JDBC data access API.
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Q. Whats new in the J2EE 1.4 platform? The
Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition version 1.4
features complete Web services support through
the new JAX-RPC 1.1 API, which supports service
endpoints based on servlets and enterprise beans.
JAX-RPC 1.1 provides interoperability with Web
services based on the WSDL and SOAP protocols.
The J2EE 1.4 platform also supports the Web
Services for J2EE speci?cation (JSR 921), which
de?nes deployment requirements for Web services
and utilizes the JAX-RPC programming model. In
addition to numerous Web services APIs, J2EE 1.4
platform also features support for the WS-I Basic
Pro?le 1.0. This means that in addition to
platform independence and complete Web services
support, J2EE 1.4 o?ers platform Web services
interoperability. The J2EE 1.4 platform also
introduces the J2EE Management 1.0 API, which
de?nes the information model for J2EE management,
including the standard Management EJB (MEJB).
The J2EE Management 1.0 API uses the Java
Management Extensions API (JMX). The J2EE 1.4
platform also introduces the J2EE Deployment 1.1
API, which provides a standard API for deployment
of J2EE applications. The J2EE platform now
makes it easier to develop web front ends with
enhancements to Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages
(JSP) technologies. Servlets now support request
listeners and enhanced ?lters. JSP technology has
simpli?ed the page and extension development
models with the introduction of a simple
expression language, tag ?les, and a simpler tag
extension API, among other features. This makes
it easier than ever for developers to build
JSP-enabled pages, especially those who are
familiar with scripting languages. Other
enhancements to the J2EE platform include the
J2EE Connector Architecture, which provides
incoming resource adapter and Java Message
Service (JMS) pluggability. New features in
Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) technology include
Web service endpoints, a timer service, and
enhancements
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to EJB QL and message-driven beans. The J2EE 1.4
platform also includes enhancements to
deployment descriptors. They are now de?ned using
XML Schema which can also be used by developers
to validate their XML structures. Q. What is the
J2EE 1.4 SDK? The Java 2 SDK, Enterprise Edition
1.4 (J2EE 1.4 SDK) is a complete package for
developing and deploying J2EE 1.4 applications.
The J2EE 1.4 SDK contains the Sun Java System
Application Server Platform Edition 8, the J2SE
1.4.2 SDK, J2EE 1.4 platform API documentation,
and a slew of samples to help developers learn
about the J2EE platform and technologies and
prototype J2EE applications. The J2EE 1.4 SDK is
for both development and deployment. Q. Which
version of the platform should I use now 1.4 or
1.3? The J2EE 1.4 speci?cation is ?nal and you
can use the J2EE 1.4 SDK to deploy applications
today. However, for improved reliability,
scalability, and performance, it is recommended
that you deploy your applications on J2EE 1.4
commercial implementations that will be available
early in 2004. If you want to deploy your
application before 2004, and reliability,scability
, and performance are critical, you should
consider using a high performance application
server that supports J2EE v1.3 such as the Sun
Java System Application Server 7. Many
application server vendors are expected to
release J2EE platform v1.4 versions of their
product before the spring. Q. Can applications
written for the J2EE platform v1.3 run in a J2EE
platform v1.4 implementation? J2EE applications
that are written to the J2EE 1.3 speci?cation
will run in a J2EE 1.4 implementation. Backwards
compatibility is a requirement of the
speci?cation. Q. How are the J2EE architecture
and the Sun Java Enterprise System related? The
J2EE architecture is the foundation of the Sun
Java System Application Server, a component of
the Sun Java Enterprise System. The Sun Java
System
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• Application Server in the current Sun Java
  Enterprise System is based on the J2EE platform
  v1.3, with additional support for Web services.
  Developers familiar with J2EE technology can
  easily apply their skills to building
  applications, including Web services
  applications, using the Sun Java Enterprise
  System. For more information, see the Sun Java
  Enterprise System Web site.
• Q. Can I get the source for the Sun Java System
  Application Server?
• You can get the source for the J2EE 1.4.1
  Reference Implementation from the Sun Community
  Source Licensing site. The J2EE 1.4.1 Reference
  Implementation is the Sun Java System Application
  Server Platform Edition 8 minus the following
  components
• The installer
• The Web-based administration GUI
• JavaServer Faces 1.0 and JSTL 1.1
• Solaris speci?c enhancements for security and
  logging
• Higher performance message queue implementation
• Q. What tools can I use to build J2EE
  applications?
• There are numerous choices of tools available for
  developing Java and J2EE applications. You can
  download the Open Source NetBeans IDE for free at
  HTTP/ NETBEANS.ORG. Many of the J2EE compatible
  vendors o?er tools that support any J2EE
  compatible application server.
• Q. Who needs the J2EE platform?
• ISVs need the J2EE platform because it gives them
  a blueprint for providing a complete enterprise
  computing solution on the Java platform.
  Enterprise developers need J2EE because writing
  distributed business applications is hard, and
  they need a high-productivity solution that
  allows them to focus only on writing their
  business logic and having a full range of
  enterprise-class services to rely on, like
  transactional distributed objects, message
  oriented middleware, and naming and directory
  services.

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Q. What does Sun mean by Free platform use? gtgt
When Sun says Free it means that you dont pay
Sun to develop or deploy the J2EE 1.4 SDK or the
Sun Java System Application Server Platform
Edition 8. Free means that you dont pay Sun for
supplementary materials including documentation,
tutorials and/or J2EE Blueprints. You are also
free to bundle and distribute (OEM) Sun Java
System Application Server Platform Edition 8
with your software distribution. When we say
Free, we mean Free for all. Here are some
examples of how you can use Sun Java System
Application Server Platform Edition 8 for
free. gtgt If you are a developer you can build an
application with the J2EE 1.4 SDK and then
deploy it on the Sun Java System Application
Server Platform Edition 8 (included with the
J2EE 1.4 SDK or available separately). No matter
how many developers are on your team, all of
them can use the J2EE 1.4 SDK at no charge. Once
your application is ready for production, you can
deploy including the Sun Java System Application
Server Platform 8 Edition in production on as
many servers or CPUs as you want. gtgt If you are
an ISV, you dont have to pay to include Sun Java
System Application Server Platform Edition 8
with your product, no matter how many copies of
your software that you distribute. Bundling Sun
Java System Application Server Platform Edition
8 makes good business sense because it ensures
that you are distributing a J2EE 1.4 platform
compatible server that doesnt lock you or your
customers into a proprietary product. ISVs that
wish to bundle Sun Java System Application
Server Platform Edition 8 (for free of course)
should contact Sun OEM sales. gtgt If you are a
System Administrator or IT manager, you can
install Sun Java System Application Server
Platform Edition 8 on as many servers and CPUs as
you wish. Using Sun Java System Application
Server Platform Edition 8 also
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gives reduced cost and complexity by saving money
on licensing fees and the assurance of a J2EE
1.4 platform compatible application server that
can be used with other J2EE 1.4 platform
compatible application servers. Q. Is technical
support Free as well? There are resources that
are available for free on the Sun Solaris website
that may help you resolve your issues without
requiring technical support. For example you can
ask questions on the forum, search for known
issues on the bug data base, review the
documentation, or take a look at code samples and
applications to help you at no cost. Production
support is also available for a fee through Sun
Service. For more information about Developer
Technical Service and Sun Service, you can go
visit HTTP/ WWWS.SUN.COM/SOFTWARE/PRODUCTS/APPSR
VR/SUPPORT. HTML. Q. Are there compatibility
tests for the J2EE platform? Yes. The J2EE
Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) is available for
the J2EE platform. The J2EE CTS contains over
5,000 tests for J2EE 1.4 and will contain more
for later versions. This test suite tests
compatibility by performing speci?c application
functions and checking results. For example, to
test the JDBC call to insert a row in a
database, an EJB component makes a call to insert
a row and then a call is made to check that the
row was inserted. Q. What is the di?erence
between being a J2EE licensee and being J2EE
compatible? A J2EE licensee has signed a
commercial distribution license for J2EE. That
means the licensee has the compatibility tests
and has made a commitment to compatibility. It
does not mean the licensees products are
necessarily compatible yet. Look for the J2EE
brand which signi?es that the speci?c branded
product has passed the Compatibility Test Suite
(CTS) and is compatible.
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Q. What is the relationship of the Apache Tomcat
open-source application server to the J2EE
SDK? Tomcat is based on the original
implementation of the JavaServer Pages (JSP) and
Java Servlet speci?cations, which was donated by
Sun to the Apache Software Foundation in 1999.
Sun continues to participate in development of
Tomcat at Apache, focusing on keeping Tomcat
current with new versions of the speci?cations
coming out of the Java Community Source Process.
Sun adapts and integrates the then-current
Tomcat source code into new releases of the J2EE
SDK. However, since Tomcat evolves rapidly at
Apache, there are additional di?erences between
the JSP and Servlet implementations in the J2EE
SDK and in Tomcat between J2EE SDK releases.
Tomcat source and binary code is governed by the
ASF license, which freely allows deployment and
redistribution. Q. How is the J2EE di?erent from
Java EE 5 SDK? The Java EE 5 SDK provides a
complete implementation of the Java EE 5
speci?cation along with extra features to help
developers learn about whats new and improved
in the speci?cation. The Java EE 5 SDK includes
the Sun Java System Application Server Platform
Edition 9, the Java SE platform as its
foundation, and various tools to help developers
prototype Java EE applications and learn about
the Java EE platform and technologies. Q. What
is an EJB Platform? The Enterprise JavaBeans or
EJB platform handles functions such as
transaction and state management,
multithreading, resource pooling, and simple
searches while you concentrate on writing
business logic. Q. What is the JavaMail API? The
JavaMail API provides a set of abstract classes
that model a mail system. The API provides a
platform independent and protocol independent
framework to build Java technology based email
client applications.
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• Q. What are the design goals of J2EE
  architecture? The following are the design goals
  of J2EE architecture
• Service Availability The application should be
  available 24 7. The business depends on the
  application without the need for customer service
  representatives
• Data Connectivity The application should be able
  to connect to mainframe systems and other legacy
  systems to ensure business functions as usual
• Accessibility User should be able to connect the
  application from anywhere and from any
  electronic devices
• User Interaction The user should be able to
  connect to the application from desktop, laptop,
  PDA, and mobile
• Flexibility The architecture should be created
  in such a way that the developer just
  concentrates on the business component model
  (business logic) and the rest of the services
  are handled by the server
• Q. What are the roles of J2EE Architect? The
  following are the roles of J2EE architect
• Visualizing the behavior of the system
• Creating the system blue print
• De?ning the way how the system elements work
  together
• De?ning non-functional and functional
  requirements
• Integrating non-functional requirements into the
  functional system
• Q. What is the di?erence between architecture and
  design? Architecture de?nes the structural
  issues, communication protocols, data access,
  synchronization, and subsystems classi?cation.
  It also de?nes the architectural design of the
  component interfaces.
• In Design, we de?ne the components to be created
  for each interface, the inputs, the outputs,
  algorithms, and data structures. In short, the
  designers describe each components internal
  details.
• Check Out J2EE Tutorials (https/
  mindmajix.com/j2ee)

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• Q. What are the activities performed in
  Architectural Analysis? The following activities
  will be performed in Architectural Analysis
• Use case diagram This is developed to depict the
  high level system functionality
• Class Diagram This is developed to depict the
  functionality as classes and methods
• Collaboration Diagram This is developed to
  depict how each class talk to each other
• Sequence Diagram This is developed to depict the
  operation sequence
• Q. What are the activities performed in
  Architectural Design? The following activities
  will be performed in Architectural Design
• The framework (example Remote Method Invocation)
  to be used will be decided
• The software and hardware requirements are de?ned
• The performance parameter and the approach to
  achieve will be de?ned
• Analyze for reusing existing components or
  technology
• De?ne the business logic, security, and
  performance of the system
• Q. What are the activities performed in the
  object oriented design? The following activities
  will be performed in object oriented design
• Decide on how classes interact with packages
• Create dependency diagrams
• Create deployment diagrams
• Decide if the components (software) reside in
  deployment folder

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• to communicate with database
• 3. Business Tier The component present in this
  tier is used to provide business logic for the
  system
• Q. What are the advantages of multi-tier client
  server architecture? The following are the
  advantages of multi-tier client server
  architecture
• Changes to business logic or user interface can
  be made independently
• The client accesses data easily without knowing
  where data comes from and how many servers
  available for the system
• The DB (database) connections can be pooled so
  that the data can be shared for several users
  without making DB request for each user
• The middle tier component (business logic) can be
  written in any standard programming languages
  such as C or Java
• Q. What are the responsibilities of the bean
  developer? The following are the
  responsibilities of the bean developer
• Write the systems business logic in java
• Integrate java components with third party
  components
• Control access and set transaction parameters
• Create home interface to ?nd the beans and remote
  interface to create business logic
• Create the deployment descriptor xml
• Q. What are the responsibilities of application
  assembler? The following are the
  responsibilities of application assembler
• Build presentation layer i.e., user interface
• Specify the requirements of transaction
  management

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• Q. What are the responsibilities of bean
  deployer? The following are the responsibilities
  of bean deployer
• Map ?elds to DB (database) columns and manage
  persistence
• De?ne users, groups, roles, and manage security
• Use the deployment tools and generate wrapper
  classes
• Map user roles and groups
• Ensure all the deployed bean is assigned a
  transaction parameter
• Q. What are the roles of third party software in
  EJB framework? The third party companies that
  provide the software can play any of the
  following three roles
• Component Provider Responsible for developing
  object modeling, programming, architecture, and
  business process
• Container Provider Responsible for proving the
  environment during runtime to the server
• Application Server Provider Responsible for
  providing platform to develop distributed
  applications. It usually contains the container
  which provides the runtime environment
• Q. Explain MVC architecture.
• MVC represents Model View Controller
  architecture. The activity performed in MVC is
  explained below
• In Model, the developer creates the business
  logic of the system
• In View, the developer creates the presentation
  logic
• In Controller, the developer receives the request
  and transfers the response
• Q. Explain EAR, WAR, and JAR.

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JAR represents Java Archive ?le. It contains all
the class ?les and library ?les which constitute
an API (Application Programming Interface). All
the components are packed in a compressed ?le
called .jar ?le. Q. Explain JTA, JNDI, and
JMS. JTA represents Java Transaction API. It is
used for coordinating and managing transactions
across enterprise information system. JNDI
represents Java Naming Directory Interface. It is
used for accessing information from directory
services. JMS represents Java Messaging Service.
It is used for receiving and sending messages
through messaging systems. Q. Explain EDI. EDI
represents Electronic Data Interchange. It is
used for exchanging data through Value Added
Network (VAN) which acts as the transmission
medium. EDI is expensive to install and requires
customization by the exchanging clients. EDI
also relies on X12 standards to interchange
documents. Q. Explain EAI? EAI represents
Enterprise Application Integration. This makes
one or more applications as single application
and requires data to be transmitted to the
appropriate system at the right time. For
example, while integrating sales and account
systems, it is necessary for sales to send sales
order to accounting to generate invoice. Also,
accounting must send an invoice to sales to
update data for the sales professionals. This
system handles transaction automatically across
application and eliminates human errors. Q.
What is the intent for supporting XML in Java?
The intent to support XML is to a) Ensure Java
developers understand XML easier and use XML and
XML developers use Java
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• Provide standard for Java to ensure consistent
  and compatible implementations
• Ensure java platform can be integrated with high
  quality
• Q. What are the protocols used for communicating
  between business tier and user interface?
• The following protocols are used for
  communicating between business tier and user
  interface
• HTTP It denotes Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• JMS It denotes Java Messaging Service
• RMI It denotes Remote Method Invocation
• CORBA It denotes Common Object Request Broker
  Architecture
• DCOM It denotes Distributed Component Object
  Model
• Q. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
  HTTP protocol? The following are the advantages
  of HTTP protocol
• Stateless and ?rewall friendly
• Easier to load balance and scale HTTP servers
• The following are the disadvantages of HTTP
  protocol
• Di?cult to maintain user sessions
• Limited communication with JSP and servlets
• Q. Explain JRMP.

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• The following are the disadvantages of CORBA
• Objects cannot be passed, only arguments can be
  passed
• Accepted types of data can only be passed
• Q. Explain DCOM.
• DCOM represents Distributed Component Object
  Model. This uses ORPC (Object Remote Procedure
  Call) protocol to support remote objects.
• ORPC is built on top of RPC (Remote Procedure
  Call) and interact with runtime services. DCOM
  supports multiple interfaces and the components
  can be created in various programming languages.
  Example of languages are Java, C, Visual Basic,
  etc. DCOM is widely used in windows platform.
• Q. Explain the capabilities of J2EE architecture.
  The following are the capabilities of J2EE
  architecture
• Performance performs functionality in a short
  time frame
• Scalability Supports even if the load on the
  server increases
• Availability The system is always accessible
  across 24 7
• Flexibility Change in hardware or architecture
  does not impact the system
• Security The information cannot be hacked and
  modi?ed
• Reusability The component created for a system
  can be reused and save development time
• Q. Explain System architecture and Reference
  architecture.
• System architecture represents the architecture
  as product. This comprises the component
  functions, interfaces of the proposed system,
  constraints, and interactions. This is the base
  for application design implementation.
• Reference architecture represents architecture as
  method or style. For a speci?c domain, reference
  architecture refers coherent design principle.

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• Process recognized by the fellow team members who
  work on a similar project
• Takes design or system requirement into
  consideration
• Applicable to the entire software development
  life cycle
• Q. Explain the J2EE tiers. J2EE has the
  following tiers
• Client TierIt represents the browser from which
  request is sent to the server. The interfaces
  used in this tier are HTML browser, java
  application, an applet, or a non-java
  application.
• Middle TierIt comprises of presentation tier,
  business tier, and integration tier. The user
  interface is created in the presentation tier
  using JSP. The business logic is written in the
  business tier using EJB. The database objects are
  created in the integration tier.
• Backend This constitutes the Enterprise
  Information System (EIS) which is used to store
  data.
• Q. What are the best practices to be followed in
  the presentation layer? The best practices to be
  followed in the presentation layer are explained
  below
• Separate Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) from
  java
• Always write business logic in a Bean class
• Use JSP templates and comments
• Use Model View Controller (MVC) Pattern
• Use custom libraries and tag handlers
• Q. What type of components is used in MVC?
• MVC represents Model View Controller. The
  component used in Model, View, and Controller is
  explained below
• An application represents the Model which
  constitutes the systems state. The systems
  state is created as business logic in a Bean
  class

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• Pages
• c) The request received from the client is always
  the controller which is created using Servlets
• Q. What are the requirements that a J2EE system
  must possess to operate in a global economy?
• The J2EE system must possess the following to
  operate globally
• Financial Considerations The method of payment
  to buy an item should contain many forms as not
  all the visitors will have a credit card. Also, a
  government has its own taxes, custom
  restrictions and tari?s.
• Language Requirements The application should
  support multiple languages and it has to be
  country speci?c.
• Legal Di?erences Customs laws and privacy
  requirements are di?erent for each country and
  each government has restrictions on images,
  ideas, and speeches.
• Q. What are the best practices to be followed in
  DAO?
• DAO represents Data Access Object. The best
  practices to be followed in DAO are explained
  below
• DAO should not be coupled tightly to the business
  logic
• Each enterprise bean should be associated with a
  DAO class
• DAO should be used only to access data from DB
• DAO should be written in such a way that it
  allows cross schema and database capability
• DAO should be written in such a way that it
  supports portability
• Q. Explain Guideline.
• Guideline refers to rule or agreement on
  operations which are developed by the
  professionally recognized organization or
  associations. It also includes approved formal
  proprietary standards to be followed during the
  project activities.

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• Q. What are the best practices to be followed in
  VO?
• VO represents Value Object. The best practices to
  be followed in Value Objects are explained
  below
• VO should contain business objects with get and
  set methods
• VO should update the model bean object with the
  respective value
• VO should not reference an object on the server
• VO should represent a value from the server
• Q. What are the best practices to be followed in
  session bean façade? The following are the best
  practices to be followed in session bean façade
• It should reduce remote call to the application
  server
• Apply transactional scope to methods which calls
  entity bean group
• Simplify the client tier code so that business
  logic gets executed only on the application
  server
• Coding should be done in such a way that it
  identi?es user permissions and provide
  ?exibility and reusability
• Q. What are the bene?ts of Model View Controller
  (MVC)? The following are the bene?ts of MVC
• Separates data model from user interaction and
  data display and clari?es application design
• Allows viewing data in many forms and by large
  number of users
• Enhances reusability by separating functionality
  from presentation
• Increases ?exibility and improves extensibility
• Encapsulates application functions and
  facilitates maintenance

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